介入靶向性治疗急性肺栓塞的临床应用

目的 探讨介入靶向性溶栓并下腔静脉滤器植入治疗对急性肺栓塞的近期疗效.方法 对确诊的15例肺栓塞患者的临床情况进行分析,并给予介入靶向性溶栓并下腔静脉滤器植入术,观察临床症状、体征、血气分析及血流动力学改变、肺动脉开通情况及有无并发症,并进行疗效评价.结果 介入治疗24 h后临床症状明显改善,平均肺动脉压明显降低,血氧分压和血氧饱和度显著提高;Miller评分明显降低.治疗前后比较均具有统计学意义.结论 早期采用介入治疗对尽快改善患者的临床表现和维持血流动力学稳定具有积极意义,而且介入治疗愈早,预后愈佳.总之,对于急性肺栓塞患者介入治疗是一种有效、快捷、经济的方法.     

急性肺动脉栓塞患者抗凝与溶栓治疗前后动脉血气指标的变化

目的 观察急性肺动脉栓塞患者抗凝与溶栓治疗前后动脉血气指标的变化。方法 急性肺动脉栓塞患者48例，其中15例行溶栓治疗（溶栓组），33例行低分子肝素抗凝治疗（抗凝组），观察治疗前后动脉血气分析的变化。结果 溶栓组治疗前后肺泡气一动脉血氧分压差[P（A-a）O2]变化差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 P（A-a）O2可作为早期诊断肺栓塞及溶栓后再通的一项指标。     

连续应用小剂量重组人尿激酶原治疗急性肺栓塞的有效性和安全性研究

目的 分析连续小剂量重组人尿激酶原对急性肺栓塞患者溶栓治疗的效果及安全性。方法 入选新乡医学院附属焦作市人民医院2018年5月至2020年10月收治的急性肺栓塞患者67例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组32例和观察组35例。对照组使用依诺肝素钠常规抗凝治疗,观察组在使用依诺肝素钠抗凝的基础上连续应用小剂量重组人尿激酶原溶栓治疗,比较两组患者治疗前后生命体征、血常规、生化指标、动脉血气分析、心脏彩超、肺动脉增强CT及出血情况。结果 观察组患者经过连续应用小剂量重组人尿激酶原对急性肺栓塞患者进行溶栓治疗1d后与同期对照组相比,心率、呼吸频率、肺动脉收缩压、右心室内径较低,动脉血氧分压和血氧饱和度较高,差异有显著性（P<0.005）,收缩压无明显变化（P>0.05）。观察组患者治疗7d后与同期对照组相比,心率、呼吸频率、右心室内径、血氧饱和度无明显变化（P>0.05）,动脉血氧分压较高（P<0.005）,肺动脉收缩压较低（P<0.005）,临床疗效优于对照组,差异有显著性（P<0.05）,出血率不高于对照组（P>0.05）。结论 在急性肺栓塞治疗中,连续...     

导管介入治疗急性肺栓塞的临床疗效观察

目的观察经皮导管介入治疗急性肺栓塞的疗效。方法选择2003年1月-2009年6月收治的急性肺栓塞患者15例,采用经皮导管吸栓术、碎栓术及溶栓术治疗。溶栓术用局部灌注加即刻静脉注射尿激酶,总量100万U。溶栓后给予低分子肝素7～10d,口服华法林3～6个月。观察临床症状、体征改善情况、并发症、平均肺动脉压（mPAP）与动脉血氧分压（PO2）的变化,以及肺动脉开通情况。结果 12例肺动脉完全开通,3例部分开通,显效率89%,有效率100%。mPAP从（41.07±6.97）mmHg降到（21.00±5.66）mmHg,PO2从（46.26±9.30）mmHg升到（79.49±8.04）mmHg,治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。即刻临床症状明显改善,mPAP迅速降低11例。随访3～6个月,疗效持续,未见复发。结论介入治疗急性肺栓塞疗效显著,安全可行,对抢救危重患者、改善临床症状、维持血流动力学稳定有重要作用。     

急性肺血栓栓塞病人抗凝治疗的临床观察及护理

随着医学的发展,人们对肺栓塞及其危害的认识已有显著的提高,肺栓塞作为一个严重影响人们健康的疾病而倍受关注。而抗凝治疗是大面积急性肺血栓栓塞溶栓治疗后及非大面积急性肺血栓栓塞最主要的治疗手段之一[1],抗凝治疗可有效防止血栓的再形成和复发,并由于内源性纤维蛋白溶解作用使已经存在的血栓缩小甚至溶解[2],达到治疗的目的。现将我院自2003年12月～2004年11月收治的72例急性肺血栓栓塞病人实施抗凝治疗的临床观察及护理报告如下。1临床资料1.1本组72例,其中男36例,女36例,最大年龄84岁,最小年龄22岁,大面积肺血栓栓塞病人9例,次大面积和非大面积肺血栓栓塞病人63例。合并有下肢深静脉血栓形成病人22例。1.2临床表现大多数病人以胸闷、气短、呼吸困难收住,病人呼吸频率快达23～30次/分,测血氧饱和度80%～98%,5例病人以胸痛咯血收住,3例病人以晕厥伴气短收住,病人有濒死感,测血压90/50mmHg。1.3处理措施1.3.1明确诊断立即平车接送行CT肺动脉造影或放射性核素肺灌注显像、双下肢深静脉B超检查、动脉血气分析、静脉采血行凝血全套及D-二聚体等检查,结合临床确诊。1.3.2溶栓、抗凝治疗9例大面...     

