Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation improves survival in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction

The impact of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) onsurvival of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) has been evaluated inthis study of 85 patients. IABC was available for the 24 groupA patients (and used in 20 patients). IABC was not availablefor the 21 group B patients who presented simultaneously withsimilar clinical characteristics and received identical pharmacologicaltreatment. In-hospital and one year survival was significantlyhigher in group A (46% and 38% vs 19% and 10%, P <0·001).Sixteen out of the 20 (group Al) IABC patients received earlycoronary revascularization. During 1980–1984, 35 patients with AMI and CS receivedIABC (group C) but none underwent early revascularization. Therewas no difference in in-hospital or one-year survival betweengroup AI (50% and 40%) and group C (45% and 40%). We concludethat early IABC improves survival of patients with AMI complicatedby CS.     

应用主动脉内球囊反搏结合血管重建术治疗急性心肌梗死并发泵衰竭患者的效果

目的:观察应用主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）结合血管重建术治疗急性心肌梗死并发泵衰竭患者的效果。方法: 2004年12月~2010年12月我院确诊急性心肌梗死并发泵衰竭并应用IABP的住院患者75（男54,女21）例。按是否做血管重建术分为两组:血管重建组和非血管重建组。所有患者均在药物治疗的基础上行IABP,所用反搏仪为AUTO CAT2或Datascope 98 system,血管重建组并行冠状动脉造影及经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)或冠脉旁路移植术（CABG）。结果: 全部75例患者中,IABP反搏时间2～336（90±75） h;死亡22例,病死率29%;血管重建组中63例行PCI术,1例行择期CABG,术后死亡14例,病死率22%;非血管重建组中死亡8例,病死率73%。血管重建组的病死率显著低于非血管重建组（P<0.01）,并发症共5例,发生率7%。结论: 在IABP的支持下,积极进行血管重建治疗可以降低急性心肌梗死并发泵衰竭患者的住院期间病死率。     

Intra-aortic balloon assistance in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction or cardiac surgery.

Sixty-eight patients were referred for consideration of intra-aortic balloon assistance, 55 of whom were accepted. Thirty-one patients were in cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction and the remaining 24 were cardiac surgical patients. Twenty-three of the myocardial infarct group were established on IABA and all 24 of the cardiac surgical patients. Of the 23 patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction, 19 showed initial haemodynamic improvement on intra-aortic balloon assistance and 5 (22%) survived to leave hospital. Of the 24 cardiac surgical patients, 15 could not be withdrawn from total cardiopulmonary bypass. With intra-aortic balloon assistance, 11 (73%) could be withdrawn from cardiopulmonary bypass and 5 (33%) were hospital and long-term survivors. The remaining 9 surgical patients were in cardiogenic shock in the early postoperative phase, though 5 showed initial haemodynamic improvement there was only one hospital survivor in this group. Intra-aortic balloon assistance was, therefore, of most value in patients dependent on cardiopulmonary bypass. The survival in patients with cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction was marginally improved.     

Treatment of cardiogenic shock in myocardial infarction by intraaortic balloon counterpulsation surgery.

Thirty-seven patients in cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction were treated with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and/or surgery. Eighteen of these patients were treated with counterpulsation alone; eight survived and five were in functional class I or II at the time of follow-up; two were in functional class III, and one was in functional class IV. Nineteen patients were treated surgically, eight survived and seven were in functional class I or II at the time of follow-up; one was in functional class III. Good functional recovery with counterpulsation alone is most common with inferior infarction. With surgery, functional recovery depends not only on the extent of the infarction and the coronary anatomy, but also on the ability to perform surgery within 12 hours of infarction or to support the patient with mechanical means for 10 to 14 days after the infarction and then perform surgery.     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗联合主动脉内球囊反搏的临床疗效分析

目的 对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)围术期合并心源性休克(CS)患者联合主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)辅助支持治疗进行临床观察,分析评估与其住院病死率相关的危险因素.方法 58例急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者行急诊冠状动脉(冠脉)造影和(或)PCI,全部病例围术期因合并心源性休克行不同时期的IABP辅助支持,并对其中54例(93.1%)梗死相关动脉(IRA)植入冠脉支架(64枚).回顾性分析患者的临床特征,冠脉造影,PCI治疗情况和住院期疗效.结果 58例患者平均住院12.3天±9.7天,住院期间39例(64.24%)存活(存活组),19例(32.76%)死亡(死亡组).与存活组比较,死亡组患者年龄增大,左主干和三支血管病变增多,术后IRA血流TIMI 0-1级发生率增高(P＜0.05).结论 IABP为急诊PCI围术期合并心源性休克的AMI患者提供稳定的血流动力学支持,高龄、左主干病变、三支血管病变和IRA未充分开通是住院期病死率的主要危险因素.     

