糖尿病肾病患者血清RBP4水平与颈动脉病变的相关性分析

目的：探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清RBP4水平与颈动脉病变的相关性。方法：收集2013年~2014年本院住院DN患者345例,应用独立样本间t检验、双变量相关分析以及Pearson’s检验对患者血清RBP4水平和颈动脉病变的相关性进行分析。结果：随着血清RBP4水平上升,颈动脉斑块、颈动脉狭窄发病率上升,平均颈动脉内膜中层厚度与颈动脉斑块、狭窄、e GFR相关（P〈0.05）;RBP4水平与CIMT差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：血清RBP4水平与DN患者颈动脉斑块、狭窄发病率呈正相关。     

颈动脉狭窄患者内膜剥脱术与支架植入术1年疗效Meta分析

目的利用Meta分析法探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术（CEA）与颈动脉支架植入术（CAS）对颈动脉狭窄治疗1年内死亡和卒中、死亡、卒中、重度再狭窄及闭塞事件发生情况并进行评价。方法制定原始文献的纳入标准、排除标准及检索策略,搜索关于CEA及CAS治疗对颈动脉狭窄的对照研究。应用RevMan4.2.2软件对纳入文献进行定量评价。以优势比（OR值）及双侧95%可信区间（CI）作为效应尺度进行分析。结果纳入本研究的文献共6篇,1037例患者接受CAS治疗,1681例接受CEA治疗,将发生死亡和卒中、死亡、卒中事件统计数据合并;累计1586例接受CAS治疗,2196例接受CEA治疗,进行再狭窄及闭塞的统计数据合并。术后1年内CAS与CEA患者死亡和卒中、死亡、卒中事件发生差异无统计学意义,其OR值分别为0.81（95%CI0.56～1.18）、0.75（95%CI0.47～1.19）、0.78（95%CI0.53～1.16）。CAS患者再狭窄率高于CEA患者[OR=1.99（95%CI1.44～2.74）,P〈0.05）。结论对于颈动脉狭窄患者,CEA与CAS的1年死亡和卒中、死亡、卒中事件发生无明显差异,CAS术后重度再狭窄及闭塞率为CEA术的1.99倍。由于在缺乏足够数量的随机对照试验的情况下,纳入部分非随机对照试验的Meta分析,使论证强度受到一定的限制,有待更多大样本高质量随机对照试验对本研究结果进一步验证。     

Kelfiprim,a new sulpha-trimethoprim combination,versus cotrimoxazole,in the treatment of urinary tract infections: A multicentre,double-blind trial

Summary A new combination of trimethoprim with a sulphonamide, named Kelfiprim, differs from cotrimoxazole in that: a) the sulpha drug is sulphamethopyrazine instead of sulphamethoxazole; b) the trimethoprim to sulpha ratio is 5:4 instead of 1:5;c) the presence of a long-acting sulphonamide allows the administration of a daily dose of one capsule, following an initial loading dose of two capsules; d) a reduced amount of trimethoprim is given, as compared to cotrimoxazole, without any decrease of efficacy. Kelfiprim [KP] was compared to contrimoxazole [Co] in a multicentre double blind trial. Sixty four patients suffering from acute and chronic infections of the upper and lower urinary tract entered the study. Urine sterilisation and clinical improvement without relapses showed no differences from the two treatment groups. Tolerance was excellent except in two patients, one treated with KP and the other treated with Co, who showed a transient exanthema.     

Blood conservation: Preoperative,perioperative, and postoperative blood management options

Perioperative blood loss during elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA) can be significant, traditionally resulting in high blood transfusion rates. However, due to the risks and costs of allogeneic blood transfusion, the focus in contemporary TJA has been on strategies to minimize perioperative blood loss. While a multimodal approach is paramount in elective TJA, three main factors have contributed dramatically to the reduced allogeneic blood transfusion rates: (1) preoperative assessment and treatment of anemia, (2) expanded use of antifibrinolytics, particularly tranexamic acid (TXA), and (3) a restrictive transfusion strategy postoperatively.     

