双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉对存在会阴裂伤诱因产妇分娩的影响

目的探讨双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉用于存在诱发会阴裂伤因素(会阴过紧、耻骨弓过低、胎儿过大)产妇分娩的效果.方法将足月分娩中会阴过紧、耻骨弓过低、胎头过大的初产妇316例随机分为两组,观察组166例行双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉后会阴侧斜切开娩出,对照组150例行单侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉后会阴侧斜切开娩出.结果两组胎头拨露至胎儿娩出时间、第二产程时间、伤口缝合时间、产后2 h出血量及会阴裂伤发生率比较,观察组均显著少于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉能充分松弛会阴,缩短胎头拨露至胎儿娩出时间,缩短第二产程,降低会阴裂伤发生率.     

改良会阴麻醉预防无保护助产会阴损伤的效果

目的探讨改良会阴麻醉预防无保护会阴助产会阴损伤的效果。方法将400例自然分娩的单胎头位初产妇随机分为观察组和对照组各200例。对照组按无保护会阴助产法助产;观察组在无保护会阴助产前实施双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉联合外阴多点麻醉。比较两组产妇会阴侧切率及会阴裂伤情况。结果观察组产妇会阴完整率显著高于对照组、会阴侧切率显著低于对照组、会阴裂伤程度显著轻于对照组(均P0.01)。结论无保护会阴助产前实施改良会阴麻醉,可有效降低会阴侧切率和会阴裂伤程度。     

阴部神经阻滞阴道扩张法与托肛法保护会阴分娩的观察

为了减少产妇会阴裂伤及侧切率，对132例足月经阴道分娩产妇，采用阴部神经阻滞阴道扩张法加托肛法助产，并与采用单纯托肛法助产的132例产妇进行对照，结果两组第二产程时间、胎头拨露至娩出时间比较，差异有显著性和极显著性意义（P＜0.05和P＜0.01）；会阴侧切率、裂伤率比较，差异有极显著性意义（均P＜0.01）。提示阴部神经阻滞阴道扩张法结合托肛法可提高助产质量。     

硬膜外阻滞联合超声引导下阴部神经阻滞分娩镇痛的效果

目的探讨硬膜外阻滞联合超声引导下阴部神经阻滞的分娩镇痛方案对产妇分娩疼痛、产程及保护会阴完整性的临床效果。方法选择2017年6—12月于本院要求行分娩镇痛的初产妇107例,年龄22～30岁,BMI 20～39.9 kg/m~2,ASAⅡ级。随机分为硬膜外阻滞联合超声引导下阴部神经阻滞组(T组,n=54)和单纯硬膜外阻滞组(C组,n=53)。所有产妇在宫口扩张至3 cm时行硬膜外穿刺置管并连接镇痛泵。T组产妇在宫口开全时夹闭镇痛泵,并行超声引导下双侧阴部神经阻滞。C组产妇直至第三产程结束时停用镇痛泵。记录两组产妇宫口扩张至3 cm、硬膜外阻滞后30 min、胎头着冠时和会阴缝合时的VAS评分;记录第二产程时间,使用器械助产、会阴侧切情况和会阴撕裂程度;记录产妇分娩后24 h内局部血肿、局麻药中毒、蛛网膜穿破和大小便失禁等不良反应发生情况。结果与硬膜外阻滞后30 min比较,胎头着冠时T组VAS评分明显降低(P0.05)、C组明显升高(P0.05)。胎头着冠和会阴缝合时T组VAS评分明显低于C组(P0.05)。T组第二产程时间明显短于C组(P0.05),会阴侧切率明显低于C组(P0.05),会阴撕裂程度明显轻于C组(P0.05)。两组使用器械助产率差异无统计学意义。所有产妇均未发生局部血肿、局麻药中毒、蛛网膜穿破、大小便失禁等不良反应。结论硬膜外阻滞联合超声引导下阴部神经阻滞较单纯硬膜外阻滞能更有效地缓解分娩疼痛,缩短产程,减少会阴损伤,保护会阴完整性。     

无保护会阴接生法对会阴裂伤程度及侧切率的影响

目的探讨无保护会阴接生对会阴裂伤程度及侧切率的影响。方法随机将150例产妇分为2组,每组75例。对照组行常规托肛保护会阴接生法,观察组实施无保护会阴接生法。比较2组产妇会阴裂伤程度、第二产程时间、产后出血量以及侧切率。结果观察组产妇会阴裂伤程度轻于对照组,侧切率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组产妇第二产程时间及产后出血量比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论无保护会阴接生法可有效减轻会阴裂伤程度,降低会阴侧切率,并减轻产妇产后疼痛。     

分娩镇痛初产妇第二产程运用腹压的时机分析

目的探讨分娩镇痛初产妇第二产程运用腹压的最佳时机。方法将172例经阴道分娩初产妇按入院时间分为对照组和观察组各86例。对照组宫口全开后即使用腹压,观察组胎先露下降至3 cm时使用腹压。比较两组第二产程时间、使用腹压时间、会阴裂伤程度、侧切率、产后疲倦度及分娩结局。结果观察组腹压使用时间显著短于对照组(P0.01);第二产程时间两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组会阴裂伤程度显著轻于对照组,侧切率、产后疲倦评分、产后出血、新生儿窒息率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论对分娩镇痛初产妇当胎先露下降至3 cm时使用腹压,可有效缩短腹压使用时间,同时改善产妇分娩结局。     

