Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Diabetes

Patients with diabetes mellitus have a greater morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease than patients without diabetes. Concomitant hypertension and diabetes are associated with even greater risk of coronary disease, atherosclerotic and peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure. In addition, an independent left ventricular dysfunction (diabetic cardiomyopathy) exists in patients with diabetes that may manifest itself initially as abnormalities in diastolic function but ultimately in systolic function. Firm evidence for this outcome exists experimentally, and reversal of systolic and diastolic abnormalities has been noted experimentally. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) indicated that intensive glycemic control ameliorates microvascular complication of neuropathy, proteinuria, and retinopathy. Little evidence exists for macrovascular complications or for left ventricular dysfunction. Preliminary results of a canine study of glycemic control and left ventricular function are presented. Clinical correlates of this study and its results are meager. Determination of the role that glycemic control plays with regard to left ventricular systolic function and congestive heart failure awaits carefully controlled and designed clinical trials.     

Prevalence of chronic heart failure in Southwestern Europe: the EPICA study

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of chronic heart failure (CHF) in mainland Portugal in 1998. METHODS AND POPULATION: A community-based epidemiological survey involving subjects attending primary care centres selected by a combined two-stage sampling and stratified procedure. General practitioners (GPs) randomly selected in proportion to the population of the District, evaluated subjects attending primary care centres aged over 25 years, recruited consecutively and stratified by age. CHF cases were identified according to the Guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology for CHF diagnosis. RESULTS: 5434 eligible subjects were evaluated by 365 GPs; 551 patients with CHF were identified. The overall prevalence and 95% CI of CHF in mainland Portugal is 4.36% (3.69-5.02%), 4.33% in males (3.19-5.46%), and 4.38% in females (3.64-5.13%). Age-specific CHF prevalence was as follows: 1.36% in the 25-49 years-old group (0.39-2.33%), 2.93% in the 50-59 years-old group (5.58-9.37%), 7.63% in the 60-69 years-old group (5.58-9.37%), 12.67% in the 70-79 years-old group (10.73-14.6%), and 16.14% in group over 80 years old (13.81-18.47%). The prevalence of CHF due to systolic dysfunction was 1.3% and the prevalence of CHF with normal systolic function was 1.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The overall prevalence of CHF in Portugal was slightly higher than that of other European studies and increases sharply with age. The prevalence of CHF due to systolic dysfunction is very similar to that reported by other recent European studies. The differences found may correspond to differences in methodology rather than actual differences in the population.     

糖尿病性心肌病研究进展

糖尿病性心肌病是糖尿病的一种重要的并发症。作为一种独立的疾病,其确切发病机制尚不清楚。目前的研究认为,糖尿病性心肌病的病理生理过程主要为心肌细胞凋亡,心脏重塑,收缩机制异常并最终发展为心功能不全,其根本上都是由高血糖、胰岛素抵抗与高胰岛素血症或胰岛素缺乏通过对心肌细胞的直接毒性或引发代谢紊乱,氧化应激,神经内分泌系统激活,非酶促糖基化产物堆积等,引起一系列级联反应所致,且各机制间相互影响。现试就其临床情况及发病机制作一综述。     

Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population; The Rotterdam Study.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of heart failure and symptomatic as well as asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 5540 participants of the Rotterdam Study (age 68.9+/-8.7 years, 2251 men) aged 55-95 years, the presence of heart failure was determined by assessment of symptoms and signs (shortness of breath. ankle oedema and pulmonary crepitations) and use of heart failure medication. In 2267 subjects (age 65.7+/-7.4 years, 1028 men) fractional shortening was measured. The overall prevalence of heart failure was 3.9% (95% CI 3.0+/-4.7) and did not differ between men and women. The prevalence increased with age, with the exception of the highest age group in men. Fractional shortening was higher in women and did not decrease appreciably with age. The prevalence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction (fractional shortening <=25%) was approximately 2.5 times higher in men (5.5%, 95% CI 4.1-7.0) than in women (2.2%, 95% CI 1.4-3.2). Sixty percent of persons with left ventricular systolic dysfunction had no symptoms or signs of heart failure at all. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of heart failure is appreciable and does not differ between men and women. The majority of persons with left ventricular systolic dysfunction can be regarded as having asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction.     