颅外段颈动脉狭窄的治疗策略

目的：探讨颅外段颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析上海中山医院血管外科2012年1～6月51例颅外段颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者的临床资料,16例行颈动脉内膜剥脱术（carotid endarterectomy,CEA）,35例行颈动脉支架置入术（ carotid artery stenting ,CAS）。结果51例手术均获成功,1例CAS术后即刻脑卒中,1例CEA术后第3天短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）,1例CAS术后颈动脉窦压迫。全组术后随访9～15个月,平均13．6月,复查颈动脉B超,无严重再狭窄。结论根据颅外段颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者的相关医学资料,对于有下列情况之一的患者我们倾向于行CEA：①6个月内1次或多次TIA,且颈动脉狭窄度≥70％;②6个月内1次或多次轻度非致残性卒中发作,症状或体征持续超过24小时且颈动脉狭窄度≥70％;③对于经颈部血管CTA和颈动脉全脑血管造影发现的颈动脉狭窄段≥2 cm。对于有下列情况之一的患者我们倾向于行CAS：①无症状性颈动脉狭窄度≥70％;②有症状性狭窄度范围50％～69％;③无症状性颈动脉狭窄度＜70％,但血管造影或其他检查提示狭窄病变处于不稳定状态。     

Delayed carotid wallstent shortening

IntroductionCarotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has been demonstrated to be safe and an acceptable alternative to surgery. Stent malpositioning can occur during the maneuvers of delivering; technical errors can lead to proximal or distal slipping of the stent that needs the placement of additional pieces.Presentation of CaseWe describe the case of a postoperative dislocation of a carotid stent that happened 1 year after placement. After the first ultrasound control confirmed the correct position of the Stent the following one, executed 9 months later, showed a severe restenosis due to a proximal dislocation of the stent. The problem was solved with the positioning of a further one more distally.DiscussionWe observe the possibility of Carotid Wallstent shortening during the implant due to an incorrect placement or sizing, but a delayed displacement is a rare complication that, we highlight, can occur after CAS and that needs to be considered at the moment of the preoperative planning.ConclusionAfter CAS a closed ultrasound follow up is advisable for a long time in order to detect unexpected complications.     

颈动脉狭窄患者CEA应用颈动脉转流效果观察

目的:探讨颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)术中使用颈动脉转流有效性及安全性。方法:回顾性分析79例颈动脉狭窄患者,术中通过经颅多普勒监测双侧大脑中动脉血流速度(VMCA)。阻断颈动脉前后记录系统收缩压、术侧VMCA、对侧VMCA。将79例患者分为两组:A组V2-a<40%V1-a 41例,使用颈动脉转流;B组V2-a≥40%V1-a 38例,未使用颈动脉转流。提高血压使术侧VMCA达到50%V1-a,即刻和恢复血供后记录系统收缩压、术侧VMCA、对侧VMCA。结果:A组、B组不良事件发生率分别为22.0%、5.3%(P=0.032);A组、B组主要不良事件发生率分别为9.8%、5.3%(P=0.743)。结论:颈动脉狭窄患者行CEA术,术中使用颈动脉转流增加不良事件发生率,但对主要不良事件发生率无明显影响,不常规推荐使用颈动脉转流管。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术及颈动脉支架置入术治疗颅外颈动脉硬化狭窄术后早期并发症比较

