经颞部骨膜下剥离面中部提紧术

目的探讨一种经颞部矫正面中部老化征象的简单而有效的方法。方法经颞部头皮切口在颞浅筋膜和颞深筋膜间剥离,下达颧弓,内达眶外侧缘。在颧弓上约2cm,平行颧弓切开颞深筋膜浅层约3cm,在颞深筋膜浅层下剥离至颧弓上缘进入骨膜下剥离。松解面中部。将已充分活动的面中部全层组织上提,缝合固定于颞深筋膜表面。结果自2000年以来,临床应用21例,术后效果满意,外观自然,无并发症发生。结论本方法具有手术时间短,剥离层次深,耳前无切口,术后恢复快,效果自然,维持时间长的优点。选择合适的病例,能获得满意的效果。     

内窥镜辅助中面部提升术的颞区解剖学研究

目的:明确颞区的血管神经分布,为内窥镜辅助颞部切口中面部提升术提供详细的颞区解剖层次。方法:收集10具24h内死亡的新鲜尸体头标本,将标本随机分为2组,分别进行血管造影和神经解剖染色等处理。结果:颞区位于颅顶的两侧,为颞肌和颞筋膜在头部的分布区域。此部位的组织层次由浅入深有血管的层次可分为:颞浅筋膜、颞浅脂肪垫、颞肌、颅骨,共4层。无血管的层次为:皮肤、皮下组织、颞深筋膜深浅层、颞深脂肪垫、颅骨骨膜,共6层。颞浅筋膜层有颞浅动静脉、面神经的颞支、颧支和颞浅神经分布。颞深筋膜分为浅、深两层,两层之间有颞浅脂肪垫和颞中静脉。结论:颞部切口常被应用于颞部除皱术和面部提升术,较安全且有效的解剖层面需要分区描述。切口的分离层次在颞深筋膜深层;眶外缘注意哨兵静脉彻底止血;向下在融合线处走在颞脂肪垫的浅层,注意保护颞中动静脉;触及颧弓则进入骨膜下;穿过颧弓后面中部的分离层次在SMAS层深面,SMAS层深面剥离后,在颧弓处向浅层纵向分离保护面神经分支。为了确保手术的安全性,术中避免损伤面神经及血管,需要注意切口,融合线,颧弓位置的不同层次。     

改良限制性切口额颞部除皱术

目的　为提高额颞部除皱术的效果 ,延长有效时间 ,从理论与实际观察探讨额颞部老年化改变形成的原因 ,并采用相应的手术术式进行矫正。方法　肿胀麻醉下 ,通过颞部发际缘切口入路 ,在颞深筋膜浅面剥离 ,内达颞肌前缘及眶外缘 ,下达颧弓上缘 ,后达耳屏前线。额部切口入路在帽状腱膜下剥离 ,下达眶上缘外至颞线后至枕外隆突。口腔内上颊龈沟入路在颧骨及颧弓骨膜下剥离。上述各剥离区域相互贯通 ,最后将颞区皮瓣上提 ,并将颞浅筋膜与颞深筋膜缝合固定。结果　本组共 32例 ,术后眉外侧平均上提 8mm ,鼻唇沟变浅 ,获随访的 7例为术后 3～2 4个月 ,除皱效果满意。结论　本术式旨在通过广泛剥离解除了额颞部皮肤筋膜上提的羁绊 ,同时减少上面部降肌的作用 ,相对增强提肌的作用 ,再辅以筋膜及皮肤上提固定达到除皱的目的 ,效果确实、可靠、安全、持久。     

改良限制性切口额颞部除皱术

目的为提高额颞部除皱术的效果,延长有效时间,从理论与实际观察探讨额颞部老年化改变形成的原因,并采用相应的手术术式进行矫正.方法肿胀麻醉下,通过颞部发际缘切口入路,在颞深筋膜浅面剥离,内达颞肌前缘及眶外缘,下达颧弓上缘,后达耳屏前线.额部切口入路在帽状腱膜下剥离,下达眶上缘外至颞线后至枕外隆突.口腔内上颊龈沟入路在颧骨及颧弓骨膜下剥离.上述各剥离区域相互贯通,最后将颞区皮瓣上提,并将颞浅筋膜与颞深筋膜缝合固定.结果本组共32例,术后眉外侧平均上提8mm,鼻唇沟变浅,获随访的7例为术后3～24个月,除皱效果满意.结论本术式旨在通过广泛剥离解除了额颞部皮肤筋膜上提的羁绊,同时减少上面部降肌的作用,相对增强提肌的作用,再辅以筋膜及皮肤上提固定达到除皱的目的,效果确实、可靠、安全、持久.     

