术前门静脉栓塞术在肝门部胆管癌扩大肝切除术中的应用研究

目的 评价肝门部胆管癌扩大肝切除术前行门静脉栓塞术的有效性及安全性,比较门静脉栓塞手术切除术与非门静脉栓塞手术切除术后结果.方法 2007年5月至2010年10月收治肝门部胆管癌患者57例,分为两组,将预保留肝占全肝体积＜50％、术前接受门静脉栓塞(PVE)者设为PVE组(26例),男16例,女10例,年龄(56.48...     

术前门静脉栓塞在Ⅳ型肝门胆管癌的应用价值探讨

目的 探讨术前门静脉栓塞（portal vein embolization,PVE）在Ⅳ型肝门胆管癌中的应用价值。方法 对2010年12月至2011年2月中国医科大学附属盛京医院肝胆脾外科术前行PVE的2例Ⅳ型肝门胆管癌进行分析。结果 2例均行经皮经肝胆道引流（percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD）解除梗阻性黄疸,PVE诱导剩余肝体积代偿增生后,未来剩余肝（future liver remnant,FLR ）与全肝体积（total liver volume,TLV）之比分别为49.7%、43.7%,较PVE前分别增加7.9%,5.4%。2例行右半肝及尾状叶切除、肝门胆管癌根治术,手术顺利,术后恢复良好,至今分别无瘤生存18、19个月。 结论 PVE能够安全有效增加FLR,从而增加手术安全性,降低术后肝衰竭的发生率。     

肝门部胆管癌术前行门静脉栓塞16例分析

目的 探讨未来残余肝较小的肝门部胆管癌病人行门静脉栓塞是否安全有效。 方法 对2007年1月至2009年3月第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院拟行大部肝切除、未来残余肝/全肝体积（FLR/ TLV）比<50%的16例接受钢圈门静脉栓塞（portal vein embolization,PVE）的临床资料进行分析。 结果 术前16例（PVE组）因肝功能损害、FLR/TLV < 50%者行PVE治疗,33例（非PVE组）FLR/TLV > 50%者行肿瘤联合肝切除。PVE后3例出现并发症,原因为胆漏和钢圈移位,但未推迟肝切除术日期。16例PVE中1例合并肝硬化出现非栓塞肝叶增生不全而未能接受外科治疗,2例术中发现肿瘤进展、腹膜播散未能接受肝切除术,余13例（81.3%）行联合肝切除的肿瘤切除术。PVE组和非PVE组的手术并发症发生率分别为69.2%及63.6%,手术死亡率为0及9.1%。二者相比差异无统计学意义。结论 PVE能安全、有效地诱导肝门胆管癌术前未来残余肝增生。     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

肝门部胆管癌切除率低,预后差.近年来随着高分辨率影像学技术的应用、手术器械的改进、围手术期治疗策略的优化,特别是手术技巧的改进和经验的积累,使肝门部胆管癌切除率及根治率得到大幅度的提高.手术切除是治疗肝门部胆管癌的主要手段,根治性切除仍然是患者获得长期生存甚至治愈最重要的措施.本文回顾性分析2004年4月至2012年4月首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院收治的66例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料,探讨肝门部胆管癌外科治疗中的关键技术及相关预后.     

肝门部胆管癌的计划性肝切除

肝门部胆管癌(hilar cholangiocarcinoma)是原发于左右肝管及肝总管黏膜上皮的恶性肿瘤,又称高位胆管癌、上段胆管癌或Klatskin肿瘤,2009年AJCC第7版的TNM分期[1]将其归为肝门周围胆管癌或近侧胆管癌.肝门部胆管癌仍然是胆管癌的最常见类型,占胆管癌的50%～70%.由于肝门部胆管癌容易向胆管周围侵犯,甚至累及肝门部血管和肝实质,这给我们的外科根治性切除带来了更多的困难和挑战.     