小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗中危急性肺栓塞的疗效

目的：评价小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗中危急性肺栓塞的疗效及安全性。方法将72例中危急性肺栓塞患者随机分为尿激酶溶栓治疗组(A 组)和抗凝治疗组(B 组),每组36例患者。A 组给予小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗后序贯为抗凝治疗;B 组给予单纯抗凝治疗(方法同 A 组后续抗凝方案),治疗1周后复查两组肺动脉压力、心脏彩色超声、CT 肺动脉造影(CTPA)、血气分析、脑钠肽、肌钙蛋白等指标,评价小剂量尿激酶溶栓疗效,观察两组治疗1周后鼻腔、阴道、内脏出血及死亡情况,以评价治疗安全性。结果 A 组总有效率达88.9%(32/36),明显高于 B 组的总有效率75.0%(27/36)(P <0.05);治疗后的动脉血气分析中 PaO2的升高及肺动脉收缩压的降低,A 组明显优于 B 组(P <0.05)。结论小剂量尿激酶溶栓治疗中危急性肺栓塞患者,疗效好且安全性较高。     

CTPA对急性肺动脉栓塞程度及疗效的评价

目的：探讨CT肺血管造影（CTPA）对急性肺栓塞患者的栓塞程度及治疗前后右心功能参数变化评价的价值。方法：收集临床疑诊肺栓塞病例152例,纳入118例,所有病例均行CTPA检查,其中40例为非肺栓塞（WPE组）,肺动脉栓塞患者78例,后者结合临床表现分为严重栓塞42例（SPE组）,非严重栓塞36例（NSPE组）。SPE组立即行溶栓治疗,NSPE组则行抗凝治疗,于治疗14天后行CTPA复查。以CTPA作为肺栓塞的诊断依据,分析3组之间的心血管参数的差异;分析SPE组与NSPE组的栓塞指数,并探讨其与心血管参数之间的相关性;分析肺栓塞组治疗前后的心血管参数的差异。结果：SPE组的阻塞指数高于NSPE组;对心血管的参数分析发现,WPE组与栓塞组之间有显著性差异,SPE组与NSPE组之间亦有显著性差异。阻塞指数和心血管参数之间的相关性有统计学意义,其中右肺动脉管径与阻塞指数之间的相关系数最高。SPE组与NSPE组治疗前后的心血管参数均有统计学差异。结论：CTPA不仅可以诊断肺动脉栓塞,还可以反映肺栓塞后肺动脉的阻塞程度和右心功能的改变,从而反映预后,且可以观察疗效。     

肺动脉血栓栓塞26例临床诊断与介入治疗

目的报告26例肺动脉血栓栓塞症(PTE)的临床诊断与介入治疗方法,评价介入技术治疗PTE的安全性和疗效。方法选择2009年10月至2012年6月行介入方法诊断及治疗的26例PTE患者,临床症状主要为胸痛、胸闷、气短、气促、咯血、休克等,其中7例有严重下肢静脉曲张并血栓形成,5例有深静脉血栓形成下肢肿胀。所有患者均进行心电图、超声心动图、64层螺旋CT肺动脉增强扫描,D-二聚体检查,合并下肢静脉曲张、深静脉血栓患者行下肢静脉造影。采用Seldinger穿刺法经右侧或左侧股静脉入路行肺动脉造影并留置导管溶栓,其中4例先采用导管捣碎、抽吸血栓的机械方法后留置导管溶栓。对7例严重下肢静脉曲张并血栓形成、5例深静脉血栓形成下肢肿胀患者留置导管溶栓前行临时下腔静脉滤器置入术。结果 26例患者经上述治疗,溶栓3～4d复查肺动脉造影,23例肺动脉内血栓被大部分清除、中央分支血流恢复,患者症状明显改善,血氧饱和度从术前平均82%增至94%;3例患者肺动脉造影有改善,但临床症状改善不明显,继续经留置导管抗凝治疗1周后患者临床症状消失,复查肺动脉造影显示主干及分支内血栓消失。所有患者无并发症发生。术后随访4～36个月,所有患者无复发。结论肺动脉造影并留置导管局部溶栓术治疗PTE起效快、疗效确切、并发症少。     

下腔静脉滤器置入应用于下肢深静脉血栓形成的临床分析

目的 探讨下腔静脉滤器(VCF)置入联合抗凝溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)的效果及防治肺动脉栓塞的意义.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年9月我院收治的DVT患者115例,选择27例适合行VCF置入的患者,在数字减影血管造影术下行VCF置入,术后给予溶栓、抗凝等治疗.结果 27例患者下腔静脉内均成功置入VCF,经溶栓、抗凝后患肢肿胀明显消退,术后无肺栓塞及滤器置入相关并发症发生.结论 VCF置人联合抗凝溶栓治疗DVT疗效好且安全,VCF置入可有效预防下肢深静脉血栓患者肺栓塞的发生.     

急性肺栓塞的腔内治疗效果观察

目的 观察急性肺栓塞的腔内治疗效果.方法 选择2009年1月至2011年6月我院收治的急性肺栓塞患者15例,采用经皮导管碎栓术及溶栓术治疗.局部灌注尿激酶,总量50万U;溶栓后给予低分子肝素钠7～10d,口服华法林钠3～6个月.观察临床症状和体征改善情况、并发症、平均肺动脉压（mPAP）与动脉血氧分压（PaO2）的变化,以及肺动脉开通情况.结果 12例肺动脉完全开通,3例部分开通,有效率100％（15/15）.mPAP较术前降低[（40.07±5.97）、（20.00±4.66） mmHg],PaO2明显升高[（50.26±9.30）、（80.49±9.04） mmHg],差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为-1.128和1.246,P均＜0.05）.随访3～6个月,疗效持续,未见复发.结论 急性肺栓塞介入治疗效果显著,安全可行.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。