不规则肝切除术治疗严重肝外伤

不规则肝切除术包括肝切除性扩创术和清创性肝切除术。前者是指清理创口,显露创底受损的血管、胆管,以便处理;后者是指以受创部位为中心的楔形肝切除。本文总结我院1980年6月～1998年8月收治的严重肝外伤76例,其中肝切除性扩创术30例,清创性肝切除术23例,均取得满意的治疗效果,并就相关问题进行了讨论。     

肝三叶切除治疗巨大肝肿瘤

目的 探讨肝三叶切除治疗巨大肝肿瘤的安全性和可行性。方法 对21例平均直径15．7（12～36）cm的巨大肝肿瘤，其中包括原发性肝癌15例，肝平滑肌肉瘤1例，肝海绵状血管瘤5例，在入肝血流阻断下行肝肿瘤切除。结果 2l例肿瘤均得以顺利切除，行肝右三叶切除术14例，肝左三叶切除术7例。切除肿瘤重量平均2010（1230～6725）g，平均出血量980（150～4000）ml，人肝血流平均阻断时间23（12～63）min，其中入肝血流阻断1次者16例（76．2％），2次者5例（23．8％）。术后所有病人均出现一过性肝功能损害，1例（4．8％）发生肝功能衰竭于术后19d死亡，13例（61．9％）有一过性腹水，7例（33．3％）右侧胸腔积液，均经进一步处理后恢复顺利。20例获随访，14例原发性肝癌患者1、2、3、5年生存率分别为57．1％、35．7％、28．6％和7．1％，1例肝平滑肌肉瘤患者术后生存29个月，死于肿瘤复发及广泛转移，5例肝血管瘤患者术后均健康生存。结论 肝三叶切除术难度大，但只要术前正确评估，术中方法得当，肝脏储备功能良好．围手术期处理适宜．仍是安全可行的。     

两种肝再生模型肝切除术后肝再生指数和肝再生度的实验研究

【摘要】目的　探讨大鼠肝细胞增殖介导肝再生和卵圆细胞增殖介导肝再生两种不同大鼠肝再生模型肝切除术后肝再生指数和肝再生度变化的情况。方法　SD 大鼠随机分为2组: ①肝细胞增殖介导肝再生模型组(PH)②卵圆细胞增殖介导肝再生模型组(2AAF/PH) ,计算两组模型肝切除术后4、8、12、16、20天残肝肝再生度及肝再生指数。结果　两组肝再生度、肝再生指数均在第4天明显升高,12天左右达到高峰,超过再生总量的2/3以上,至20天基本达到原肝重。在4、8、12天同一时间点内,PH组肝再生度比2AAF/PH组高（P<0.05）,而到16天时,2AAF/PH组肝再生度则比PH组高（P<0.05）。在4、8天同一时间点内,PH组肝再生指数比2AAF/PH组高（P<0.05）。在12、16、20天同一时间点内,两组肝再生指数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论　肝再生度与肝再生指数是评价肝再生质量变化较直观和准确的指标,肝再生度在反映肝再生规律方面要比肝再生指数更准确。     

选择性肝门阻断切肝24例分析

选择性肝门阻断切肝２４例分析温州医学院附属二院外科（３２５０２７）郑志强，陈公高肝叶切除的传统方法是全蒂阻断肝门１５分钟，近年来文献报道选用选择性肝门阻断法切肝（１）。我院自１９９０年６月～１９９５年６月共施行肝叶、段切除６３例。其中采用选择性肝门阻...     