经皮微波或射频消融肝实质分隔联合门静脉栓塞计划性肝切除术治疗余肝体积不足肝癌及胆管癌3例报告

目的 探讨经皮微波或射频消融肝实质分隔联合门静脉栓塞计划性肝切除术（percutaneous microwave/radiofrequency ablation liver partition and portal vein embolization for planned hepatectomy,PAPEP）替代联合肝脏分隔和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术（associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy, ALPPS）治疗剩余肝体积（future liver remnant,FLR）不足肝癌和胆管癌的可行性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析2015年7-9月浙江省人民医院肝胆胰外科应用PAPEP治疗FLR不足的2例原发性肝癌和1例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。先超声引导下经皮微波消融分隔预留侧和切除侧肝实质（percutaneous microwave ablation liver partition,PMA）,PMA后1~3 d行门静脉栓塞术（portal vein embolization,PVE）,PVE后10~13 d测量FLR,术前系统评估后限期肝切除术：2例肝癌分别行肝右三叶和右尾叶切除术、扩大右半肝切除术,1例肝门部胆管癌行肝右三叶和尾叶切除、肝肠内引流术。结果 PMA前3例标准全肝体积（standard liver volume,SLV）分别为1231.2mL、1202.9mL、1217.1mL,FLR分别为355.6 mL、383.4 mL、385.0 mL,FLR/SLV分别为28.9%、31.9%、31.6%。PMA时间118~132 min, PVE时间158~180 min,PMA或PVE术后病人低热经对症处理好转,肝功能无明显变化。PMA+PVE后10~13 d FLR分别为502.1 mL、527.4 mL、476.3 mL,较术前分别增大41.2%、37.6%、23.7%。肝切除术时间230~440 min,术中出血120~1800 mL。肝门部胆管癌术后并发膈下脓肿,经穿刺后治愈;1例肝癌术后并发腹水、黄疸,经内科治疗后治愈,术后住院时间15~40 d。 结论 PAPEP有望代替ALPPS治疗剩余肝体积不足的肝癌或肝门部胆管癌。     

肝门部胆管癌介入治疗的疗效分析

肝门部胆管癌是指位于左右肝管至胆囊管开口以上部位的胆道肿瘤,占胆管癌50%~70%。外科根治性切除仍然为首选治疗方式。但肝门部胆管癌早期常无特殊临床表现,不易早期诊断,许多病例发现时已达中晚期,手术切除率低,术后复发率高,预后差。近年来,随着介入技术的迅速发展,经皮肝穿刺胆道引流联合内支架植入术(PTCD stent)已成为姑息性治疗肝门部胆管癌的主要手段之一。我院自2002年1月至2005年12月,共对26例肝门部胆管癌患者行PTCD stent术,现对这些患者术后的近远期疗效进行回顾性分析,报告如下。临床资料1.一般资料:26例肝门部胆管癌患者…     

肝门部胆管癌的放射治疗

1 概述 肝门部胆管癌又称Klatskin瘤,1965年由Klatskin首先提出并作详细描述[1],特指发生在左、右肝管及其汇合部以及肝总管上段的胆管粘膜上皮恶性肿瘤.肝门部胆管癌整体预后不佳,未接受治疗的患者平均生存期为5.9个月[2].外科手术治疗仍然是患者获得长期生存的唯一办法.由于肿瘤易局部侵犯血管,肝脏及远处转移,能够接受手术治疗的患者仅20％[3].如何进一步提高手术疗效以及对无法手术切除的患者进行合理治疗成为目前关注的焦点.放射治疗作为治疗恶性肿瘤的三种主要手段之一,在肝门部胆管癌治疗中越来越受到关注.无论是围手术期的辅助治疗,还是无法手术切除患者的姑息治疗,都具有较广的适应症和治疗耐受性,在临床应用中取得较好的疗效.本文就肝门部胆管癌放射治疗的实施和价值作一综述.     

肝门部胆管癌的治疗

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1996，2004年间52例肝门部胆管癌患者的临床病例资料。I型癌肿切除率最高，Ⅳ型癌肿切除率最低。结果本组52例肝门部胆管癌中，围手术期死亡2例，均死于肝肾功能衰竭，余50例中31例术后获得随访，失访19例，随访率为62％。结论疑似或诊断肝门部胆管癌应早期积极手术探查，争取行根治性切除术；肝门部胆管癌肿瘤切除疗效明显优于其他治疗方式。     

肝门部胆管癌的精准外科治疗策略

根治性切除比其他治疗方法更能使肝门部胆管癌患者获得长期生存.近年来,由于外科技术的进步以及围手术期处理的完善使得手术治疗肝门胆管癌的效果有了明显的提高.本文总结了精确的术前评估、精良的术前处理、精密的手术规划为核心的精准外科治疗策略对肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗的影响.肝门部胆管癌的术前分型、术前处理、手术方案精细化和标准化,可进一步提高肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗效果.     