主动脉球囊反搏术在急性心肌梗死合并心脏性休克行冠状动脉支架置入术中的应用

目的探讨主动脉球囊反搏术(IABP)在急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)中的应用。方法回顾性分析了72例 AMI 合并心源性休克患者,其中38例在 IABP 辅助支持下行 PCI 术,34例直接行 PCI 术,监测平均动脉压(MBP),心脏指数(CI),同时在入院时 PCI 术前及术后出院前分别测定左心室射血分数(LVEF),左心室收缩未容积(LVESV)、左心室舒张未容积(LVEDV)。结果 IABP 辅助下行 PCI 组较直接 PCI 组 LVEF 有明显改善(P<0.05)。结论对 AMI 合并心源性休克患者,早期及时行 IABP 辅助支持下PCI 术,可以明显改善患者预后。     

Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation with and without reperfusion for myocardial infarction shock

Forty patients were treated for cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-one (group 1) were treated with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation and 19 (group 2) were treated with counterpulsation and coronary artery bypass grafting. The groups were similar in age, incidence of previous infarction, initial hemodynamics and coronary anatomy. The in-hospital mortality between group 1 (52.4%) and group 2 (42.1%) was not significantly different. The difference in long-term mortality between group 1 and group 2 was substantially different (71.4% vs 47.3%). The subset of group 2 (n = 12) that underwent reperfusion and counterpulsation within 16 hours from the onset of symptoms of infarction had a lower mortality (25.0%) than the subset (n = 7) that underwent operation more than 18 hours after the onset of symptoms (71.4%). The long-term mortality in the subset of group 2 patients operated on within 16 hours after the onset of infarction was significantly different from that in group 1 (25.0% vs 71.4%, p less than 0.03). The data suggest that reperfusion with counterpulsation is more effective when carried out early. Patients who develop shock more than 18 hours after the onset of symptoms of infarction appear to benefit most if treated with counterpulsation alone.     

主动脉内球囊反搏在急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克治疗中的应用

目的评价主动脉球囊反搏术(IABP)在急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克治疗中的应用价值。方法选取AMI合并心源性休克患者65例,其中IABP组30例,在IABP支持下行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),对照组35例,单纯行急诊PCI治疗。结果IABP组患者在IABP支持下,30 min后血流动力学指标改善,2~8 h血流动力学稳定,均完成梗死相关血管再通,没有血管再闭塞事件发生,无术中死亡,院内死亡率40%;对照组患者院内死亡率74.3%,其中6例在术中死亡。结论IABP可明显改善AMI合并心源性休克患者的血流动力学指标,增加冠状动脉的灌注;IABP可提高急诊PCI的成功率,减少术后低心排综合征及血管再闭塞事件的发生,降低院内死亡率,明显改善了AMI合并心源性休克患者的预后。     

主动脉内球囊反搏对急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的疗效观察

目的探讨主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）在急性心肌梗死（AMI）合并心源性休克患者中的应用价值。方法 2007年5月至2009年3月给予13例AMI合并心源性休克的患者急诊行IABP循环支持治疗,以同时期同一疾病未经IABP治疗的15例患者作为对照组进行比较,观察其循环复苏前后的基础心率、血压（收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压）、心功能、尿量、多脏器衰竭、恶性心律失常、30d病死率等指标的变化。结果 2组间年龄、性别、院前时间、冠状动脉病变支数、再发心梗次数及IABP治疗前心功能分级（Killips分级）、收缩压、舒张压差异无统计学意义,而患者的心功能恢复情况、30d病死率、恶性心律失常发生率、多器官功能衰竭发生率、循环支持药物的应用等有显著性差异（P〈0.01）,IABP治疗组较对照组明显获益（P〈0.01）。与治疗前比较,IABP循环支持治疗后患者收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心功能分级、尿量明显提高,心率明显下降（P〈0.01）。结论对AMI合并心源性休克患者尽早进行IABP治疗具有明显的循环支持疗效,可以为下一步的治疗争取时间并能明显减少并发症、降低病死率。     