交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除

目的：探讨交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除的技术方法和优势。
　　方法：分别选取肝左内叶肿瘤、右前叶肿瘤及左内叶和右前叶均受肿瘤累及的患者各1例,术前运用肝功能、肝脏储备功能、肝脏血管情况及预留肝脏体积等综合评估进行手术规划。运用Glisson蒂解剖技术分别解剖出相应肝段的Glisson蒂,确定出明确的切除平面后,分别实施交替半肝入肝血流阻断,解剖性左内叶切除、右前叶切除及左内叶和右前叶的联合切除。
　　结果：3例患者均顺利完成交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除。患者1、患者2、患者3手术时间分别为240、320、380min,术中出血量分别约250、450、1000mL,3例患者术后均顺利恢复, AFP在均术后2个月内降至正常,复查肝脏B超和CT未见肿瘤复发。
　　结论：交替半肝入肝血流阻断解剖性肝中叶切除能够获得清晰的切除平面,有效的减少术中出血,减轻肝脏缺血再灌注损伤。     

半肝入肝血流加肝静脉阻断在规则性肝切除术中的应用

目的：探讨半肝入肝血流加肝静脉阻断术在规则性肝切除术中的意义。方法：行半肝入肝血流加肝静脉阻断术42例（A组）、半肝入肝血流阻断术30例（B组）、全肝入肝血流阻断术30例（C组）,比较3组患者的手术时间、术中出血量以及术后第1、3、6天的血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、胆红素、白蛋白水平和术后并发症的发生率。结果：术中平均出血量分别为（453.5±87.9）、（612.8±101.6）和（646.7±136.6）mL,A组显著低于B组和C组（P〈0.05）,B组和C组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,3组患者的手术时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;A组和B组在术后第3、6天的血清ALT、胆红素水平显著低于C组,而血清白蛋白水平显著高于C组（P〈0.001）,A组和B组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;A组和B组的术后腹水发生率均显著低于C组（P〈0.01）。结论：半肝入肝血流加肝静脉阻断术可显著减少肝切除术中的出血,减轻术中、术后肝功能的损害,是一种安全、有效的肝切除方法。     

肝静脉阻断技术在紧邻第二肝门部肝肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的评估肝静脉主干血流控制在第二肝门部肿瘤切除中的作用和意义。方法回顾分析2008年1月至2009年9月在我科实施第二肝门部肿瘤切除患者的临床资料,术前肝功能Child-PughA级9例,B级2例,单独阻断肝右静脉6例,左中肝静脉共干3例,阻断肝右静脉+左中肝静脉共干1例,阻断肝右静脉+下腔静脉1例。结果 11例患者术中失血量在300～2000ml,住院天数13.5±2.1天,术中血管阻断时间29±10.1min。术后并发症:胸腔积液1例,胆漏1例,腹水2例。11例患者随访时间2～18月,目前无患者死亡。结论熟练掌握和应用肝静脉主干阻断技术,可以提高复杂肝脏肿瘤切除的安全性。     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法 对71例肝脏肿瘤手术切除病例施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果 71例中无1例肝静脉分离破裂，行肝静脉结扎28例，血管带阻断26例，血管夹阻断17例；阻断右肝静脉34例，右肝静脉＋中肝静脉2例，左、中肝静脉共干24例，左、中肝静脉分干2例，左、中、右三干9例。施行半肝全血流阻断35例（右侧24例，左侧11例）。交替半肝全肝血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断23例。第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）9例。71例肝肿瘤均顺利切除。结论 肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

不解剖肝门的半肝与全肝入肝血流阻断在肝细胞癌患者行肝切除术中的临床应用比较

目的探讨不解剖肝门的半肝入肝血流阻断(HIO)与全肝入肝血流阻断(TIO)在肝细胞癌患者行肝切除术中的临床应用效果。 方法回顾性分析肝细胞癌行肝切除术患者63例,并随机分为两组,HIO组(33例)行不解剖肝门的半肝入肝血流阻断联合控制性低中心静脉压肝切除,TIO组(30例)行全肝入肝血流阻断联合控制性低中心静脉压肝切除。比较两组手术时间、血流阻断时间、术中出血量、术中输血情况,以及术后住院时间、ICU时间、术后第1、3天肝功能。 结果两组手术时间、血流阻断时间、术后ICU时间、术中出血量、术中输血情况差异无统计学意义, HIO组术后住院时间显著短于TIO组[(14.1±5.5) d vs (17.2±5.8)d,t=-2.142,P=0.036];术后第1天HIO组患者血清白蛋白(Alb)水平显著高于TIO组[(34.2±3.5)g/L vs (31.6±3.8)g/L,t=2.784,P=0.007],其余肝功指标(ALT、AST、AKP、GGT、TB、DB)在术后第1天的水平差异无统计学意义,术后第3天两组间肝功指标水平差异无统计学意义。 结论两种肝血流阻断技术同样安全、有效,半肝入肝血流阻断在术后住院时间及早期Alb水平恢复上更优。     