颞深筋膜浅层假体置入颞部填充术的经验

目的 探讨在颢深筋膜浅面分离,硅胶假体置入的颞部填充术的临床效果及安全性.方法 单纯的颞部填充术采用局部肿胀麻醉,经颞部发际内小切口达帽状腱膜下,紧贴颞深筋膜表面行置入腔隙分离,接近眶外侧缘和颧弓上缘时谨慎钝性分离,将修剪好的硅胶假体经切口置入,准确定位固定,切口缝合后局部加压包扎.结果 应用于47例(94侧)的颞部填充术患者,术后效果满意,并发症少.无一例发生永久性面神经颞支损伤.结论 采用硅胶假体作为填充材料,置入颞深筋膜的浅面腔隙,手术操作简便,效果确切,安全可靠,不易出现面神经颞支损伤,值得推广使用.     

改良限制性切口额颞部除皱术

目的 为提高额颞部除皱术的效果，延长有效时间，从理论与实际观察探讨额颞老年化改变形成的原因，并采用相应的手术术式进行矫正。方法 肿胀麻醉下，通过颞部发地缘切口入路，在颞深筋膜浅面剥离，内达颞肌前缘及眶外缘，下达颧弓上缘，后达耳屏前线。额部切口入路在悼状腱膜下剥离，下达眶上缘外至颞线后至枕外隆突。口腔内上颊龈沟入路在骨及颧弓骨膜下剥离。上述各剥离区域相互贯通，最后将颞区皮瓣上提，并将颞浅筋膜与颞深筋膜缝合固定。结果 本组共32例，术后眉外侧平均上提8mm，鼻唇沟变浅，获随访的7例为术后3－24个月，除皱效果满意。结论 本术式旨在通过广泛剥离解除了额颞部皮肤筋膜上提的羁绊，同时减少上面部降肌的作用，相对增强提肌的作用，再辅以筋膜及皮肤上提固定达到除皱的目的，效果确实、可靠、安全、持久。     

高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌悬吊在面中部除皱术中的应用

目的探讨一种相对微创的面中部除皱技术,并分析高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌提升对面中部老化的改善情况。方法对121例患者实施高位SMAS联合颧脂肪垫及眼轮匝肌悬吊,于颞部发际缘设计切口,在颧弓以上范围沿SMAS浅层剥离,将下垂的颧脂肪垫、SMAS和眼轮匝肌悬吊于颞深筋膜,去除多余的皮肤组织,使下垂的面部组织维持长期的提升效果。结果本组121例患者术后随访6周至1年,均取得了面中部年轻化的效果;术后恢复时间较短,未发生面神经损伤、面部皮下血肿、切口感染等并发症;手术切口瘢痕较隐蔽。结论高位SMAS及颧脂肪垫和眼轮匝肌的复位,是面中部年轻化的关键。皮下层的安全剥离避免了面神经分支的损伤。该方法对面中部除皱效果较显著,皮下分离安全,且具有简便、效果持久等优点。     

颧弓骨膜上入路面中部模拟手术损伤情况的解剖学观察

目的 寻找在盲视下,颞部入路、骨膜上剥离进入面中部的安全手术路径.方法 对4具(8侧)成人尸头标本,在盲视下以颞部入路行骨膜上剥离进入面中部上颌骨前面,进行解剖、测量及组织学观察.结果 颞支跨颧弓时主要集中在颧弓中段,它到颧弓骨膜的垂直距离最大为5.12mm,最小为2.82mm,平均3.87mm.在颞深筋膜浅层剥离至眶外侧时,若以外眦点外(33±5)mm,外眦点下(28±5)mm,在测量得出的眼轮匝肌轮廓覆盖所形成的弧形范围内,以眼轮匝肌下脂肪垫深层为剥离平面进入面中部,可有效避免面神经损伤.此手术路径避开了颧大肌的骨膜上起点,但颧小肌的大部分骨膜上起点因在此范围内而遭严重破坏.结论 盲视下经眶外侧、眼轮匝肌深面,以眼轮匝肌下脂肪垫深层为剥离平面进入面中部的剥离路径,是一种简便、安全、有效的手术路径.     

