房间隔造口术联合体外膜肺治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征合并左心功能不全的大动物实验研究

目的:探索房间隔造口术(ASD)联合体外膜肺(ECMO)治疗ARDS合并左心功能不全的效果,以便为治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)重症合并左心衰竭患者寻找一条有效的新方法。方法:应用静脉泵入脂多糖(LPS)方法制作成年绵羊的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)合并左心大动物模型5只,在全麻体外循环下完成房间隔缺损(1~2 cm),在应用体外循环机模拟静脉-动脉体外膜肺(VAECMO)工作状态下,对比观察在ASD闭合和开放状态下动物的外周血氧合情况和体循环状态,以及心脏功能情况,评价ASD分流对改善心肺功能的意义。结果:在闭合ASD的情况下,房水平分流消失,仅应用VA-ECMO辅助下可见动物吸入100%氧的情况下心率(HR):(108±17)次/min,平均血压(MAP):(49.3±13.5)mmH g,肺动脉压力(PAP):(28.9±12.7)mmH g,肺血管阻力指数(PVRI):(45.2±9.2)N·S·M^-2·L^-1,外周动脉PaO2为(141.2±21.4)mmH g,SaO2:(96.1±1.3)%,氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)为(353.0±53.5),心脏饱胀,运动幅度较小,显得无力;在其他实验条件不变的情况下,仅打开ASD后房水平出现左向右分流,MAP:(68.2±16.1)mmH g,PAP:(18.1±7.8)mmH g,PVRI:(33.4±7.2)N·S·M^-2·L^-1,外周动脉PaO2明显上升至(169.3±18.9)mmH g,SaO2:(98.2±1.1)%,PaO2/FiO2为(423.3±47.3),心率(98±18)次/min,心脏运动幅度明显加大,心脏跳动显得轻松,体循环状态明显好转。与ASD关闭时比较,在ASD开放后MAP,PaO2,SaO2,PaO2/FiO2明显上升;PAP,PVRI明显下降。二者间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:房间隔造口术联合VA-ECMO是治疗ARDS合并左心功能不全(LVF)者的一种有效方法,对于COVID-19引起的重症ARDS合并LVF的患者治疗有一定的借鉴意义,需要临床应用进一步验证。     

体外膜肺氧合在急性呼吸窘迫综合征的研究进展

体外膜肺氧合作为治疗重症急性呼吸衰竭的一种新型措施,常用于致死性低氧血症的治疗.目前被认为是在机械通气及其他治疗方法无效的情况下最后的选择,它可使患肺得到充分的休息和康复,为挽救急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的生命提供了一个宝贵的契机.随着现代科学技术的发展,这项技术功能更强大,设备更先进,具有良好的临床实用价值.     

体外膜肺氧合在救治新型冠状病毒肺炎相关严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用及预后分析

目的: 分析体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）相关严重急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者的疗效并总结经验。方法:回顾性分析重症监护室（ICU）收治的53例成年COVID-19相关严重ARDS患者的临床病历资料。将患者分为ECMO组（机械通气联合ECMO治疗,16例）和非ECMO组（机械通气,37例）。比较分析2组患者的临床特征、治疗方案、发病后60d和180d内病死率及ECMO并发症等。结果: ECMO组60d内全因病死率为37.50%（6/16）,非ECMO组为86.49% （32/37）（风险比为0.196;95%置信区间为0.053~0.721,P= 0.014）。10例（62.50%）ECMO成功脱机。180d全因病死率ECMO组为56.25%（9/16）,非ECMO组为89.19%（33/37）（风险比为0.298;95%置信区间为0.130~0.680,P= 0.004）。所有接受ECMO治疗的患者中最常见的并发症为凝血功能障碍（81.3%）。在ECMO治疗期间,高碳酸血症、血小板减少、心肌损伤以及血白介素（IL）-8和IL-10水平升高与患者死亡密切相关。结论:ECMO的应用显著降低了COVID-19相关严重ARDS患者的病死率,在180d的随访中,ECMO救治成功的患者生活质量良好,未出现严重并发症或残疾。     