Effectiveness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Diabetic Patients with Ischemic and Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk for the development of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. We aimed to identify differences in response to cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRT‐D) among DM patients with ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Methods: Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to assess clinical response to CRT‐D (defined as CRT‐D vs. defibrillator‐only reduction in the risk of heart failure [HF] or death) and echocardiographic response (defined as percent reduction in left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volume [LVEDV and LVESV, respectively] at 12 month of follow‐up compared with baseline values) among 552 diabetic patients with ischemic (n = 367) or nonischemic (n = 185) cardiomyopathy enrolled in MADIT‐CRT. Results: The clinical benefit of CRT‐D was more pronounced among nonischemic patients (HR = 0.30 [P < 0.001] than among ischemic patients (HR = 0.59 [P = 0.004]; P for interaction = 0.10). Nonischemic patients also experienced significantly greater reductions in LVESV and LVEDV at 12 months with CRT‐D compared with ischemic patients (P < 0.001 for both). Subgroup analysis showed that the most pronounced reduction in HF or death with CRT‐D therapy occurred in nonischemic patients who were women (83% risk‐reduction [P < 0.001]), had a lower BMI (<30/kg/m²: 79% risk‐reduction [P < 0.001]), or had left bundle branch block at enrollment (82% risk‐reduction [P < 0.001]). Conclusions: The present study shows that treatment with CRT‐D in at‐risk cardiac patients with DM is associated with substantial reductions in the risk of HF or death and improvement in cardiac remodeling in those with ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy, with a more pronounced benefit in patients with nonischemic disease. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2012;17(1):14–21     

超声心动图对糖尿病心脏病变的研究进展

糖尿病心肌病是一种特异性心肌病,其病理表现为心肌肥厚和心肌纤维化,临床表现为心肌舒张和收缩功能障碍、心律失常和心功能不全。糖尿病心肌病的发病机制复杂,临床诊治有一定困难,而超声心动图作为一种简便、快速的诊断方法在临床上有重要价值。一些新的技术包括多普勒组织成像技术、定量组织速度显像和实时三维超声技术等逐渐用于临床。现旨在阐述超声心动图对糖尿病心脏病变早期诊断的新进展。     

Preliminary Survey on the Prevalence Rate of Hypertension in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Objectives To investigate the prevalence of hypertension and its primary risk factors in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods Three hundred and sixty-two patients with DCM(DCM group)and 401 age-matched residents (control group) were enrolled randomly in the study, the hypertensive prevalence rate were calculated respectively in the two groups and were compared with each other; the patients in the DCM group were divided into two subgroups (hypertension subgroup and non-hypertension subgroup) according to whether the patients have hypertension; the clinical data related to blood pressure was compared between the two subgroups. Results The prevalence of hypertension in DCM group was significantly higher than that in the control group (32.8% vs. 20.1%, P<0.01); There were no significant differences on the age, gender, occupation and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) between the two subgroups, but the mean heart rate and the percentage of patients who had family history of hypertension were significantly higher in the hypertension subgroup than that in the non-hypertension subgroup (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension in patients with DCM was high; The increased activity of sympathetic nervous system and the hypertensive genetic factor may be the main risk factors of hypertension in patients with DCM.     

Long-term Fracture Risk in Patients with Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Study in Olmsted County,Minnesota

Celiac disease is associated with decreased bone density, but there are conflicting data regarding fracture risk. We determined the fracture incidence relative to matched controls in a population-based cohort with celiac disease before and after diagnosis. Olmsted County residents with celiac disease (n = 83) diagnosed between 1950 and 2002 were compared with 166 gender and age matched controls. Fracture histories were ascertained from each subject’s medical records. Celiac disease is linked to an increased fracture risk before and after diagnosis. Before the index date, cases had a fracture rate twice that of controls (CI: 1.0–3.9, P = 0.045) and 2.5-fold greater after the index date (CI: 1.1–5.6, P = 0.026). Appendicular and axial fractures were 2.5 (CI: 0.9–6.5) and 3.2 times more likely (CI: 1.0–10.5) after the index date. These observations support a rationale for earlier detection of celiac disease, and active management of bone disease before bone effects have occurred, to reduce the persistent risk of fractures.     

The Epidemiology of Microscopic Colitis in Olmsted County,Minnesota: Population-Based Study From 2011 to 2019

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The Prevalence and Prognostic Effects of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients: A Single-Center Cohort Study

BackgroundSubclinical thyroid dysfunction may be a risk factor for mortality in patients with heart failure and may be associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). This was a cohort study to examine the possible association between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and all-cause mortality in DCM patients, because the current evidence on this association remains elusive.Methods and ResultsA total of 963 DCM patients were evaluated for thyroid function. Of these patients, 7.1% (n = 68) had subclinical hyperthyroidism (defined as serum thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] <0.35 μIU/mL), 84.7% (n = 816) had euthyroidism (TSH 0.35-5.5 μIU/mL), and 8.2% (n = 79) had subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH >5.5 μIU/mL). There was a significant difference in all-cause mortality rates between patients with euthyroidism and patients with subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism (21%, 38.2%, and 26.6%, respectively; log-rank χ² = 13.104; P = .001) with mean follow-up of 3.5 years. After adjustment for other confounding factors at baseline, QRS duration, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, New York Heart Association functional class, left atrial diameter, and subclinical hyperthyroidism (hazard ratio 1.793, 95% CI 1.010–3.183; P = .046) emerged as significant predictors of all-cause mortality.ConclusionDCM patients with subclinical hyper- and hypothyroidism had higher all-cause mortality rates. However, only subclinical hyperthyroidism, not subclinical hypothyroidism, was an independent predictor for increased risk of all-cause mortality.     