目的比较颈动脉内膜剥脱术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)及颈动脉支架置入术(carotid stenting,CAS)治疗颅外颈动脉硬化狭窄后早期并发症发生情况,为临床治疗方法的选择提供理论依据。方法 2005年1月-2007年12月,分别采用CEA(CEA组,36例)和CAS(CAS组,27例)治疗63例颅外颈动脉狭窄患者。男42例,女21例;年龄52～79岁,平均67.5岁。左侧28例,右侧35例。颈动脉狭窄度为60%～95%,平均79%。主要临床症状为中风和短暂性脑缺血发作。头颅CT检查:24例有陈旧性脑梗死(cerebral infarction,CI),22例见多发性腔隙性CI,余17例未见明显异常。分析两种术式治疗后7 d内脑部、心血管及局部并发症发生情况。结果术后7 d内CEA组3例(8.3%)出现脑部并发症,2例(5.6%)出现心血管并发症,5例(13.9%)出现局部并发症;CAS组8例(29.6%)出现脑部并发症,1例(3.7%)出现心血管并发症,3例(11.1%)出现局部并发症;CAS组患者脑部并发症发生率明显高于CEA组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.855,P=0.028);但两组心血管、局部并发症发生率以及总并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于颅外颈动脉硬化狭窄患者,CEA是首选治疗方式。     

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目的　探讨颈动脉内膜切除术 (CEA)治疗颅外颈动脉硬化性狭窄病变中的地位和疗效。方法　对1993年 5月至 2 0 0 3年 10月 5 9例 6 1次颈动脉内膜切除术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。早期 4 6例 4 7次CEA采用颈丛麻醉下通过阻断试验结合返流压力测定选择性应用转流管 ,近期 13例 14次手术在全麻并常规应用转流管下进行。结果　早期手术组颈动脉平均阻断时间 (2 0± 6 )min ,近期手术组颈动脉平均缺血时间 (4 2± 0 7)min ,P <0 0 1。术后 30d内无死亡和脑卒中。术后 2年和 5年神经系统症状发生率分别为 4 7%和 14 8%。结论　本组颈动脉内膜切除术取得满意的近远期疗效。采用全麻合并术中转流可以显著减少同侧脑缺血时间     

内皮细胞因子TM、vWF、凝血因子Ⅶ、Ⅷ和D-二聚体在肝移植排斥反应变化的研究

目的　为了解肝移植出现排斥反应患者内皮细胞因子、凝血因子和纤溶功能的变化 ,了解这些因素在监测排斥反应、疗效和判断预后的作用。方法　随机观察肝移植 4 1例 ,其中出现排斥反应 1 6例 (急性排斥 1 2例、慢性排斥 4例 )。在术前、术后检测血浆血栓调节蛋白 (STM)、血管性血友病因子 (v WF)、因子 V (FV )、V (FV )和 D-二聚体 (D- D)含量。结果　 1有排斥者术前 FVII含量减少 (6 9.2± 7.2 % ) ,D- D含量则升高 (1 .1 9± 0 .2 0 ng/ L) ;2有排斥者术后、排斥前 2天 FVII进一步减少 (分别为 75 .7± 3.1 ,6 0 .7± 4 .5 ) ,而 STM(分别为 5 .5 8± 0 .4 2 m g/ m l,5 .93± 0 .4 5 ng/ m l)、v WF(分别为 1 0 1 .2± 4 .6 % ,1 0 4 .3± 5 .8% ) ;D- D(分别为 2 .89± 0 .75 ,5 .2 8± 0 .81 )则明显升高 ;3急性排斥较慢性排斥 ,冲击治疗无效组与有效组 ,治疗后死亡组与生存组比较 ,STM和 D- D均明显升高。结论　本研究结果初步显示 :1血浆 STM　 v WF、D- D含量增高和FVII含量减少 ,可作为肝移植排斥早期预报指标 ,其中 STM的特异性最高 ;2血 STM、v WF、D- D和 FVII可作为监测肝移植排斥的实验室检测项目和指标 ;3血 STM和 D- D可作为区分急性与慢性排斥、监测冲击治疗疗效和判断预后的指标     

Comparison of nonneurological events in high-risk patients treated by carotid angioplasty versus endarterectomy