Preoperative portal vein embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma]

We performed preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) for 71 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 59 of whom underwent hepatectomy about two weeks after PVE. The purpose of the PVE was usually to embolize the portal vein supplying the area to be resected. After PVE, the non-embolized part of the liver became hypertrophic and the embolized part of the liver became atrophic. Of the 22 patients who underwent right lobectomy after PVE of the right first branch of the portal vein, the mean results of a test of 15-minute indocyanine green retention after PVE increased significantly less than the mean for six patients who could not undergo right lobectomy after PVE of their right first branch. The extent of this increase and the liver volume of the left lobe 4 weeks after right lobectomy were higher in another 15 patients who did not undergo PVE than 22 patients who underwent PVE. PVE is useful as one preparation for hepatectomy of patients with HCC, because the embolized part of the liver was damaged by PVE, but mean liver function was compensated by the part of the liver that was not embolized and regenerated.     

Hepatocyte morphology and kinetics after portal vein embolization

BACKGROUND: Macroscopic volume changes after portal vein embolization (PVE) can be assessed accurately by computed tomography, but histological changes remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify hepatocyte morphology and kinetics after PVE. METHODS: The resected livers from 25 patients who underwent extended hepatectomy after PVE and five normal livers were examined using hepatocyte paraffin 1 staining for histomorphometric analysis of hepatocytes. Cell kinetics were determined by Ki-67 staining and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labelling assay. Kupffer cells were examined by CD68 immunostaining. RESULTS: The number of hepatocytes was similar in the embolized lobe, non-embolized lobe and normal liver, but hepatocyte volume was greater in the non-embolized lobe than in the embolized lobe (P = 0.017). The Ki-67 labelling index was higher in the non-embolized lobe (P < 0.001) whereas the apoptotic index was higher in the embolized lobe (P < 0.001). There were more Kupffer cells per unit area in the embolized lobe (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Hepatocyte hypertrophy and replication leads to volume enlargement of the non-embolized hepatic lobe, whereas hepatocyte atrophy and apoptosis causes a decrease in volume of the embolized lobe.     

Colorectal Liver Metastases Growth in the Embolized and Non-Embolized Liver After Portal Vein Embolization: Influence of Initial Response to Induction Chemotherapy

Purpose

To compare tumor progression in both embolized and non-embolized liver lobes after portal vein embolization (PVE) in patients with bilobar colorectal liver metastases (CLM), according to the initial response to induction chemotherapy.

Methods

From 2002 to 2012, a total of 42 consecutive patients with bilobar CLM initially treated using induction chemotherapy underwent right PVE to achieve adequate future liver remnant volume. Tumoral and liver parenchyma volumes, as well as their volume variations, were measured on computed tomography before and after PVE in both embolized and non-embolized. Patients were classified as fast (≤6 cycles of induction chemotherapy) and slow (>6 cycles) responders.

Results

Overall, 432 metastases were analyzed in 42 patients. Patients were slow responders in 29 (69 %) cases. Tumoral volume increased in 29 (69 %) cases in the embolized liver (+48 %; p < 0.0001), and in 28 (66 %) cases in the non-embolized liver (+31 %; p < 0.0001). Fast responders had a tumoral volume decrease in both embolized (?4 %) and non-embolized (?9 %) lobes. On the opposite side, slow responders had tumoral volume increase in both embolized (+79 %) and non-embolized (+32 %) lobes. On multivariate analysis, a ‘slow’ response to induction chemotherapy was the only factor associated with tumoral progression in both embolized (p = 0.0012) and non-embolized (p = 0.001) lobes.

Conclusion

Tumor growth after PVE is observed in both embolized and non-embolized liver lobes in most patients but is significantly associated with slow response to induction chemotherapy.     

