世界卫生组织残疾态度量表中文版的信度、效度分析

背景:为客观科学地评价人们对待残疾和残疾人的态度,需研制出一份专门针对残疾和残疾人的态度量表,以了解人们对待残疾人的态度及其影响因素.目的:考核世界卫生组织残疾态度量表中文版的信度和效度.方法:采用全球多中心同步研究的方法研制世界卫生组织残疾态度量表.通过多阶段分层整群随机抽样抽取1037名残疾人、507名残疾人照顾者及354名正常人,对其进行问卷调查.对其中109名残疾人间隔1周进行量表的重复测量.采用克朗巴赫α系数评价量表的内部一致性信度,通过前后2次测量各方面得分的相关系数以及配对检验来考察量表的重测信度,采用探索性因子分析评价量表的结构效度.结果与结论:共回收残疾人问卷1 000份、残疾人照顾者问卷507份、正常人问卷354份.量表回收率大于95.0%,条目缺失率低于1.10%;量表各个方面的克朗巴赫α系数为0.588～0.837;重复测量前后得分差异无显著性意义;不同人群对待残疾的态度各有不同,因子分析结果表明量表反映出的内在结构与原量表构造基本一致.说明世界卫生组织残疾态度量表中文版具有较好的可接受性、信度和效度,可用于国人对待残疾和残疾人态度的研究.     

康复科护理人员对残疾人态度、工作成就感与人性化护理能力的关系

目的 了解康复科护理人员人性化护理能力的现状,并探讨其与对残疾人的态度和工作成就感间的关系。方法 2020年12月至2021年3月,便利抽取锦州市、盘锦市、营口市和抚顺市8所综合性三甲医院的196例康复科护理人员,采用医护人员对残疾人态度量表、工作成就感量表、护士人性化护理能力量表进行调查。结果 康复科护理人员人性化护理能力总分为(73.39±10.75),总条目均分(3.86±0.57);康复科护理人员人性化护理能力与对残疾人态度和工作成就感均呈正相关(r = 0.208~0.774, P < 0.01);工作成就感在康复科护理人员对残疾人态度和人性化护理能力间起部分中介作用,中介效应为0.420,占总效应的52.83%。结论 康复科护理人员人性化护理能力较差。对残疾人态度越好,工作成就感越高,人性化护理能力会越强。康复科护理人员对残疾人态度不仅可以直接作用于人性化护理能力,也可以通过工作成就感间接影响人性化护理能力。     

对待残疾人态度的调查报告

作者于1991年7月22日至1991年83周的有关对待残疾人的态度调查。其目的在于了解社区成员对待残疾人的态度,进一步确认残疾人在当今社会中的地位,以便今后的工作中采取措施,增进与残疾人之间的相互理解和交流,更好地为残疾人服务。步骤与方法调查分3步①设计调查表:在与部分市民座谈的基础上,选择具有代表性的17个问题加以归纳、整理,采用多选题的形式,设计出《对待残疾人的态度调查表》。②调查:     

医学生对残疾人态度研究的系统综述

目的系统综述医学生对残疾人态度的现状,为开展改善医学生对残疾人态度的课程改革奠定基础。方法计算机检索Ovid数据库集合、PubMed数据库、Web of Science数据库、中国期刊全文数据库、万方全文期刊数据库,检索时限从数据库收录起始时间至2014年11月30日,根据纳入和排除标准筛选文献、提取资料、系统分析。结果共纳入17篇文献,医学专业的学生对残疾人的态度处于中等或偏下水平,年龄、性别、不同专业、不同地区、曾与残疾人接触的经验等都是对残疾人态度的影响因素。结论医学生对残疾人态度各不相同,开展课程设置改革或干预前,应先了解目标学生群体的态度现状,从而有针对性地开展有效干预。     