糖皮质激素在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）可由多种感染性或非感染性的致病因素导致,呈现出病理生理特征和临床表现异质性明显的弥漫性炎症性肺损伤,其病死率居高不下。尽管近年来在ARDS的治疗和管理方面取得诸多进展,至今仍然没有验证有效的药物适用于各种病因引起的ARDS。糖皮质激素（简称激素）具有强大的抗炎、抗免疫、抗休克和抗纤维化等多种作用,其在ARDS临床治疗中应用广泛,但其导致的副反应同样需要引起临床医生的注意。尽管对于激素在ARDS的使用已经开展很多临床研究,但其能否降低ARDS患者的病死率和改善患者预后至今仍有争议。因此文章将从激素治疗ARDS的背景、临床研究现状和主要证据及其在新型冠状病毒肺炎相关的ARDS救治中发挥的作用和临床应用展望等方面展开论述。     

ACE2与新型冠状病毒肺炎及其所致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征

2019新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV),因2019年12月发生在中国武汉的不明原因肺炎病例而被发现,并于2020年1月12日被世界卫生组织(WHO)命名。2月11日WHO将2019-nCoV引发的疾病正式命名为2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)。最新研究表明血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)很可能为2019-nCoV感染细胞的介导受体,且ACE2在肺脏大多表达于Ⅱ型肺泡细胞,Ⅱ型肺泡细胞中ACE2的大量表达可能解释2019-nCoV感染后的急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)。目前完成的首例对新型冠状病毒肺炎死亡患者的病理解剖发现患者肺部表现为弥漫性肺泡损伤和肺透明膜形成,符合ARDS表现。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征表型：现状与评价

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS）是临床上经常面对的一类严重疾病,治疗难度大,病死率高。由于其致病原因多样,临床表现各异,尚无法形成统一有效的集束化治疗策略。目前新型冠状病毒肺炎的大流行亦促使我们更深入地对ARDS表型作出研究。文章从不同的角度解读了目前现存的ARDS表型分类并做简单论述,希望能对将来ARDS的表型研究作出一定帮助。     

控制性肺膨胀治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床意义

控制性肺膨胀是一种增加肺容积、促进塌陷肺泡复张的方法 在机械通气治疗ARDS时应用这一方法能提高患者肺顺应性,改善氧合,减少气压伤产生,具有重要的临床意义     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征与体外膜肺氧合技术进展

体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)技术是应用体外循环技术为新生儿、儿童及成人呼吸和(或)循环衰竭患者进行较长时间生命支持的技术。ECMO技术呼吸支持的价     

重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征体外膜肺治疗的探讨

目的 回顾性分析体外膜氧合(ECMO)在重症急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)治疗中的作用.方法 应用股静脉-股动脉途径的ECMO支持对1例吸入烟雾弹致严重ARDS患者治疗41 d.连续观察患者血液动力学、肺影像学、呼吸机参数、经皮脉氧氧饱和度、酸碱平衡、血乳酸含量以及心、肝、肾、脑功能的变化.结果 ECMO支持技术可使重症ARDS患者较长时间维持生理水平的动脉血气、组织氧供及酸碱平衡,保持良好的心、肺、肾、脑功能,但患者在行ECMO支持治疗的第41天因严重的肺部感染并可能的脑出血失去继续治疗的价值而终止治疗.结论 ECMO可提供有效的肺功能支持,可为ARDS患者肺的恢复和临床进一步处理创造了机会.出血与栓塞是维持ECMO顺利运行的关键问题.     

040 控制性肺膨胀治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的临床意义

控制性肺膨胀是一种增加肺容积、促进塌陷肺泡复张的方法.在机械通气治疗ARDS时应用这一方法能提高患者肺顺应性,改善氧合,减少气压伤产生,具有重要的临床意义.     

Awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe postoperative acute respiratory distress syndrome

Background

A clinical trial of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as an alternative ventilator tool is being performed as a new indication for ECMO. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of awake ECMO to increase the success rate of weaning patients from ECMO and ventilator care during treatment of postoperative severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical reports of 10 patients who underwent awake ECMO due to postoperative ARDS between August 2012 and May 2015. We analyzed patient history, the partial arterial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) ratio, and patient outcome.