SMAS筋膜瓣双重悬吊在面中部除皱术中的应用

目的探讨面中部除皱术中的SMAS筋膜瓣悬吊方法及效果。方法2002年1月-2008年12月期间,共有10例面中部皮肤及软组织松弛就医者在面中部除皱术中采用SMAS筋膜瓣双重悬吊方法即在耳轮脚、耳屏做切口及颞部作“W”型切口,将预制的SMAS筋膜瓣边折叠后,向上、向外缝合数针固定于颧弓表面软组织及耳前SMAS筋膜瓣;以4#丝线行面中部双环荷包缝合SMAS筋膜,固定于耳前颧弓上方的颞深筋膜上,形成向上、向外的上提力量;去除颞部及耳前多余皮肤并缝合固定。结果本组10例就医者均取得较好效果。具有创口小而隐蔽、出血少等优点,可使面部变得年轻,随访1～5年,面中部皮肤仍收紧且富于弹性,颧脂肪垫下垂、加深的颧颊沟、下颌脂肪堆积、加深的鼻唇沟以及皮肤松垂等均得到改善,就医者较为满意。结论SMAS筋膜瓣双重悬吊术对面中部皮肤松弛有较好的提紧效果,方法简便,效果确实持久,易于推广。     

颧骨颧弓突出症的改良手术方法

目的：探讨治疗高颧弓的较佳手术方法，方法：颞部入路，在颞深筋膜浅层和深层的浅层间显露颧弓，挫修突出的骨嵴。结果：术后3个月随访，外观满意，效果良好，结论：本法较传统方法创伤更小、更简捷、安全。     

采用SMAS悬吊与骨膜下悬吊技术的微创化面中部除皱术

目的 探讨一种同时解决下睑袋、颧部皮肤和肌肉松弛、鱼尾纹,并整体上提面中部,改善鼻唇沟过深,以最小的切口获得最大的面部年轻化效果的手术方法.方法 通过下睑袋切口入路,在面中部骨膜下广泛剥离,然后再通过颞部除皱切口悬吊眼轮匝肌和颧大肌,使面中部上提,实现面中部以及颞部的年轻化.结果 2003年至2008年,采用此种方法为42例患者进行治疗,得到比较满意效果.结论 此方法简单易行,安全性高,创伤小,恢复快,效果持续时间长,可作为面中部年轻化微创化手术的很好选择.     

采用SMAS悬吊与骨膜下悬吊技术的微创化面中部除皱术

目的 探讨一种同时解决下睑袋、颧部皮肤和肌肉松弛、鱼尾纹,并整体上提面中部,改善鼻唇沟过深,以最小的切口获得最大的面部年轻化效果的手术方法.方法 通过下睑袋切口入路,在面中部骨膜下广泛剥离,然后再通过颞部除皱切口悬吊眼轮匝肌和颧大肌,使面中部上提,实现面中部以及颞部的年轻化.结果 2003年至2008年,采用此种方法为42例患者进行治疗,得到比较满意效果.结论 此方法简单易行,安全性高,创伤小,恢复快,效果持续时间长,可作为面中部年轻化微创化手术的很好选择.     

Release of oral submucous fibrosis and reconstruction using superficial temporal fascia flap and split skin graft--a new technique.

Long standing oral submucous fibrosis is associated with involvement of the oral submucosa and the muscles of mastication leading to difficulty in mouth opening. Various surgical modalities are mentioned for release but each has its own limitations. This article introduces a new technique of release of submucous fibrosis and reconstruction using superficial temporal fascia flap and split skin graft. The surgical technique involves a pre-auricular incision extending into the temporal region with dissection carried out in the sub follicular plane to develop the superficial temporal fascia flap to its maximum extent. The masseter muscle origin is released from the zygomatic arch and the temporalis muscle insertion is released from the coronoid process through an external approach. The entire fibrosed mucosa is released intraorally to create a mucomuscular defect thus achieving full mouth opening. The superficial temporal fascia flap is then brought in and sutured to the intraoral defect, which is then covered with a split thickness skin graft. This procedure is performed bilaterally. A total of five patients were treated with this new technique and all of them showed good mouth opening in long term follow up. There was no donor site morbidity. The incision line is well hidden in the hair bearing area. A well vascularised superficial temporal fascia flap brings in good blood supply to the area of affected muscle and mucosa to improve its function.     