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in high cardiac risk patients. METHODS: Patients ineligible for carotid revascularization by North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial/Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study criteria were treated with CAS (n = 11) or CEA (n = 10). RESULTS: Significant numbers had cardiac (CAS 72%, CEA 60%; P = 0.66) and hypertensive (CAS 82%, CEA 80%; P = 0.64) risk factors. Adverse hemodynamic events were more frequent in the CAS group (CAS 73%, CEA 20%; P = 0.03). Major complications were noted in 1 patient in each group (CAS, myocardial infarction; CEA, death). Postoperative stay was similar (CAS 2.1 +/- 1.4, CEA 1.8 +/- 1.1 days; P = 0.60). However, 4 in the CAS group were readmitted within 1 month (congestive heart failure 2, myocardial infarction 1, rest pain 1), compared with no new events in the CEA group (P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Currently, the use of CAS in patients with cardiac risk factors may not be justifiable.     

The past,present, and future of urological quality improvement collaboratives

Surgical quality improvement collaboratives (QIC) have been established across the nation in numerous specialties. These QICs have shown efficacy in improving the quality, safety and value of care delivered to patients with a wide range of medical conditions. In recent years, urological QICs have emerged, including regional collaboratives such as the Michigan Urological Surgical Improvement Collaborative (MUSIC) and Pennsylvania Urologic Regional Collaborative (PURC), as well as the national American Urological Association Quality Registry Program (AQUA). These urological collaboratives, developed with an initial focus on prostate cancer, have demonstrated an ability to accurately measure prostate cancer outcomes, compare these outcomes among providers and institutions, and enact change among both patients and providers to optimize outcomes for men with prostate cancer. Physician-led regional collaboratives may be uniquely positioned to respond quickly to the rapidly-evolving healthcare landscape and enact practice and provider-level changes when appropriate. This review describes the historical background, current structure and function, and potential future directions of these urologic QICs.     

Incidence,characteristics, treatment strategies,and oncologic outcomes of synchronous bilateral upper tract urothelial carcinoma in the Chinese population

ObjectivesTo investigate the incidence and treatment strategies for bilateral upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and to compare the characteristic and oncologic outcomes of bilateral UTUC with those of unilateral tumors.Methods and materialsThe study included 892 consecutive patients with UTUC. Bilateral UTUC was defined as synchronous bilateral carcinoma on preoperative imaging before confirmation by pathology or positive urine cytology result plus direct visualization. Radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) or nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) or both were carried out.ResultsA total of 39 patients (4.37%) suffered from bilateral disease. Discordant histological grade of bilateral tumor was found in 39.3% cases. Bilateral tumors were associated with female sex (P<0.001), preoperative renal insufficiency (P<0.001), previous or concomitant bladder tumors (P = 0.013), lower tumor stages (P = 0.020), papillary architecture (P = 0.001), and smaller-sized tumors (P = 0.020). Patients with worse renal function (P<0.001) or large-sized tumors (P = 0.039) tended to be treated with bilateral RNU. Most patients (67.6%) were treated with unilateral RNU plus unilateral NSS, with NSS being performed on tumors that only extended to the ureter (P = 0.003) and had a smaller size (P = 0.005). The median follow-up duration was 56 months. The 5-year cancer-specific survival and bladder recurrence-free survival rates were 81.2% and 64.5%, respectively, similar to those of unilateral tumors. Male sex (hazard ratio = 11.535) and higher tumor stage (hazard ratio = 3.386) were independent worse prognostic factors.ConclusionsThe prevalence of bilateral UTUC is rare. Female patients, patients with renal insufficiency, and those with bladder tumor tended to suffer from bilateral disease and were less likely to present with worse pathological outcomes in the Chinese population. The tumor characteristics and renal function were informative in treatment selection. The oncologic outcomes were similar to those in unilateral UTUC, and male sex and a higher tumor stage were poor prognostic factors for these patients.     