Results

Seven patients (70%) were weaned from ECMO without difficulty; one patient failed to maintain awake ECMO, was re-intubated after 2 days of awake ECMO, and was re-tried on awake ECMO after 4 days of ventilator care. We weaned that patient from ECMO 2 days later. We weaned a total of eight patients (80%) from awake ECMO. The ECMO duration of surviving patients was 9.13±2.2 days (range, 6–12 days), and mean ventilator use duration was 6.8±4.7 days (range, 2–16 days). Two cases failed awake ECMO and died due to disease aggravation.

Conclusions

Awake ECMO was a useful weaning strategy after severe postoperative ARDS, as it avoids long-duration use of mechanical ventilation. Additionally, it is possible for patients to breathe spontaneously, which might prevents respiratory muscle dystrophy.     

Postpartum extracorporeal membrane oxygenation of a woman with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome: A case report

Introduction:Patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). There have been few reports of postpartum woman with ARDS secondary to COVID-19 who required respiratory support using veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We present the case of a 31-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital at 35 weeks gestation with ARDS secondary to COVID-19 and required ECMO during the postpartum period.Patient concerns:The patient had obvious dyspnea, accompanied by chills and fever. Her dyspnea worsened and her arterial oxygen saturation decreased rapidly.Diagnosis:ARDS secondary to COVID-19.Interventions:Emergency bedside cesarean section. Medications included immunotherapy (thymosin α 1), antivirals (lopinavir/ritonavir and ribavirin), antibiotics (imipenem-cilastatin sodium and vancomycin), and methylprednisolone. Ventilatory support was provided using invasive mechanical ventilation. This was replaced by venous-venous ECMO 5 days postpartum. ECMO management focused on blood volume control, coagulation function adjustment, and airway management.Outcomes:The patient was successfully weaned for ECMO and the ventilator and made a good recovery.Conclusion:Special care, including blood volume control, coagulation function adjustment, and airway management, should be provided to postpartum patients with ARDS secondary to COVID-19 who require ECMO support.     

体外膜肺氧合在成人严重呼吸衰竭中应用的系统评价

目的 评价体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)对成人严重呼吸衰竭患者病死率的影响.方法 计算机检索PubMed(1966年1月至2012年1月)、Cochrane Library(1966年1月至2012年1月)、CNKI (1979年至2012年1月)和万方数据库(1982年至2012年1月),手工检索初步入选文献的全文和参考文献中所列的相关文献,收集国内外关于ECMO对成人严重呼吸衰竭患者影响的随机对照研究(RCT)和观察性对照研究,利用RevMan5.0软件对RCT进行Meta分析,对观察性对照研究进行统计描述.结果 共纳入3篇RCT文献,5篇观察性对照研究文献.3个RCT合并分析结果显示,与对照组相比ECMO不能降低成人严重呼吸衰竭患者的病死率(OR =0.70,95％CI:0.42～1.16,P=0.17).单个RCT的结果显示ECMO能降低残疾率(RR =0.69,95％CI:0.50～0.97,P=0.03).5个观察性对照研究结果均显示,与对照组相比应用ECMO不能降低成人严重呼吸衰竭患者的病死率.结论 目前证据表明ECMO不能降低成人严重呼吸衰竭患者病死率.ECMO治疗严重呼吸衰竭的有效性及可能获益人群需要进一步的研究确定.     

不同病因导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征应用体外膜式氧合治疗体会

目的:观察不同病因引起急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的患者,应用体外膜式氧合(ECMO)的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析2007年6月至2008年8月我院3例ARDS应用ECMO病例。发生原因分别是重症肺炎、胸腹联合创伤后合并呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)、以及肺栓塞肺动脉内膜血栓剥脱术后灌注肺;观察应用ECMO前基础状态(Base)、用后8 h、24 h、48 h及72 h动脉血气分析、血压、脉搏和呼吸机调整参数。结果:应用ECMO后,例1重症肺炎患者8 h、24 h、48 h及72 h血压、脉搏及氧合等项指标平稳,但ECMO参数下调时,缺氧状态无缓解,最终ECMO辅助14 d后死亡;例2胸腹联合创伤后VAP合并ARDS患者和例3肺栓塞术后灌注肺患者,ECMO辅助8 h、24 h、48 h、72 h血压、脉搏、氧合等项指标明显改善,分别于ECMO辅助4 d后和24 h后停机。结论:不同病因导致的ARDS应用ECMO后可能结果有所不同。ECMO能改善ARDS患者氧合和气体交换,减轻肺部病理损伤,减轻机体因低氧血症带来的多器官损伤,为治疗原发病赢得时间。     