Recent advances in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: portal vein embolization

The clinical application of portal vein embolization (PVE) has contributed to improving the postoperative outcome of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The enlarged nonembolized lobe after PVE protects the patient from postoperative hepatic failure, due to the increased functional reserve, and shortens the hospital stay. Although numerous reports have shown beneficial effects of PVE on postoperative outcome after extended hepatectomy, no randomized controlled study has been performed so far. It is urgent to establish a “gold standard” of PVE, because the indications, approach to the portal vein, types of embolic materials, and methods used to evaluate the function of the future liver remnant are variable among institutions. The indications and procedures of PVE for hilar cholangiocarcinoma may be different from those for hepatocellular carcinoma or colorectal metastasis, because, in many patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, biliary cancer is associated with biliary obstruction and cholangitis. This review article summarizes the contribution of PVE to the outcome of postoperative management in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma needing extended hepatectomy. We also describe our PVE procedure, which has been established from our experience of more than 240 cases of biliary cancer. Furthermore, the drawbacks of PVE, which may reduce the pool of candidates for surgery, are also discussed.     

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目的探讨术前门静脉栓塞(portal vein embolization,PVE)在Ⅳ型肝门胆管癌中的应用价值。方法对2010年12月至2011年2月中国医科大学附属盛京医院肝胆脾外科术前行PVE的2例Ⅳ型肝门胆管癌进行分析。结果 2例均行经皮经肝胆道引流(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD)解除梗阻性黄疸,PVE诱导剩余肝体积代偿增生后,未来剩余肝(future liver remnant,FLR)与全肝体积(total liver volume,TLV)之比分别为49.7%、43.7%,较PVE前分别增加7.9%,5.4%。2例行右半肝及尾状叶切除、肝门胆管癌根治术,手术顺利,术后恢复良好,至今分别无瘤生存18、19个月。结论 PVE能够安全有效增加FLR,从而增加手术安全性,降低术后肝衰竭的发生率。     

Parameters associated with changes in liver volume in patients undergoing portal vein embolization

BACKGROUND: To identify predictors of changes in hepatic volumes after portal vein embolization (PVE) before hepatectomy, we examined the relationship between clinicopathological parameters and changes in volume of embolized and nonembolized liver and regeneration of remnant liver after hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects were 25 patients who underwent laparotomy. PVE was performed through transileocolic vein (n = 15) and percutaneous transhepatic puncture (n = 10). RESULTS: Significant atrophy and hypertrophy of the embolized and nonembolized liver were observed after PVE, respectively, and further increase of remnant liver volume was observed after hepatectomy. Background liver disease did not seem to influence the results. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level correlated negatively with atrophy of embolized lobe (r = -0.433). Platelet count correlated positively with hypertrophy of nonembolized lobe (r = 0.412, P < 0.05) and percent increase between lobes and (r = 0.515, P < 0.05). Seven (32%) patients developed postoperative complications, such as long-term ascites or cholestasis. Changes in embolized liver and percent increase between lobes in patients with postoperative cholestasis (-94 +/- 97 cm(3) and 9.6 +/- 5.1% gain) were significantly lower than those in patients without cholestasis (17 +/- 54 cm(3) and 6.6 +/- 1.3% gain, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: ALP and platelet counts might be able to predict PVE effect and were related to postoperative course. Identification of more specific predictors is desirable.     

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??Preoperative portal vein embolization for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a report of 16 cases YI Bin*, XU Ai-min, QÜ Zeng-qiang, et al. *First Department of Biliary ract Diseases, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438,China
Corresponding author: JIANG Xiao-Qing, E-mail:jxq1225@sina.com
Abstract Objective To evaluate whether portal vein embolization (PVE) is safe and efficacious in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who are estimated to have inadequate/marginal future liver remnant (FLR). Methods Between January 2007 and March 2009 at Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, 16 cases of FLR ratio <50% requiring major hepatectomy underwent PVE with multiple steel coils. Results Sixteen cases (PVE group) were performed PVE resulted from hepatic function injury and FLR ratio <50%. Thirty-three cases (nonPVE group) were performed extended hepatectomy en bloc with the tumor resulted from FLR ratio >50%. PVE complications including bile leak (1/16) and coil displacement (2/16) did not delay hepatectomies. Deficiency of FLR hypertrophy appeared in one case with underlying cirrhosis and prevented him away from surgery. Local tumor progression and peritoneal dissemination precluded hepatectomy in 2 cases. The other 13 cases (81.3%) underwent extended hepatectomy en bloc with the tumor. The PVE hepatectomy group (n=13) had similar complication and mortality rates compared with the non-PVE hepatectomy group (FLR ratio > 50%, n=33) (complication rate, 69.2% vs. 63.6%, P=1.000; mortality rate, 0 vs. 9.1%, P=0.548). Conclusion PVE is a safe and efficacious procedure in inducing adequate hypertrophy of the FLR before major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