主动脉内球囊反搏术治疗心源性休克

目的 回顾性分析主动脉球囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation,IABP)治疗心源性休克的疗效.方法 IABP治疗心源性休克38例,其中急性心肌梗死34例,病毒性心肌炎4例.利用无创血流动力学监测系统(Bioz.com)连续监测患者IABP术前和术后的血流动力学改变.结果 患者心率、平均动脉压、心输出量、顺应指数、左心室做功指数、胸液量、系统血管阻力等血流动力学指标均得到明显改善(P＜0.05),在急性心肌梗死患者34例中,24例行冠状动脉造影术,15例行球囊扩张术及支架植入术,术后死亡7例.5例行冠状动脉旁路移植术,术后死亡2例;治疗组总病死率为9/20(45%).未治疗组14例,死亡12例(12/14,86%);4例病毒性心肌炎死于心源性休克患者3例.结论 IABP能明显改善心源性休克患者的血流动力学指标,对急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克疗效好.     

主动脉内球囊反搏在急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克中的应用

目的:探讨主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)在急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克中的应用价值。方法:收集88例AMI合并心源性休克患者的临床资料,其中50例行IABP,38例药物治疗,回顾性分析88例患者的治疗效果及安全性。结果:对于AMI并心源性休克患者,应用IABP后可改善血流动力学,使患者的收缩压、心率趋于稳定,左心室射血分数(LVEF)有明显改善,与非IABP组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);IABP组住院生存时间优于非IABP组(RR=0.402,95%CI:0.175~0.921,P=0.031)。肢体缺血与出血的发生率2组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:对于AMI合并心源性休克的患者,行IABP辅助循环,可改善血流动力学,改善住院生存时间,且相对安全。     

Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation before primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty reduces catheterization laboratory events in high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction.

The benefit of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC) before primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for acute myocardial infarction in high-risk patients has not been well documented. Consecutive patients (n = 1,490) with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary PTCA from 1984 to 1997 were prospectively enrolled in an ongoing registry. Catheterization laboratory events occurred during or after intervention in 88 patients (5.9%), including ventricular fibrillation in 59 patients (4.0%), cardiopulmonary arrest in 46 patients (3.1%), and prolonged hypotension in 33 patients (2.2%). Cardiogenic shock was the strongest predictor of catheterization laboratory events (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.58 to 3.02) followed by low ejection fraction (<30%) (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.06 to 2.15) and congestive heart failure (CHF) (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.07). IABC used before intervention was associated with fewer catheterization laboratory events in patients with cardiogenic shock (n = 1 19) (14.5% vs. 35.1%, p = 0.009), in patients with CHF or low ejection fraction (n = 119) (0% vs. 14.6%, p = 0.10), and in all high-risk patients combined (n = 238) (1 1.5% vs. 21.9%, p = 0.05). IABC was a significant independent predictor of freedom from catheterization laboratory events (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.79). These data support the use of IABC before primary PTCA for acute myocardial infarction in all patients with cardiogenic shock, and suggest that prophylactic IABC may also be beneficial in patients with CHF or depressed left ventricular function.     

The use of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with acute myocardial infarction

Intraaortic balloon counterpulsation was implemented in 11 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 1 patient with unstable angina. All patients had severe multivessel coronary artery disease. In 9 patients counterpulsation was used in conjunction with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, in 3 - with thrombolytic therapy. During hospitalization 2 patients died of progressing heart failure, while significant improvement of hemodynamic parameters occurred in other patients. Thus intraaortic balloon counterpulsation used in combination with angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy is an easily accessible highly effective method of treatment of cardiogenic shock in patients with acute myocardial infarction     

Regional and global left ventricular function during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with acute myocardial infarction shock

We evaluated the improvement in hemodynamic and left ventricular (LV) function in 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock, who were treated with intraaortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP). They were studied by flow-directed right heart catheterization and nuclear angiography. IABP decreased LV end-diastolic volume from 134 to 114 ml and LV end-systolic volume from 100 to 72 ml. LV stroke volume increased from 34 to 42 ml and cardiac output from 3.0 to 3.6 L/min. Global LV ejection fraction increased from 27.6% to 36.1%, and this was due to improvement in regional ejection fraction in ischemic areas. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary blood volume decreased. Right ventricular ejection fraction also increased significantly. IABP improved LV function in acute myocardial infarction.     