乌鲁木齐市少数民族大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为现况调查研究

[目的]了解乌鲁木齐市少数民族大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为及其影响因素,为制定针对性干预措施提供依据.[方法] 采用统一调查问卷,在乌鲁木齐市4所高校随机抽取3 676名少数民族大学生,进行横断面现场调查,了解少数民族大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为;采用多元线性回归分析方法筛选艾滋病相关态度的影响因素.[结果]艾滋病相关知识均分为9.94分(满分22分),对艾滋病感染者的态度均分为1.96分(满分20分);知识分值与态度分值呈正相关(r=0.326,P＜0.05);多元线性回归分析表明,艾滋病知识、专业、年级是影响大学生对待艾滋病/人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者态度的主要因素.[结论]少数民族大学生艾滋病相关知识贫乏,对人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者与艾滋病病人存在较明显的歧视态度.高校应结合少数民族学生特点针对性地开展预防艾滋病健康教育工作,端正学生对艾滋病病人的态度,提高自我保护意识.     

兰州市城区残疾人生活质量与残疾态度和照顾质量的相关性分析北大核心CSCD

目的评价兰州市城区残疾人生存状态,探讨残疾人生活质量与残疾态度和照顾质量的相关性。方法 2016年8月至11月,多阶段分层整群抽取兰州市城关区登记在册的606例残疾人,使用世界卫生组织残疾人生活质量量表、残疾态度量表、残疾人照顾质量量表,以入户访谈形式完成调研。结果城区残疾人生活质量量表评分(40.76±14.79),不同人口学特征残疾人间生活质量评分有显著性差异(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,残疾人生活质量各领域评分、总评分与残疾态度多数维度评分呈正相关(r>0.080,P<0.05),与照顾质量多数维度评分呈正相关(r>0.083,P<0.05)。结论应加强建设残疾人精准保障制度,着力构建全周期、全方位的残疾人社会支持体系。     

兰州市城区残疾人生活质量与残疾态度和照顾质量的相关性分析

目的评价兰州市城区残疾人生存状态,探讨残疾人生活质量与残疾态度和照顾质量的相关性。方法 2016年8月至11月,多阶段分层整群抽取兰州市城关区登记在册的606例残疾人,使用世界卫生组织残疾人生活质量量表、残疾态度量表、残疾人照顾质量量表,以入户访谈形式完成调研。结果城区残疾人生活质量量表评分(40.76±14.79),不同人口学特征残疾人间生活质量评分有显著性差异(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,残疾人生活质量各领域评分、总评分与残疾态度多数维度评分呈正相关(r0.080,P0.05),与照顾质量多数维度评分呈正相关(r0.083,P0.05)。结论应加强建设残疾人精准保障制度,着力构建全周期、全方位的残疾人社会支持体系。     

大学生及护理人员对老年人家庭护理的认知与态度比较

目的 了解承德市医院护士及在校大学生对老年人家庭护理的认知与态度水平,并分析其影响因素.方法 采用问卷调查法对承德市1000名大学生和医院护士进行老年人家庭护理的认知状况与态度水平调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 护士对老年人家庭护理的认知与态度较好于护生,医学生较好于非医学生;不同调查对象对是否期待政府的老年人服务之间差异不明显.结论 应重视家庭成员对老年家庭护理的态度,通过多方途径,加强老年人的家庭照护.     

大学生及护理人员对老年人家庭护理的认知与态度比较

目的 了解承德市医院护士及在校大学生对老年人家庭护理的认知与态度水平,并分析其影响因素.方法 采用问卷调查法对承德市1000名大学生和医院护士进行老年人家庭护理的认知状况与态度水平调查,并对结果进行分析.结果 护士对老年人家庭护理的认知与态度较好于护生,医学生较好于非医学生;不同调查对象对是否期待政府的老年人服务之间差异不明显.结论 应重视家庭成员对老年家庭护理的态度,通过多方途径,加强老年人的家庭照护.     