Combination of acute preoperative plateletpheresis, cell salvage, and aprotinin minimizes blood loss and requirement during cardiac surgery

Acute preoperative plateletpheresis (APP), cell salvage (CS) technique, and the use of aprotinin have been individually reported to be effective in reducing blood loss and blood component transfusion while improving hematological profiles in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In this prospective randomized clinical study, the efficacy of these combined approaches on reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements was evaluated. Seventy patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were randomly divided into four groups: a control group (group I, n = 10) did not receive any of the previously mentioned approaches. An APP and CS group (group II, n = 20) experienced APP in which preoperative platelet-rich plasma was collected and reinfused after reversal of heparin, along with the cell salvage technique throughout surgery. The third group (group III, n = 22) received aprotinin in which 5,000,000 KIU Trasylol was applied during surgery, and a combination group (group IV, n = 18) was treated with all three approaches, i.e., APP, CS, and aprotinin. Compared with group I (896+/-278 mL), the postoperative total blood loss was significantly reduced in groups II, III, and IV (468+/-136, 388+/-122, 202+/-81 mL, respectively, p < 0.05). The requirements of packed red blood cells in the three approached groups (153+/-63, 105+/-178, 0+/-0 mL, respectively) also were reduced when compared with group I (343+/-118 mL, p < 0.05). In group I, six patients (6/10) received fresh-frozen plasma and three patients (3/10) received platelet transfusion, whereas no patients in the other three groups required fresh-frozen plasma and platelet. In conclusion, both plateletpheresis concomitant with cell salvage and aprotinin contribute to the improvement of postoperative hemostasis, and the combination of these two approaches could minimize postoperative blood loss and requirement.     

Molecular Pathology in Vulnerable Carotid Plaques: Correlation with [18]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET)

ObjectivesAtherosclerosis is recognised as an inflammatory disease, and new diagnostic tools are warranted to evaluate plaque inflammatory activity and risk of cardiovascular events. We investigated [18]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in vulnerable carotid plaques visualised by positron emission tomography (PET). Uptake was correlated to quantitative gene expression of known markers of inflammation and plaque vulnerability.MethodsTen patients with recent transient ischaemic attack and carotid artery stenosis (>50%) underwent combined FDG-PET and computed tomography angiography (CTA) the day before carotid endarterectomy. Plaque mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 18 (IL-18), the macrophage-specific marker CD68 and the two proteinases, Cathepsin K and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsConsistent up-regulation of CD68 (3.8-fold ± 0.9; mean ± standard error), Cathepsin K (2.1-fold ± 0.5), MMP-9 (122-fold ± 65) and IL-18 (3.4-fold ± 0.7) were found in the plaques, compared to reference-artery specimens. The FDG uptake by plaques was strongly correlated with CD68 gene expression (r = 0.71, P = 0.02). Any correlations with Cathepsin K, MMP-9 or IL-18 gene expression were weaker.ConclusionsFDG-PET uptake in carotid plaques is correlated to gene expression of CD68 and other molecular markers of inflammation and vulnerability.     

Relationships between epidural fibrosis, pain, disability, and psychological factors after lumbar disc surgery

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is an important complication of lumbar disc surgery. Epidural fibrosis is one of the major causes of FBSS. However, most patients with epidural fibrosis do not develop symptomatic complaints from scarring. The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the relationships among the severity of epidural fibrosis, psychological factors, back pain and disability after lumbar disc surgery. Twenty-nine surgically managed patients (13 women, 16 men) were included in this study. In all patients, the presence and severity of epidural fibrosis was determined with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A pain visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) were completed before and after surgery. Subjects were grouped by their type of herniation (protrusion, free fragment), MRI findings and results of the mini form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and the groups were compared for their VAS and ODQ scores. Our results disclosed that neither the postoperative VAS scores nor the postoperative ODQ scores differed significantly among the epidural fibrosis severity groups. Moreover, postoperative VAS scores were positively correlated with the scores of the mini MMPI. These findings indicate that epidural fibrosis may be considered as a radiological entity independent of patients’ complaints. Furthermore, the mini MMPI should be included in the assessment and planning of the reoperations in FBSS patients, because of the importance of psychological factors in postoperative pain and disability. Received: 14 January 1999 Revised: 7 February 2000 Accepted: 10 February 2000