Right hepatectomy combined with retrohepatic caval resection, using a left renal vein patch graft for advanced cholangiocarcinoma

Combined resection of the inferior vena cava for hepatobiliary malignancies remains a technical challenge. We successfully resected an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma involving the retrohepatic vena cava, and reconstructed the caval defect using a left renal vein patch graft. The patient was a 79-year-old man. Preoperative ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed that the tumor was located in the right lobe of the liver and was about 6cm in diameter. Arteriogram revealed encasement of the right arterial and portal branches. Magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed that the tumor involved the retrohepatic vena cava. The patient underwent a right hepatectomy combined with resection of the retrohepatic vena cava. The resected portion of the caval wall was 3.6cm long and 2.7cm wide. The caval defect was reconstructed using a left renal vein patch graft of a rhomboid shape, which was made by oblique incision of the vein graft. The postoperative course was uneventful. Postoperative cavogram showed adequate patency of the reconstructed retrohepatic vena cava. The patient was disease-free 22 months after surgery. In conclusion, major liver resection combined with caval resection and reconstruction can be performed safely. Furthermore, a left renal vein graft can provide a flexible patch according to the form and size of the caval defect.     

经腹运用肝脏游离技术治疗肾癌合并肝后下腔静脉瘤栓

目的 探讨经腹运用肝脏游离技术治疗肾癌合并肝后下腔静脉瘤栓的安全性和有效性.方法 2002年至2012年我院收治16例肾癌合并肝后下腔静脉瘤栓患者,15例经腹运用肝脏游离技术显露下腔静脉,完整切除瘤栓和根治性肾切除.结果 手术中无一例发生死亡,平均手术时间130～320 min,术中失血约200～1 000 ml,所有瘤栓均被完全切除,术中无栓塞发生.结论 经腹运用肝脏游离技术可以充分显露肝后的下腔静脉,对于肝后下腔静脉瘤栓以及部分膈上下腔静脉瘤栓可以运用肝脏游离技术经腹完全切除,避免经胸手术和心肺分流.     

下腔静脉膈上段解剖特征及毗邻关系的尸体研究

目的明确腹腔镜手术中下腔静脉膈上段的解剖特点及毗邻关系。方法2018年12月于南方医科大学基础医学院选取成人尸体、新鲜尸体各2例。对冰冻尸体进行解剖。沿双侧锁骨中线打开胸腔,翻开心包前壁,解剖分离上腔静脉、下腔静脉。沿腹正中线打开腹腔,翻左、右肝叶,显露肝后段下腔静脉、第二肝门,剖开腔静脉裂孔进入心包,观察下腔静脉膈上段的解剖特点及毗邻关系,测量下腔静脉膈上段长度。对新鲜尸体行腹腔镜手术试验,于脐旁、右侧腹直肌旁距脐约4 cm、腹正中线脐上约6 cm、右侧腋前线肝下缘下方约2 cm、左侧锁骨中线肝下缘下方约2 cm置入5个12 mm套管。腹腔镜辅助下翻左、右肝叶,显露肝后段下腔静脉、第二肝门,剖开腔静脉裂孔进入心包,观察下腔静脉膈上段的解剖特点及毗邻关系。结果2例尸体解剖中可见,下腔静脉经肝的腔静脉沟,穿膈的腔静脉孔进入胸腔,再穿纤维心包注入右心房。测量下腔静脉膈肌至右心房入口的长度分别为1.67 cm和2.57 cm。2例腹腔镜手术试验,可很好地显露肝后段下腔静脉、第二肝门、下腔静脉膈肌入口;沿腔静脉裂孔打开膈肌存在一个相对无血管的脂肪组织解剖层次;心包与右心房之间有较大的解剖间隙,可很好地显露下腔静脉、上腔静脉及右心房,可完整连续地显露整个膈下至右心房入口节段的下腔静脉。结论下腔静脉旁存在一个相对无血管的解剖层次,腹腔镜手术中经腹腔打开膈肌可较安全地进入心包,很好地显露下腔静脉、上腔静脉及右心房,为经该入路行MayoⅣ级下腔静脉癌栓取出术提供了可能。     