少数民族大学生性与生殖健康知识认知和态度调查与教育对策

目的 了解少数民族大学生对性与生殖健康知识的认知状况,并探讨其与汉族大学生的差异,以提出相应的教育对策.方法 自编"大学生生殖健康及相关问题调查问卷",对中央民族大学955名大二学生进行调查.结果 (1)汉族与少数民族大学生对性与生殖健康知识认知差异有统计学意义,在性态度上则无统计学意义;(2)不同少数民族间比较,在性知识和性态度上差异均有统计学意义,其中藏族学生对性与生殖知识认知水平最低,而在性态度上,满族学生最为保守;(3)51.0%的大学生认为学校不够重视生殖健康教育;68.5%的大学生希望通过自行学习来获取生殖健康方面的知识.结论 少数民族大学生对于性与生殖健康知识的认知不如汉族学生,更需要性和生殖知识的普及.     

The measurement of the Hong Kong-based 'Baseline Survey of Students' Attitudes toward People with a Disability': cross-cultural validation in Lebanon

The negative attitudes of nondisabled persons are among the most serious invisible barriers to the full participation and integration of disabled citizens into society. A big question is, 'what is the current level of acceptance and recognition of disabled persons in a given society, and what kind of public awareness interventions shall be devised to promote positive changes?'. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the level of the existing attitudinal barriers in a war-torn, middle-income Arab country, Lebanon. The study attempted to determine the present level of prejudice against people with a disability in Lebanon, and to examine the relationship between the participants' attitudes, and their previous exposure to and personal experience with disability. An instrument, the 'Baseline Survey of Students' Attitudes toward People with a Disability', developed by the Equal Opportunity Commission of Hong Kong, was selected as the instrument. A total of 94 valid questionnaires were collected from three universities in Beirut, Lebanon. This instrument was able to differentiate the participating students' attitudes toward people with different types of disabilities. The scale and its subscales showed that students generally had less favorable attitudes toward people with intellectual impairment and mental illness (including the ex-mentally ill). The participating Lebanese university students (an older age group than the Hong Kong students) are more differentiating in their attitudes toward people with the two most-discriminated categories of disabled people (the intellectually disabled and those with mental illness history). The cross-cultural validity and reliability of this instrument has been confirmed, and the major findings of this study could inform future policy directions, public awareness-raising strategies and social interaction variables to foster positive public attitudes in Lebanon.     

Objective obstacles in hiring disabled persons -- the employers' point of view

In the comprehensive rehabilitation process, one of the most accepted criteria for success or failure is the suitable placement of the client in the open employment market. The present study examined employer's attitudes toward hiring disabled persons. The sample consisted of 233 employers in the public and private sectors of the Israeli economy, and the method entailed interviewing each employer about his attitudes toward the risks of employing disabled persons, his actual hiring practices, and his expected response to financial aid for surmounting technical obstacles (architectural barriers and inappropriate work methods and tools). Interpretation of the results indicated that employers' reluctance to hire disabled employees was often explained by the existence of technical obstacles. However, when the possibility of financial aid for eliminating these obstacles was proposed, the employers responded with reservation. Although Israeli has mandated legislation requiring the employment of disabled war veterans, not all employers were aware of this, and almost half of those who were did not employ disabled persons. Evidently, legislation does not suffice in order to ensure actual hiring of disabled persons. In order to increase compliance with the law, and to encourage hiring of disabled persons who are not war veterans, it was suggested that more information be provided to the employers on the possibilities of employing disabled persons, with emphasis placed on the positive aspects of the disabled worker's true potential. Additional methods that should be applied to encourage employment include appropriate vocational training of disabled persons themselves and demonstration before the employers of the practical conditions under which successful employment is possible.     