Use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for perioperative management of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by fat embolism syndrome: A case report and literature review

Introduction:Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a known complication of long bone fracture and can affect multiple organs. The organ most commonly affected with FES is the lung. Severe cases of FES from long bone fracture can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although the treatment of ARDS remains challenging, it is reported that a lung protection strategy and prone positioning are effective. In addition, early fixation is reported to be beneficial in respiratory failure due to FES, though it may exacerbate respiratory failure during the perioperative period. We report the use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) for the successful perioperative management of a patient diagnosed with ARDS due to FES.Patient concerns:A 24-year-old man injured in a traffic accident was brought to our emergency department due to shock and consciousness disorder.Diagnosis:After examining the patient, we noted bilateral pneumothorax, liver and spleen injuries, and multiple long bone fractures. Four days after admission, he was diagnosed with FES due to a prolonged consciousness disorder, progressive hypoxia with diffuse lung damage, and cutaneous and mucosal petechiae.Intervention:As respiratory failure progressed, VV-ECMO was initiated on the 6th day. To improve the respiratory failure caused by ARDS, prone position therapy was necessary. Thus, we performed osteosynthesis on the 9th day under ECMO. Prone position therapy was started after surgery.Outcomes:Subsequently, his respiratory condition and chest radiographs improved steadily. VV-ECMO was discontinued on the 17th day and the ventilator was removed on the 28th day. His consciousness levels improved without residual central nervous system complications.Conclusion:Our study reveals the successful improvement of FES-induced ARDS by osteosynthesis and prone positioning under VV-ECMO. This strategy prioritizes supportive treatment over pharmacologic interventions.     

Efficacy of thromboelastography in the management of anticoagulation for veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a coronavirus disease 2019 patient: A case report

Rationale:In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome refractory to optimal conventional management, we should consider the indication for veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO). Growing evidence indicates that COVID-19 frequently causes coagulopathy, presenting as hypercoagulation and incidental thrombosis. For these reasons, a multifactorial approach with several anticoagulant markers should be considered in the management of anticoagulation using heparin in COVID-19 patients on V-V ECMO.Patient concerns:A 48-year-old man was infected with COVID-19 with a worsening condition manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome.Diagnoses:He was refractory to conventional therapy, thus we decided to introduce V-V ECMO. We used heparin as an anticoagulant therapy for V-V ECMO and adjusted the doses of heparin by careful monitoring of the activated clotting time (ACT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) to avoid both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. We controlled the doses of heparin in the therapeutic ranges of ACT and APTT, but clinical hemorrhaging and profound elevation of coagulant marker became apparent.Interventions:Using thromboelastography (TEG; Haemonetics) in addition to ACT and APTT, we were able to clearly detect not only sufficient coagulability of COVID19 on V-V ECMO (citrated rapid thromboelastography-R 0.5 min, angle 75.5°, MA 64.0 mm, citrated functional fibrinogen-MA 20.7 mm) but also an excessive effect of heparin (citrated kaolin -R 42.7 min, citrated kaolin with heparinase 11.7 min).Outcomes:Given the TEG findings indicating an excessive heparin effect, the early withdrawal of ECMO was considered. After an evaluation of the patient''s respiratory capacity, withdrawal from V-V ECMO was achieved and then anticoagulation was stopped. The hemorrhagic complications and elevated thrombotic marker levels dramatically decreased.Lessons:TEG monitoring might be a useful option for managing anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients on V-V ECMO frequently showing a hypercoagulative state and requiring massive doses of heparin, to reduce both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗作用研究

目的探讨应用连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的疗效及机制。方法选择2002年5月至2005年11月重庆医科大学附属第一医院急诊ICU住院的76例ARDS患者,在接受常规治疗的同时,行CVVH治疗,每次治疗至少持续24h。CVVH治疗前后监测病情及动脉血气的变化,并测定血中内毒素。结果CVVH治疗后患者气促、发绀等症状明显缓解,低氧血症及酸中毒纠正,急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分(APACHEⅡ)下降。CVVH治疗6h后,血中的内毒素明显下降。结论在用常规治疗方法治疗ARDS的同时行CVVH治疗,有利于低氧血症的纠正和病情的缓解。