The impact of diabetes mellitus on pulmonary TB

OBJECTIVE:To compare the clinical characteristics and laboratory results of pulmonary TB (PTB) patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) and the relationship between haemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) concentration and mycobacterial load at county level area in Sichuan Province, China.METHODS:A retrospective study was performed from January 2018 to July 2019 inJianyang People’s Hospital, Sichuan Province. Clinical characteristics and laboratory results of newly diagnosed TB patients were collected. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare HbA1c level and mycobacterial load.RESULTS:The final sample included 415 patients with TB, of whom 45 were diagnosed with DM (10.8%). Uni-variable logistic regression showed that PTB patients with concomitant DM were more likely to present with haemoptysis, positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear, cavity, higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), higher serum C-reactive protein (CRP), lower serum albumin (ALB), or higher fasting blood glucose (FBG). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that AFB smear positivity (OR 15.81, 95% CI 3.09–80.95) and FBG (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.53–2.31) were independent risk factors of DMPTB. The mycobacterial load was heaviest when the HbA1c was 7.9 mmol/L (95% CI 7.35–11.1) and declined along with HbA1c rising up. But it has not been significantly associated with HbA1c.CONCLUSIONS:Patients with PTB over 45 years old, with haemoptysis, positive AFB, cavity, higher ESR, higher CRP, lower ALB or higher FBG are more likely to present with concomitant DM. Patients with PTB with these factors need to be targeted for DM screening. The mycobacterial load has not been significantly associated with HbA1c.     

Screening tuberculosis patients for diabetes mellitus in Fiji: notes from the field

Diabetes (DM) is a problem in Fiji and threatens tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. A review was conducted of all TB patients registered in Fiji in 2011 to assess routine practices of screening for DM. Of 221 TB patients, 138 (62%) had their DM status recorded in their case folders; 18 (13%) had a known history of DM. Random blood glucose (RBG) was performed in 91 (76%) of the remaining 120 patients: 47(52%) had RBG ≥ 6.1 mmol/l, but only three were further investigated, of whom one was diagnosed with DM. There are deficiencies in screening TB patients for DM in Fiji, and improvements are needed.     

重庆市复治肺结核合并糖尿病患者的耐药情况分析

目的 分析评价重庆市复治肺结核合并糖尿病患者的耐药情况。方法 收集重庆市各区县结核病定点医疗机构在2014年1月 - 2017年9月期间开展耐药检测和糖尿病筛查的1 494例复治肺结核病例,用描述性流行病学进行分析,比较合并糖尿病病例与非合并糖尿病病例的耐药情况,并比较不同空腹血糖水平的复治肺结核合并糖尿病患者耐药情况。结果 1 494例复治肺结核患者中合并糖尿病者有189例,占12.65%,与非合并糖尿病组比较,合并糖尿病组平均年龄更大（t = 6.630,P＜0.001）,且职业为离退休的比例更高,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 5.403,P＜0.05）。合并糖尿病组总耐药率（40.74%vs35.63%）、单耐药率（10.05% vs6.13%）、耐多药率（26.46% vs24.37%）、利福平耐药率（30.69% vs27.66%）、单耐异烟肼率（6.35% vs3.22%）,均高于非合并糖尿病组,其中利福平耐药率间差异（χ2 = 4.591,P＜0.05）及单耐异烟肼率间差异（χ2 = 4.645,P＜0.05）有统计学意义。在不同空腹血糖水平组别中,血糖水平大于14.0 mmol/L组耐药率、耐多药率最高,分别为46.43%、35.71%,其次为血糖水平为7.1～14.0 mmol/L组（44.12%、27.94%）、血糖水平小于7.1 mmol/L组（16.00%、8.00%）,其中血糖小于7.1 mmol/L组与血糖水平为7.1～14.0 mmol/L组的耐药率差异（χ2 = 6.971,P＜0.05）和耐多药率差异（χ2 = 4.497,P＜0.05）均有统计学意义,血糖小于7.1 mmol/L组与血糖大于14.0 mmol/L组的耐药率差异（χ2 = 5.613,P＜0.05）和耐多药率差异（χ2 = 5.792,P＜0.05）均有统计学意义。     

Screening patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in Ampara,Sri Lanka

Given the well-known linkage between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB), the World Health Organization recommends bidirectional screening. Here we report the first screening effort of its kind from a chest clinic in the Ampara district of Sri Lanka. Of 112 TB patients registered between January 2013 and October 2014, eight had pre-existing DM. Of those remaining, 83 (80%) underwent fasting plasma glucose testing, of whom two (2%) and 17 (20%) were found to have diabetes and impaired fasting glucose, respectively. All of these were enrolled in care. Screening TB patients for DM was found to be feasible at the district level. Further studies at the provincial/country level are required before making any decision to scale up bidirectional screening.     