Efficacy of preoperative portal vein embolization prior to major hepatectomy for patients with impaired liver function: A retrospective study

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often associated with chronic liver disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis, and this association may limit the use of surgery as a therapy, and if surgery is pursued, may give rise to postoperative hepatic failure. We evaluated the outcome in patients with HCC given preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) before they underwent major hepatectomy. After PVE, portal pressure increased significantly. Two weeks after PVE, both the volume of the non-embolized lobe and the 15-min indocyamine green retention rate (ICG R15) were significantly increased. The prognostic score, calculated on the basis of age, ICG R15, and the resection rate, was significantly decreased. The operative mortality rate was significantly lower in patients who underwent PVE before surgery than in patients who did not receive PVE. The cumulative survival rate of the PVE patients, even those with cirrhosis of the liver, was significantly higher. Prior PVE appears to allow more extensive major hepatectomy and to lessen the risk of this invasive surgery. However, patients in whom the portal pressure immediately after PVE was more than 30cm H₂O and/or whose prognostic score exceeded 50 points developed postoperative hepatic failure. These features should be kept in mind when it is decided whether surgery is indicated. Nevertheless, preoperative PVE appears to be a beneficial procedure for patients undergoing major hepatectomy, particularly those with chronic liver disease.     

脾切除对活体肝移植术后肝脏血流动力学的影响

目的 研究活体肝移植联合脾脏切除术后患者肝脏血流动力学变化情况.方法 回顾性分析2006年8月至2009年3月开展的66例活体肝移植手术患者的病例资料,肝移植时行脾切除者共22例(脾切除组),年龄(45±11)岁,按1∶2的比例随机抽取同期具有可比性的肝移植时未行脾切除的44例患者作为对照组,年龄(44±10)岁,对比分析移植术后两组间患者肝脏血流动力学变化.结果 术前、术后1 d保留脾脏组和脾切除组门静脉血流速度分别为(12±2)cm/s和(11±3)cm/s、(35±18)cm/s和(32±17)cm/s,两组术后门静脉血流速度均显著大于术前水平(P＜0.05),术后1周两组肝右静脉血流速度分别为(44±18)cm/s和(31±15)cm/s,术后保留脾脏组肝右静脉血流速度明显大于脾切除组(P＜0.05),术后2周两组肝动脉血流速度分别为(18±8)cm/s和(26±7)cm/s,肝动脉阻力系数分别为0.66±0.13和0.57±0.12,1周后脾切除组肝动脉血流速度明显大于保留脾脏组(P＜0.05),而肝动脉阻力系数明显小于后者(P＜0.05).结论 活体肝移植联合脾切除术后肝脏的血流动力学情况优于单纯活体肝移植术式.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the changes of hepatic hemodynamics in patients with splenectomy plus living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Methods The data of 66 patients received LDLT from August 2006 to March 2009 were analyzed retrospectively:22 cases received splenectomy with LDLT (splenectomy group) and aged (45±11) years. Forty-four comparable cases received LDLT only in the mean time were selected as control group and aged (44±10) years. Comparative analysis was performed between the two groups with respect to the changes of hepatic hemodynamics after transplantation.Results Blood velocity in portal vein in control group and splenectomy group at 1 day before and after the transplantation were (12 ±2) cm/s vs. (11+3) cm/s, (35±18) cm/s vs. (32 ± 17) cm/s, respectively. Postoperative blood velocity in portal vein in both groups increased significantly than the preoperative level ( P ＜ 0.05).Blood flow velocity in right hepatic vein in both groups at 1 week after the treatment were (44±18)cm/s and (31±15) cm/s(P＜0.05), respectively. Blood flow velocity in hepatic artery in both groups 2 weeks after the operation were (18±8) cm/s vs. (26±7) cm/s(P＜0.05) and resistance coefficient of hepatic artery were 0.66±0.13 vs. 0.57±0.12 (P＜0.05), respectively. Conclusion Hepatic hemodynamics in patients received LDLT plus splenectomy is superior to that in patients received LDLT only.