Efficacy of Ivabradine in a Case of Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia and Ventricular Dysfunction

Ivabradine in IST . We present a case of a 49‐year‐old man with inappropriate sinus tachycardia and ventricular dysfunction. The conventional treatment (ace‐inhibitor and beta‐blockers) was not well tolerated by the patient, so Ivabradine, a specific inhibitor of If current in the sinus node, was started. After 3 months of using this medication, we observed an improvement of ejection fraction and quality of life. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. pp. 815‐817, July 2010)     

Cross sectional study estimating prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in community patients at risk

OBJECTIVE—To examine a general practice population to measure the prevalence of signs and symptoms of heart failure (SSHF) and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD).
DESIGN—Cross sectional screening study in three general practices followed by echocardiography.
SETTING AND PATIENTS—All patients  50 years in two general practices and  40 years in one general practice were screened by case record reviews and questionnaires (n = 2158), to identify subjects with some evidence of heart disease. Among these, subjects were sought who had SSHF (n = 115). Of 357 subjects with evidence of heart disease, 252 were eligible for examination, and 126 underwent further cardiological assessment, including 43 with SSHF.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES—Prevalence of SSHF as defined by a modified Boston index, LVSD defined as an indirectly measured left ventricular ejection fraction  0.45, and numbers of subjects needing an echocardiogram to detect one case with LVSD.
RESULTS—SSHF afflicted 0.5% of quadragenarians and rose to 11.7% of octogenarians. Two thirds were handled in primary care only. At  50 years of age 6.4% had SSHF, 2.9% had LVSD, and 1.9% (95% confidence interval 1.3% to 2.5%) had both. To detect one case with LVSD in primary care, 14 patients with evidence of heart disease without SSHF and 5.5 patients with SSHF had to be examined.
CONCLUSION—SSHF is extremely prevalent in the community, especially in primary care, but more than two thirds do not have LVSD. The number of subjects with some evidence of heart disease needing an echocardiogram to detect one case of LVSD is 14.


Keywords: heart failure; left ventricular systolic dysfunction     

温肾活血方联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗缺血性心肌病心力衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨沙库巴曲缬沙坦(LCZ696)联合温肾活血方对缺血性心肌病心力衰竭病人生存质量及N末端-脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)的影响。方法选取2017年12月—2019年5月在重庆市中医院心内科就诊的90例缺血性心肌病心力衰竭病人,根据随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗A组、治疗B组,每组30例。对照组予基础抗心力衰竭治疗,治疗A组在对照组基础上口服沙库巴曲缬沙坦,治疗B组在治疗A组基础上加用温肾活血方治疗,3组均以治疗8周为1个疗程。比较各组治疗前后中医证候积分、美国纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级、6 min步行试验距离和NT-proBNP、LVEF、LVEDD的变化。结果与对照组相比,治疗A组、治疗B组中医证候疗效更佳(均P<0.05),且NYHA分级提高更显著(P<0.05),NT-proBNP水平降低更明显(P<0.05),改善LVEF更为明显(均P<0.05)。治疗B组较对照组6 min步行试验距离增加(P<0.05),而治疗A组6 min步行试验距离较对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗B组在改善中医证候、改善6 min步行距离方面优于治疗A组(P<0.05)。而在改善NYHA分级、降低NT-proBNP、升高LVEF、缩小LVEDD方面治疗A组、治疗B组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对缺血性心肌病心力衰竭病人在常规抗心力衰竭治疗基础上加用沙库巴曲缬沙坦可改善中医证候,提高NYHA分级,降低NT-proBNP,升高LVEF,降低LVEDD,但沙库巴曲缬沙坦在增加6 min步行距离方面与常规抗心力衰竭治疗比较改善不明显,在沙库巴曲缬沙坦基础上加用温肾活血方可明显改善病人6 min步行距离,并进一步改善中医证候。     

Phospholamban p.Arg14del Cardiomyopathy: A Japanese Case Series

Phospholamban p.Arg14del is reported to cause hereditary cardiomyopathy with malignant ventricular tachycardia (VT) and advanced heart failure. However, the clinical courses of Japanese cardiomyopathy patients with phospholamban p.Arg14del remain uncharacterized. We identified five patients with this variant. All patients were diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), developed end-stage heart failure and experienced VT requiring implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge. Four patients survived after implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), while one patient who refused LVAD implantation died of heart failure. Based on the severe course of the disease, we propose genetic screening for phospholamban p.Arg14del in DCM patients.