Trends in extrapulmonary TB cases at three teaching hospitals in Ghana, 2008–2017

SETTING:Three teaching hospitals in Ghana.OBJECTIVE:To elucidate trends in demographics, clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) patients.DESIGN:This was a retrospective study involving the review and comparison of EPTB and pulmonary TB (PTB) data from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2017 in TB registers and treatment cards.RESULTS:Of 15,392 TB cases, 4607 (30%) were EPTB, including 4477/4607 (97%) new cases. There were 2,679/4607 (58%) males and the age range was 0.3 to 96 years. Pleural TB (1021/4607, 22%) was the most common. Treatment success rates for EPTB and PTB were respectively 72% and 84%. HIV positivity was high among patients with disseminated/miliary TB (429/779, 55%) and TB meningitis (242/526, 46%). To note, disseminated/miliary TB (χ² = 33.53, P < 0.0001) increased, whereas TB meningitis (χ² = 19.43, P < 0.0001) decreased over the 10-year period. Mortality among EPTB patients was associated with increasing age (⩾25 years), disseminated/miliary TB, TB meningitis and HIV positivity.CONCLUSIONS:There is male preponderance for both EPTB and PTB in Ghana. Increasing age, disseminated/ miliary TB, TB meningitis and HIV are risk factors for mortality among EPTB patients. This emphasises the need for public education on the risk factors for EPTB and preventive strategies.     

2型糖尿病对肺结核临床及影像学特征的影响

目的探讨糖尿病并发肺结核的临床特征及其相关因素。方法选取2003年10月—2004年10月就诊于天津市结核病控制中心和天津市肺科医院的全部新近确诊的2型糖尿病并发肺结核病患者87例（DM—FIB组）；从同一医院同期就诊患者中随机选取88例肺结核病患者（FIB组）作为对照，比较两组临床特征，并运用Logistic回归模型对痰菌阳性、肺部空洞的相关因素进行分析。结果FIB组发生咳嗽、咯痰、中毒症状和咯血的比例（83．o％，62．5％和33．O％）高于DPTB组（66．7％，37．9％和16．1％）；DM—PTB组发生痰菌阳性和空洞（63．2％和56．3％）的比例高于PTB组（34．1％和13．6％），且DM—PTB组病变范围更广泛，双侧肺部受累更常见。痰菌阳性相关因素有并发糖尿病（OR=2．186，95％CI：1．082-4．420）、性格内向（OR=1．582，95％CI：1．063—2．355）和肺部空洞（OR=2．793，95％CI：1．308～5．964）。肺部空洞的相关因素有并发糖尿病（OR=14．199，95％CI：5．376—37．501），咳嗽、痰菌阳性也与肺部空洞存在正关联。结论DM—FIB患者临床症状不典型，而X线表现与PTB患者存在一定差别，应注意鉴别诊断；两病并发会增加痰菌阳性和肺部空洞的危险，应注意观察，避免其作为传染源导致疫情蔓延。     

天津市社区成年肥胖人群糖尿病患病率和危险因素分析

目的 研究天津市社区成年肥胖人群2型糖尿病(T2DM)患病率及其危险因素.方法 2006年在天津市采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取全市3个城区和3个郊县≥18岁的成年人进行现况调查,从中选取体重指数(BMI)≥28 kg/m2的人群,共2888人作为研究对象.经过考试培训的调查员对抽样人群进行面对面问卷调查和空腹血糖测定,空腹血糖值≥6.1 mmol/L者再进行餐后2 h血糖测定.描述该人群的T2DM患病率及其人群分布特征,分析患T2DM的危险因素.结果 天津市社区成年肥胖人群T2DM患病率为11.74%,女性患病率(13.90%)高于男性(8.75%).肥胖人群按不同人群特征分组后,不同年龄、文化程度、职业、地区和BMI之间T2DM患病率差异有统计学意义.经单因素和多因素的logistic回归分析,年龄(OR=1.383,95%CI:1.254～1.525)、性别(OR=1.591,95%CI:1.230～2.059)是成年肥胖人群患糖尿病的危险因素,食用水果(OR=0.867,95%CI:0.774～0.971)是保护因素.结论 肥胖人群的T2DM患病率较高,T2DM在不同肥胖人群特征的分布和影响因素与全人群有所不同,可能与肥胖者本身存在的危险因素有关.     