Biomechanic study of the human liver during a frontal deceleration

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms of hepatic injury remain poorly understood. Surgical literature reports some speculative theories that have never been proved. The aim of this study was to examine the behavior of the liver during brutal frontal deceleration. METHODS: Six trunks, removed from human cadavers, underwent free falls at 4, 6, and 8 meters per second (mps). Accelerometers were positioned in the two lobes of the liver, in front of the vertebra L2, and in the retro hepatic inferior vena cava. Relative motions of the lobes of the liver and of the two other anatomic marks were observed. In parallel, numerical simulations of this experiment have been performed using a finite element model. RESULTS: In the direction of impact, the vertebra L2 had no considerable displacement with the inferior vena cava. There was a noteworthy displacement between the two hepatic lobes. The left hepatic lobe had a large relative displacement with the vertebra L2 and the inferior vena cava. The right hepatic lobe was more stable with the vertebra L2 and the inferior vena cava. Numerical simulation of the same protocol underlined a rotation effect of the liver to the left around the axis of the inferior vena cava. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the surgical data. They highlight a crucial zone and explain how dramatic lacerations between the two lobes of the liver can occur.     

Retrohepatic vena cava balloon shunt introduced via the sapheno-femoral junction.

Experimental in-vitro and in-vivo testing of a retrohepatic vena cava shunt has shown effective shunting of inferior vena caval blood by catheters with outside diameters of 28 French. A technique of insertion of such a catheter via the groin is shown to be feasible in humans. Control of vena caval bleeding by a balloon catheter prototype during liver resection in dogs and in a human patient has been demonstrated.     

Suprarenal vena caval occlusion. Principles of operative management.

Retrohepatic occlusion of the inferior vena cava caused by tumor complicates complete resection and not infrequently is associated with life-threatening symptoms that accelerate the lethality of the underlying malignant process. This report summarizes our experience with caval thrombectomy and reconstruction that allowed complete removal of all gross tumor in seven patients with malignant occlusion of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava. Included in this group are five patients with renal cell carcinoma and extension of tumor into the retrohepatic vena cava. Three of these patients had extension of tumor thrombus into the right atrium. A sixth patient had recurrent right adrenal cortical carcinoma with tumor invasion of the vena cava and occlusion to the right atrium. Associated hepatic vein occlusion and secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome also was successfully managed in this patient. The final patient with occlusion of the entire suprarenal vena cava required caval reconstruction after resection of a primary leiomyosarcoma of the retrohepatic portion of the vena cava. Careful planning of the operative procedure, adequate exposure, complete mobilization of the retrohepatic vena cava, and control of the hepatic venous effluent will allow patients with retrohepatic vena caval occlusions to be managed with safety and success.     

Problems posed by the inferior vena cava in liver transplantation]

On the basis of a 200-case series, we report about the problems posed by the inferior vena cava for liver transplantation, and about the means implemented to solve these problems. Before hepatic transplantation, agenesia of the vena cava, which was encountered once, did not prevent grafting. During transplantation, the inferior vena cava posed problems due to its size or to the approach. These were solved using an extracorporeal venovenous shunt, which we advocate to systematically use for liver transplantation. Following transplantation, in addition to hemorrhages, the problems posed by the IVC included supra- or infrahepatic anastomotic stenoses (2 cases) and infrarenal, retrohepatic or suprahepatic thromboses (2 cases). Their repair again resorted to a venovenous shunt, for which we specify the strategy of use.     