Effects of cognitive modeling,affect, and contact on attitudes,thoughts, and feelings toward college students with physical disabilities

One goal of the present study was to evaluate cognitive and affective factors which facilitate problem-free interaction between nondisabled and physically disabled college students by (1) exploring variables related to ease with people who have disabilities, and (2) evaluating the consequences of previous contact with disabled persons. A second goal was to explore the effects of four cognitive modeling interventions on thoughts, attitudes, affect, and self-efficacy expectations in relation to interaction with disabled peers. Results for 126 nondisabled college students indicate that lack of ease with persons who have disabilities is an important contributor to interaction difficulties; individuals who felt ill at ease with disabled college students (1) were more likely to anticipate being uncomfortable when interacting with a peer who has a disability, (2) had lower self-efficacy expectations about interacting in various social situations, (3) had more negative attitudes toward disabled persons, (4) expected to have more difficulty working with a disabled peer, and (5) had more negative thoughts about interacting with a disabled classmate. Previous contact with people who have disabilities was related to the frequency of positive thoughts about interaction but had minimal effects on attitudes or affect. Cognitive modeling was found to be ineffective in changing any aspect of these affective, attitudinal, and cognitive factors. The implications of the results for cognitive assessment and for resolving interaction problems between nondisabled and disabled individuals are discussed.

     

Environmental access to a rehabilitation center as a determinant of attitude to handicapped persons? A comparative empirical study of assumptions of the "contact hypothesis"]

A total of 263 respondents were interviewed relative to their attitudes towards disabled persons, using a standardized questionnaire. Of these 263 subjects, 144 lived in a community without any facility for disabled persons in the vicinity, 119 subjects lived close by a physically disabled persons centre. The "attitudinal climate" among all interviewees on the whole more on the positive side, it was found that those living in the vicinity of a physically disabled persons centre, though expressing less contact uneasiness when meeting physically handicapped children and young people, did however not give more positive--but neither more negative--opinions in other respects than those subjects not living near a facility for the disabled. The results obtained were further analyzed on the variables of age, sex, and closer contacts with disabled people among friends. It has, once again, been confirmed that attitudes toward disabled persons constitute a multidimensional construct that, to varying degrees, is influenced by a number of factors. Some consequences and considerations in terms of educational implementation possibilities of the findings are outlined in conclusion.     

Attitudes toward people with disabilities caused by illness or injury: beyond physical impairment

This study examined differences in attitudes toward and reactions to individuals with comparable disabilities caused by injury or illness. Participants were students and healthcare professionals randomly assigned to read one of eight vignettes constructed in a between-subjects, full-factorial design: 2 (illness/injury)× 2 (male/female)× 2 (visible/not visible). Participants completed questionnaires measuring reactions to the target person and attitudes toward people with disabilities. We found that both students and healthcare professionals expressed more positive attitudes toward persons with injury-related compared with illness-related disabilities, but that these differences were typically not expressed in reported social encounters with individual disabled persons. The effects of the illness-injury distinction were moderated by sex only among students, with the highest distancing reported from a female with an illness-related disability. Visibility of the disability triggered more social distancing among students, regardless of the injury-illness distinction. We concluded that the illness-injury distinction is a socially and psychologically significant factor.     

Problems and conditions in industrial integration of the handicapped

A sub-project of the research investigation "Model Workplaces for Disabled Persons in Sheltered Workshops in Berlin (West)", the pilot project "Placement Models and Industrial Workplaces", which was funded jointly by the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology and the senator for Labour and Social Affairs of the Land Berlin, undertook to investigate more fully into the issue of opportunities for, and obstacles to industrial placement of disabled persons, in particular of sheltered workshop clients, by studying the situation present in selected enterprises, and to elaborate, on the basis of empirical stock-taking of the problems found, proposals for measures directed at improving the conditions for integrating disabled persons in open employment. Apart from analyzing workplaces as to their suitability for sheltered workshop clients, the project included expert talks involving staff from various functional departments of several Berlin enterprises on problems and general conditions in the industrial integration of disabled persons. The present contribution reports some of the main findings of these expert talks, and is intended to examine more closely some central issues in industrial placement of disabled persons. In particular, it deals with - the current state of, and the basic organizational conditions for industrial integration of disabled workers, - the attitudes of employers toward recruiting disabled persons. On this basis, approaches are outlined for improving the employment situation of the population concerned, as well as their prospects of (re)settlement.     