糖化血清蛋白测定对急性脑血管病高血糖状态的诊断价值

目的:探讨急性脑血管病患者糖化血清蛋白(GSP)和血糖之间的相关性。方法:对48例急性脑血管病患者及50例正常对照组分别进行血糖和血清GSP检测。结果:糖尿病继发脑血管病组GSP((4.21±1.35)mmol/L)显著高于正常对照组GSP((1.65±0.27)mmol/L,P<0.01)。无糖尿病的脑血管病组GSP水平((1.96±0.25)mmol/L)与正常对照组比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);糖尿病患者组与无糖尿病患者组的GSP水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。糖尿病组空腹血糖水平与GSP水平呈显著正相关(r=0.603,P<0.01);而无糖尿病组空腹血糖水平与GSP水平差异无统计学意义(r=0.357,P>0.05)。结论:GSP与血糖关系密切,联合检测对急性脑血管病患者血糖增高的原因有鉴别价值。     

High time to use rapid tests to detect multidrug resistance in sputum smear-negative tuberculosis in Belarus

Setting: Belarus (Eastern Europe) is facing an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). In 2012, rapid molecular diagnostics were prioritised for sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients to diagnose MDR-TB, while pulmonary sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB (SN-PTB) patients were investigated using conventional methods, often delaying the diagnosis of MDR-TB by 2–4 months.Objective: To determine the proportion of MDR-TB among SN-PTB patients registered in 2012 and associated clinical and demographic factors.Design: Retrospective cohort study using countrywide data from the national electronic TB register.Results: Of the 5377 TB cases registered, 2960 (55%) were SN-PTB. Of the latter, 1639 (55%) were culture-positive, of whom 768 (47%) had MDR-TB: 33% (363/1084) were new and 73% (405/555) previously treated patients. Previous history of treatment, age, region, urban residence, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and being a pensioner were independently associated with MDR-TB.Conclusion: About half of culture-positive SN-PTB patients have MDR-TB and this rises to over 7/10 for retreatment cases. A national policy decision to extend rapid molecular diagnostics universally to all PTB patients, including SN-PTB, seems justified. Steps need to be taken to ensure implementation of this urgent priority, given the patient and public health implications of delayed diagnosis.     

空腹血糖升高对急性心肌梗死后左室射血分数的影响

目的 观察空腹血糖水平升高对急性心肌梗死(AMI)后左室射血分数(LVEF)的影响.方法 入选首次AMI患者共161例,以入院后24h内空腹8h后测定的血糖水平为空腹血糖水平.根据空腹血糖水平分为三组:1组,空腹血糖＜6.1mmol/L;2组,空腹血糖6.1-6.9 mmool/L;3组空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L,空腹血糖水平升高包括2组与3组.所有患者分别于发病后72h内、发病后30d行超声心动图检查测量LYEF.结果 2组和3组入院时及30d随访时的LVEF明显低于1组[入院时:(49.3±6.7)%、(45.8±7.4)%比(52.4±7.7)%,P＜0.05;30 d随访时:(52.7±7.3)%、(49.2士7.2)%比(55.8±7.4)%,P＜0.05].结论 AMI后空腹血糖水平升高是常见的临床特点,合并空腹血糖水平升高的AMI患者的LYEF降低更为明显.     

Treatment outcome of patients with smear-negative and smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in the National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Malawi

National tuberculosis control programmes (NTPs) in sub-Saharan Africa do not routinely record or report treatment outcome data on smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Twelve-month treatment outcome on patients with smear-negative PTB registered in all district and mission hospitals in Malawi during the year 1995 was collected, and was compared with 8-month treatment outcome in smear-positive PTB patients registered during the same period. Of 4240 patients with smear-negative PTB, 35% completed treatment, 25% died, 9% defaulted and 7% were transferred to another district with no treatment outcome results available. In 24% of patients treatment cards were lost and treatment outcome was unknown. These results were significantly inferior to those obtained in 4003 patients with smear-positive PTB in whom 72% completed treatment, 20% died, 4% defaulted, 2% were transferred and 1% had positive smears at the end of treatment. These differences between patients with smear-negative and smear-positive PTB were similar when analysed by sex and by most age-groups. Higher mortality rates in patients with smear-negative PTB are probably attributable to advanced HIV-related immunosuppression, and higher default and treatment unknown rates probably reflect the lack of attention paid by TB programme staff to this group of patients. As a result of this country-wide study the Malawi NTP has started to record routinely the treatment outcomes of smear-negative TB patients and has set treatment completion targets of 50% or higher for this group of patients.     