面神经分支在颞区的显微解剖学研究

目的 明确面神经在颞区的分布层次和范围，指导面部年轻化手术的操作入路。方法 12具(24侧)成人尸头标本，于5倍光学显微镜下行颞区的解剖观察。结果 颞区包含面神经的颞支和颧支：由面神经的上支分出，出腮腺上缘，颞支发出3～8个分支、颧支2～4个分支，行于颞浅筋膜深面。颞支越过颧弓至颞区，分布于额肌、眼轮匝肌、皱眉肌和耳周围肌等组织，主导其运动；颧支由腮腺上缘向前上方越过颧弓至外眦，支配眼轮匝肌和颧肌的运动；两支之间以及与眼神经的眶上神经和泪腺神经之间．都有交通支。结论 面神经的颞支和颧支分布在颞浅筋膜的深面和颞深筋膜的浅层之间的组织内，支配额部、眼周和耳部的表情肌运动；面部年轻化手术在分离颞区时．应避免在此层进行。     

Deep dissection plane for endoscopic-assisted comminuted malar fracture repair

Endoscopic technique has been used in the management of comminuted malar fractures. However, the reported dissection plane is close to the frontal branch of the facial nerve, and paralysis of the frontal muscle is sometimes noted postoperatively. From January 1998 to November 2001, 42 patients underwent endoscopic-assisted zygomatic bone repair at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital. The zygomatic arch was approached via a dissection plane beneath the deep temporal fascia, and the plate was fixed on the upper border of the arch. The advantages of this method are 1) one temporal incision is sufficient for dealing with the zygomatic arch fracture; 2) the learning curve for endoscopic technique is shortened; 3) there is less risk of injury to the frontal branch of the facial nerve; and 4) the periosteum at the anterior and inferior border of the zygomatic arch is preserved. The deep method is a safe alternative for endoscopic-assisted comminuted malar fracture repair.     

Temporal and malar-zygomatic reduction and augmentation

The temporal fossa, zygomatic arch, and malar-midface should be considered jointly when augmentation of the temporal area or reduction of the zygomatic arch are to be carried out. These anatomic areas relate so closely to one another that altering one affects the other. In addition, augmentation of the malar-midface area may be done if one of the other two procedures is to be considered, or if a brow lift, subperiosteal face lift, or other reason for using a coronal incision exists. Use of the coronal incision for malar augmentation is probably not justified because of the large amount of surgery required in spite of the lesser morbidity associated with this approach in terms of amount of infections, lip stiffness, and hypesthesia. Planning a surgical procedure must be done in the office, by examining the patient at eye level to determine the amount of zygomatic arch reduction and the amount of temporal fossa augmentation necessary. Similarly, the three zones of the malar-midface complex must be assessed, with the amount of augmentation of each zone determined prior to the day of surgery. The surgical procedure is then executed through a coronal incision, with the dissection extending down to the zygomatic arch. If the temporal muscle is to be elevated out of its fossa, it is cut on its anterior, superior, and posterior edges, elevating it out of its fossa so that a Proplast implant, typically 3 to 4 mm thick and finely tapered on its superior and posterior edges, with suturing done anteriorly, may be inserted. The muscle is then resutured to its aponeurosis on all three edges. If the zygomatic arch and malar-midface area are to be approached, the dissection is carried to the deep and superior edge of the zygomatic arch, and the periosteal elevator is used to elevate the soft tissue off the lateral and inferior edge. The arch and malar-midface are cleared of soft tissue, extending the tunnel to the upper buccal sulcus. The arch is then reduced with a contouring burr to the thinness desired. Alternatively, the malar-midface area may be augmented with synthetic material precisely positioned, with a suture around the zygomatic arch, holding it in position as measured from the lateral orbital rim. The incision in the temporal fascia is then resutured, and the coronal incision is closed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

现代面部除皱术的面神经解剖学研究

目的明确ＳＭＡＳ与面神经的关系。方法对１２具（２４侧）成人尸头行大体解剖观察。结果ＳＭＡＳ分布于面中部,向前逐渐变薄,于口角水平外侧有小范围的“洞区”。面神经出腮腺后,并非在ＳＭＡＳ深面,而是在咬肌筋膜深面走行。面神经额支在颧弓以下０５ｃｍ区域穿出深筋膜,跨过颧弓。在颊脂肪垫区,大部分面神经分支走行在垫内,小部分分支形成面神经丛,分布于其表面。在颧大肌表面上１／３恒定有一颧支跨过,支配眼轮匝肌下外侧９例（占３７５％）;颧大、小肌及眼轮匝肌８例（占３３３％）;颧大、小肌７例（占２９２％）。结论面部多层次剥离除皱术应在颧弓以下０５ｃｍ区域行ＳＭＡＳ下剥离,至面中部时,应注意保护颧大肌表面上１／３段的面神经颧支,只在颧大肌中下２／３段区域进行剥离,向内掀起颧脂肪垫;或通过下睑缘皮肤切口,向下掀起眼轮匝肌（注意保护位于颧大肌上１／３段的面神经颧支）,与经耳前ＳＭＡＳ下剥离腔隙连通,如上操作可避免面神经损伤。