Predictors of mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.

BACKGROUND: Although cardiogenic shock (CS) is the leading cause of death for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients, reliable predictive factors in the acute stage, such as cardiovascular peptides, have not yet been identified. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 42 consecutive AMI patients with CS on admission, successfully treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 12 h of onset, related factors including brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, and adrenomedullin, were investigated 24 h from onset, as well as the 1-year mortality rates. During the 12-month follow-up period, 15 patients died from cardiovascular causes (group D). There were no significant differences in patient characteristics, angiographic findings, and left ventricular systolic function between group D subjects and the survivors (group S: n=27). Multivariate analysis identified high levels of adrenomedullin as an independent predictor of 1-year mortality (risk ratio: 6.42, 95% confidence interval, 1.49-43.31, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The acute-phase plasma concentration of adrenomedullin may be a reliable predictor of mortality in patients with AMI complicated by CS and successfully treated by direct PCI, as may be BNP concentration, peak-creatine kinase value, and ventricular fibrillation.     

The use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2

BACKGROUND: Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains the leading cause of death in patients hospitalized with AMI. Although several studies have demonstrated the importance of establishing and maintaining a patent infarct-related artery, it remains unclear as to whether intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) provides incremental benefit to reperfusion therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether IABP use is associated with lower in-hospital mortality rates in patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock in a large AMI registry. METHODS: We evaluated patients participating in the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 who had cardiogenic shock at initial examination or in whom cardiogenic shock developed during hospitalization (n = 23,180). RESULTS: The mean age of patients in the study was 72 years, 54% were men, and the majority were white. The overall mortality rate in all patients who had cardiogenic shock or in whom cardiogenic shock developed was 70%. IABP was used in 7268 (31%) patients. IABP use was associated with a significant reduction in mortality rates in patients who received thrombolytic therapy (67% vs 49%) but was not associated with any benefit in patients treated with primary angioplasty (45% vs 47%). In a multivariate model, the use of IABP in conjunction with thrombolytic therapy decreased the odds of death by 18% (odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock may have substantial benefit from IABP when used in combination with thrombolytic therapy.     

主动脉内气囊反搏支持治疗急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克的护理

目的探讨急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者行主动脉内气囊反搏(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP)支持治疗的术后护理程序和注意事项。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2008年12月间20例急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者行IABP支持治疗的术后护理资料。结果通过精心、系统的护理,急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者行IABP支持治疗后均恢复良好,顺利出院。结论落实系统的护理程序,是保证急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者行IABP支持治疗后恢复的关键措施和重要手段。     

Prophylactic intraaortic balloon pumping preserves left ventricular systolic function in acute anterior myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock

OBJECTIVES: Left ventricular function and prognosis were evaluated in patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention supported by intraaortic balloon pumping. METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive patients with first acute myocardial infarction were treated between July 1999 and April 2006. Twenty-five had cardiogenic shock on admission, whereas 33 did not. Patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock were divided into the prophylactic intraaortic balloon pumping group (Group 1; n=17) and the rescue intraaortic balloon pumping group (Group 2; n=9). RESULTS: Thirty-day in-hospital mortality was 52% in cardiogenic shock patients, and 3% in non-shock patients. Baseline characteristics of non-shock anterior acute myocardial infarction were similar including Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk scores (5.1 and 5.0) in the two groups. However, average left ventricular ejection fraction in the convalescent stage was superior in Group 1 (48.7% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.03). Thirty-day in-hospital mortality was 0% in Group 1 and 11% in Group 2 (p = 0.34). Cox's hazard ratio in Group 2 to Group 1 was 2.38 (95% confidence intrerval; 0.84-11.1, p = 0.09) in terms of the subsequent major cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic use of intraaortic balloon pumping starting prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention preserves the convalescent left ventricular systolic function in patients with high risk for anticipated cardiac events after anterior acute myocardial infarction without cardiogenic shock.