Egg consumption as part of an energy-restricted high-protein diet improves blood lipid and blood glucose profiles in individuals with type 2 diabetes

The role of dietary cholesterol in people with diabetes has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a hypoenergetic high-protein high-cholesterol (HPHchol) diet compared to a similar amount of animal protein (high-protein low-cholesterol, HPLchol) on plasma lipids, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A total of sixty-five participants with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (age 54·4 (sd 8·2)?years; BMI 34·1 (sd 4·8)?kg/m2; LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) 2·67 (sd 0·10)?mmol/l) were randomised to either HPHchol or HPLchol. Both hypoenergetic dietary interventions (6-7?MJ; 1·4-1·7 Mcal) and total carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 40:30:30?% were similar but differed in cholesterol content (HPHchol, 590?mg cholesterol; HPLchol, 213?mg cholesterol). HPHchol participants consumed two eggs per d, whereas HPHchol participants replaced the eggs with 100?g of lean animal protein. After 12 weeks, weight loss was 6·0 (sd 0·4)?kg (P?相似文献   

2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者细胞免疫功能的影响因素

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并肺结核(PTB)患者糖化血红蛋白(HbAlc)和血清白蛋白(ALB)对细胞免疫功能的影响,为临床治疗提供依据。方法随机选择87例新入院T2DM合并PTB患者做为研究对象,用流式细胞仪测定T细胞亚群,并分别按ALB和HbAlc是否正常分组,比较T细胞亚群各值。结果 TP与NK,ALB与NK、CD3+,HbAlc与CD8+有一定的正相关性,p<0.05。低蛋白血症组的外周血NK细胞、CD3+明显低于正常组,均p<0.05,CD8+明显高于于正常组,p<0.01。高血糖组的外周血CD8+水平明显高于理想组,p<0.05。结论低蛋白血症和长期高血糖状态会损害T2DM合并PTB患者的细胞免疫功能。改善蛋白质营养状态、严格控制血糖水平有助于改善机体细胞免疫功能,促进结核病的转归。     

2015－2021年灌云县肺结核流行病学特征分析

目的 分析近年来灌云县的肺结核流行病学特征,为肺结核防控提供科学依据。方法 收集2015—2021年灌云县的肺结核疫情数据,描述患者性别、年龄、职业和地区分布,肺结核发病时间、耐药性以及合并肺外结核等,并进行组间比较。结果 2015—2021年灌云县共报告肺结核1 871例,发病率呈下降趋势,从34.63/10 万下降至 20.45/10 万,年均25.78/10 万。每月均有肺结核报告病例,月发病占比率在5.83% ~10.53%波动,以第二季度4月份占比率最高(10.53%);男性发病率(37.50/10万 高于女性( 12.71/10万),差异有统计学意义(χ2=431.22,P<0.001);患者年龄从11岁到92岁,发病年龄呈现出双高峰,分别为≥20～30岁青壮年和≥70～80岁老年人;农民患病率占比最高(73.06%),五图河农场肺结核发病率最高(118.03/10 万)。本调查还发现2.89%耐利福平结核病和6.57%耐异烟肼结核病以及9.19%肺结核合并肺外结核病例。结论 2015—2021年灌云县的肺结核发生率呈下降趋势,但存在一定数量的耐利福平或异烟肼结核病和肺外结核病例,因此,应积极开展有针对性的高危人群预防和干预,减少耐药肺结核的发生。     

The effect of energy-protein supplementation on weight, body composition and handgrip strength among pulmonary tuberculosis HIV-co-infected patients: randomised controlled trial in Mwanza, Tanzania

Undernutrition is common among smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB+) patients. Micronutrient supplementation may improve treatment outcomes, but it is unclear whether additional energy-protein would be beneficial. The present study aimed to assess the effect of energy-protein supplementation on weight, body composition and handgrip strength against a background of high micronutrient intake during tuberculosis (TB) treatment. A total of 377 PTB+ patients co-infected with HIV were randomly allocated one or six biscuits daily for 60?d during TB treatment. Weight, arm fat area, arm muscle area and handgrip strength were assessed at baseline and 2 and 5 months. There were no effects on any outcome at 2 months, but energy-protein supplementation was associated with a 1·3 (95?% CI -?0·1, 2·8)?kg marginally significant gain in handgrip strength at 5 months. However, after 2 months, energy-protein supplementation led to a weight gain of 1·9 (95?% CI 0·1, 3·7)?kg among patients with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts ≥?350?cells/μl, but not among patients with low CD4 counts (?-?0·2?kg; 95?% CI -?1·3, 0·8, Pinteraction?=?0·03). Similarly, at 5 months, energy-protein supplementation led to a 2·3 (95?% CI 0·6, 4·1)?kg higher handgrip strength gain among patients with CD4 counts 相似文献   

Tuberculosis in health care workers in Malawi.