肝血流出道阻断后腹腔镜肝切除术

目的:探讨下腔静脉气囊导管阻断肝静脉流出道在腹腔镜肝切除术中的可行性。方法:用特制的带中央分流管的气囊导管阻断肝静脉血流,观察血流动力学和下腔静脉、肝静脉血流改变,行左半肝切除。结果:受试动物均耐受了腹腔镜左半肝切除。实验过程中平均动脉压轻度下降,心输出量下降至基础值的70％,中心静脉压下降明显,气囊内液体排除后,血流动力学指标均立即恢复正常。气囊充盈后,肝静脉血流几乎消失,下腔静脉中有部分血流通过。结论:用带中央分流的气囊导管阻断肝静脉血流行腹腔镜肝切除术安全、可行。     

Management under anesthesia of a patient with renal cell carcinoma extending into the retrohepatic inferior vena cava with the aid of partial cardiopulmonary bypass]

A 70-year-old male with renal cell carcinoma extending into the retrohepatic inferior vena cava was scheduled for radical nephrectomy with vena caval resection under general anesthesia. He had received partial gastrectomy for gastric cancer twelve years before. Computed tomography and inferior vena cavography confirmed that the vena cava was almost completely occluded and that a collateral venous network was well established. It was considered that the surgical approach to the retrohepatic cavals area was technically very difficult, and that there was a high possibility of a pulmonary embolus during the surgical manipulation. To prevent a pulmonary embolus and get good control of the vena cava above the tumor and below the hepatic vein, we decided to use a partial cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) until the vena cava was clamping above the tumor. Anesthesia was induced with propofol and fentanyl, and maintained with fentanyl and isoflurane-N2O-O2. In the partial CPB blood from the hepatic vein was drained from the inferior vena cava cannula through right atrium, oxygenated by microporus membrane oxygenator, and returned to the left femoral artery. Cannulation to drain the venous circulation entering the vena cava below the tumor was abandoned because the extensive collateral venous network ultimately drains into the superior vena cava. The partial CPB time was 90 min, and the bladder temperature during the CPB was 35-36 degrees C. During the 7.3 hr procedure, the pulmonary embolus did not occur and the total blood loss was 5515 ml. The patient made an uncomplicated recovery and was discharged 30 days after the operation. This newly reported partial-CPB method may be safe and effective for the management under anesthesia of other patients.     

门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征3例报道

目的探讨门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术用于预防活体肝移植术后小肝综合征(small-for-size liver syndrome,SFSS)的效果。方法 3例活体肝移植均采用不含肝中静脉的右半肝作为移植物。术中发现实测移植物(肝)重量/受体的体质量(体重)的比值(graft to recipient weight ratio,GRWR)为0.58%、0.77%及0.71%,均<0.8%,符合小移植物的诊断。处理:首先吻合肝静脉流出道,其次吻合门静脉,将受体门静脉右支与移植肝门静脉右支端端吻合,将受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合达到门腔分流的作用,之后按顺序吻合动脉和胆道。术中均未行脾静脉结扎或脾切除等处理。术后定期随访。结果 3例患者术后均未发生SFSS并顺利出院,出院时间分别为术后25d、34d及56d。移植肝功能逐步好转,术后1d门静脉流速理想。移植肝增长良好。门静脉-下腔静脉短路通畅时间:除1例通畅持续仅104d,其余2例持续通畅。结论 LDLT术中进行门静脉-下腔静脉吻合术可以及时有效预防小移植物背景下的SFSS,受体门静脉左支与下腔静脉行端侧吻合的分流技术安全可靠。