Are prejudices against disabled persons determined by personality characteristics? Reviewing a theoretical approach on the basis of empirical research findings

Taking as point of departure the results obtained from research on prejudice, many authors believe that the quality of attitudes toward disabled persons is influenced by the personality structure of the nondisabled. In order to verify this assumption, a secondary analysis of 67 empirical studies was undertaken. These studies referred to different personality variables such as authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, dogmatism, rigidity, intolerance of ambiguity, cognitive simplicity, anxiety, ego-weakness, self-concept, body-concept, aggressiveness, empathy, intelligence, etc. The results can be summarized as follows: Statistical criteria show that single personality traits have relatively little influence on the attitudes towards disabled persons. An adequate evaluation of the research findings is complicated by, at times, considerable methodological problems which arise when applying the proper test instruments to non-clinical populations. Marked correlations are to be found in particular in the case of authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, intolerance of ambiguity, anxiety, and ego-weakness. The intercorrelations, however, between most of the personality variables are rather high, which by cumulation of "extreme" factors may, in fact, sometimes result in particularly unfavorable attitudes toward the disabled. Thus, personality-related research findings to provide certain valuable explanations. Special attention should be devoted to the multiple connections between personality structure and social structure.     

Attitudes of college students toward sexual behavior of disabled persons.

Empirical data on attitudes toward sexual behavior of disabled persons were gathered from a written, sentence-completion task in which 110 college students engaged. The task consisted of 36 sentence stubs, 18 of which probed attitudes toward sex. To facilitate expression of attitudes rather than values, respondents were instructed to respond rapidly with the first thoughts that came to mind. Responses were scored as positive or negative. Negative responders took significantly less time to complete the sentences than did positive responders. The X2 comparisons of negative responses to 5 pairs of parallel sentence stubs concerned with aspects of sex in general and the same aspects of sex in disabled women yielded statistically significant differences. Four of those differences showed more disapproval of sex for the disabled than for the able-bodied. The 5th difference indicated greater tolerance of homosexual play among disabled girls. On 9 of the 13 sentence stubs concerned with sex and disability, at least 43% of all participants gave negative responses. Similarly, order analysis disclosed that 9 of 10 aspects of sex viewed most negatively were related to sexual behavior by the disabled. It was concluded that attitudes in the sexual revolution have not as yet embraced the disabled even among college students.     

Medical students' and allied health care professionals' perceptions toward the mentally retarded population

The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in expectations toward individuals with varying levels of mental retardation exist between medical students themselves and between health care professionals involved with these individuals. There were 136 medical students (52%) and 119 health care professionals (89%) who completed the modified Prognostic Beliefs Scale survey. Medical students demonstrated lower expectations compared to health care professionals. No relationship was found among medical student expectations and selected background variables including a family member with a disability and working with disabled individuals. A curriculum was developed focusing on informing and sensitizing medical students toward the needs of developmentally disabled persons. The response of the students to the program has been outstanding, with a positive change in attitudes and perceptions.     

Sex counseling: comparison of attitudes of disabled and nondisabled subjects

The present study compared the views on sex counseling of a group of 103 orthopedically disabled persons and a group of 124 nondisabled persons. Subjects responded to a specially constructed questionnaire covering several issues related to sex counseling. Disabled persons preferred that the counseling be by a physician, rather than by a psychologist or social worker and that the counseling begin as late as ages 16-18, and they were less interested than nondisabled persons in counseling on sexual functioning and establishing a family. The responses of disabled persons were interpreted as indicating their greater anxiety toward the sensitive issue of sex. It was concluded that training programs for professionals--particularly physicians--who deal in sex counseling should include instruction about disabled persons and about the influence of cultural background on clients' attitudes towards sex counseling.