Although sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the world, the rates of TB amongst its health care workers (HCWs) are poorly documented. We therefore conducted a country-wide investigation. All district/government and mission hospitals in Malawi that diagnose and care for TB patients were visited in order to obtain information on hospital-based HCWs and their incidence of TB in 1996. Hospital TB case loads, country-wide TB notification numbers and national population estimates for 1996 were obtained, which enabled TB case notification rates to be calculated. In 1996, 108 (3.6%) of 3042 HCWs from 40 hospitals were registered and treated for TB: 22 with smear-positive pulmonary TB (PTB), 40 with smear-negative PTB and 46 with extrapulmonary TB. The overall case fatality rate was 24%. Compared with the adult general population aged > or = 15 years, the relative risk [95% confidence interval (CI)] in HCWs of all types of TB was 11.9 [9.8-14.4], of smear-positive PTB 5.9 [3.9-9.0], of smear-negative PTB 13.0 [9.5-17.7] and of extrapulmonary TB 18.4 [13.8-24.6], P < 0.05. The 1996 hospital TB case load ranged from 29 to 915: there were no cases of TB in HCWs in hospitals whose case load was < or = 100 patients, while the TB case rate among HCWs was similar in hospitals with annual case loads of 101-300 or > 300. The annual risk of TB was high among all categories of HCW, especially clinical officers. This study shows a high rate of TB in HCWs in Malawi, and emphasizes the need for practical and affordable control measures for the protection of HCWs from TB in low-income countries.     

2002—2010年顺昌县肺结核登记患者特征分析

目的分析福建省顺昌县历年来登记的活动性肺结核和新涂阳肺结核患者的就诊特征,为该县结核病可持续发展的策略提供依据。方法对顺昌县2002—2010年活动性肺结核和新涂阳肺结核患者分性别、年龄等一般特征进行分析,并分性别对患者就诊来源构成进行统计分析,将患者进行职业分类,并对不同职业分类的新涂阳患者的治疗情况进行统计分析。结果 2002—2010年该县共登记活动性肺结核患者1 012例,新涂阳肺结核患者567例,男女性别比分别为2.65∶1,2.81∶1。年龄分布以65岁组居多,15～54岁(青壮年)组分别占活动性肺结核患者、新涂阳肺结核患者的60.08%(608/1 012)和60.85%(345/567)。将这2类患者分性别进行就诊来源构成分析,结果显示,无男女性别差异。均以转诊为主要来源,其次是因症就诊。农民是我县肺结核患者职业构成中最多的一类,分别占活动性肺结核患者、新涂阳肺结核患者患者的50.3%,49.74%。将不同职业分类新涂阳肺结核患者的治疗情况进行分析,学生、教师、干部职员,医务人员等治愈率较高,而农民、离退人员等治愈率较低。将公共场所服务员、商业服务、工人、民工、农民、离退人员、家政、家务及待业这几种职业患者治愈情况进行分析,差异有统计学意义。结论顺昌县结核病患者在性别、年龄、就诊来源构成以及患者的职业构成和治疗上有一定的特征,在今后的结防工作上不能忽略老年结核病患者,农村结核病患者更是重点。     

High mortality rates in tuberculosis patients in Zomba Hospital, Malawi, during 32 months of follow-up

There is little information about long-term follow-up in patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) who have been treated under routine programme conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. A prospective study was carried out to determine outcome 32 months from start of treatment in an unselected cohort of 827 adults TB inpatients registered at Zomba Hospital, Malawi, in 1 July-31 December 1995. By 32 months, 351 (42%) patients had died. Death rates were 30% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 25-35%) in 386 patients with smear-positive PTB, 60% (95% CI 53-67%) in 211 patients with smear-negative PTB and 47% (95% CI 40-54%) in 230 patients with EPTB. Of the 793 patients with concordant HIV test results 612 (77%) were HIV seropositive: 47% HIV-positive patients were dead by 32 months compared with 27% HIV-negative patients (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.3; 95% CI 1.7-3.1, P < 0.001). Smear-negative PTB patients had the highest death rates during the 32-month follow-up (HR 2.7; 95% CI 2.1-3.5, P < 0.001 compared to smear-positive patients), followed by EPTB patients (HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.5-2.5, P < 0.001 compared to smear-positive patients). When analysis was restricted to after the treatment period had finished (i.e., months 12-32), the differences in mortality were maintained for HIV-serostatus and for types of TB. Low-cost, easy to implement strategies for reducing mortality in HIV-positive TB patients in sub-Saharan Africa (such as the use of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis) need to be tested urgently in programme settings.