探讨改良双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉法在分娩中的应用效果

目的探讨改良双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉法在分娩中的应用效果。方法将60例分娩产妇随机分为2组,各30例。常规组行常规会阴处理,麻醉组行改良双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉,对比2组产妇预后状况。结果麻醉组产妇麻醉有效率高于常规组,产妇依从性优良率高于常规组,会阴切口出血量低于与常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良双侧阴部神经阻滞麻醉法能有效提高麻醉效果及产妇治疗依从性,减少会阴切口出血,效果显著。     

骨盆倾斜度异常产妇分娩体位干预效果观察

目的 探讨体位变换对骨盆倾斜度异常产妇分娩及新生儿的影响.方法 将180例产妇随机分为观察组和对照组各90例,对照组在产程中采取常规分娩体位;观察组实施体位干预,即在第一产程活跃期后取40°～70°斜坡位,第二产程取膀胱截石位.比较两组分娩方式,第一、第二产程时间,会阴裂伤发生率及新生儿出生情况.结果 观察组剖宫产率显著低于对照组(P＜0.01),第一、第二产程时间显著短于对照组(均P＜0.01),会阴裂伤发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组新生儿出生情况比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05).结论 采用干预体位后使骨盆倾斜度异常得到纠正,可降低剖宫产率,缩短产程并降低会阴裂伤发生率.     

会阴侧切缝合中分次局部浸润和神经阻滞麻醉对早接触、早吸吮的影响比较

目的:探讨会阴侧切术中采用分次局部浸润麻醉对早接触、早吸吮的影响.方法:将需要会阴侧切的初产妇200例随机分为阻滞组和浸润组各100例.阻滞组:用2％利多卡因在会阴侧切侧行阴部神经阻滞麻醉下会阴切口缝合和新生儿早接触、早吸吮.浸润组:用2％利多卡因在会阴侧切处行分次局部浸润麻醉下会阴切口缝合和新生儿早接触、早吸吮.结果:两组产妇接受早接触、早吸吮的时间和泌乳时间等情况,经统计学分析差异有显著性.结论:分次局部浸润麻醉在会阴侧切缝合中的运用使得早接触、早吸吮工作和产妇泌乳的时间均提前,更有利于母婴健康.     

会阴体长度及弹性评估在初产妇分娩中的应用

目的 探讨会阴体长度及弹性评估在初产妇分娩中的应用效果,为减少分娩损伤、降低会阴侧切的盲目性提供依据.方法 将320例足月初产妇随机分为观察组与对照组各160例,观察组分娩期测量会阴体长度及弹性,根据测量结果予以15°～40°、2～4 cm长的左斜侧切或手法扩张产道.对照组以会阴后连线中点作为切口起点,采取角度≥45°、4～5 cm长的左斜侧切法.结果 两组产妇会阴侧切率、会阴裂伤程度比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).会阴侧切切口出血量、产后不同时间会阴切口疼痛程度、会阴切口愈合情况、住院时间比较,观察组显著优于对照组(均P＜0.01).结论 分娩期评估会阴体长度和弹性,可避免盲目行会阴切开术,有效维护初产妇分娩安全.有利于提高产妇产后生活质量.     

What are the risk factors of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery?

Fecal incontinence is one of the most feared complications of vaginal delivery. It may be the consequence of sphincter tears, of pudendal neuropathy, or of a combination of the two. Fecal incontinence occurs immediately following 13-54% of vaginal deliveries but its persistence in the mid and long term is poorly known. The incidence of perineal tear with anal sphincteric defect varies from 1-9% and the incidence of unrecognized sphincter injury may be as high as 18-35%. Half the women who undergo primary anal sphincter repair have short or long term continence problems. Pudendal neuropathy is caused by nerve stretch during pushing in the second stage of labor and descent of the fetal head; it may occur even with the first delivery. Risk factors for sphincter injury and pudendal neuropathy include forceps delivery, large neonatal size, and prolonged second stage of labor. The risk of fecal incontinence must be considered even during the first pregnancy. Routine episiotomy does not prevent sphincter injury and may even predispose to it. Pudendal neuropathy following delivery may lead to delayed fecal incontinence abetted by postmenopausal hormonal deficiency and tissue senescence. The possible benefit of early episiotomy for women at high risk of sphincter injury must be evaluated by prospective studies.     

Determinants of the length of episiotomy or spontaneous posterior perineal lacerations during vaginal birth

The objective of this study was to measure the length of episiotomy or spontaneous posterior perineal laceration and their relationship to perineal measurements and obstetric variables. The length of the perineum and genital hiatus and vertical length of episiotomy or posterior perineal tears were measured in 114 consecutive parturients with spontaneous singleton term deliveries. Seventy-four (65%) women underwent episiotomy while 40 (35%) sustained spontaneous posterior tears. Perineal or genital hiatus length was significantly correlated to episiotomy (r=0.34, p=0.003) or laceration (r=0.37, p=0.02) length, respectively. This association was significant (p=0.001) in a generalized linear model with duration of second stage of labor (p=0.005), degree of tear (p=0), and parity (p=0). Perineal length was significantly related to maternal age (p=0.036) and weight (p=0.037) and hiatal length (p=0). Short perineum and genital hiatus, long second stage of labor, and low parity are associated with longer posterior perineal injury.     

Relationship Between the Length of the Perineum and Position of the Anus and Vaginal Delivery in Primigravidae

The aim of the study was to determine perineal length and anal position in primigravidae and to evaluate their effect on vaginal delivery. The distances between the fourchette and each of the center of the anal orifice and the inferior margin of the coccyx were measured in 212 primigravidae with singleton term pregnancies during the first stage of labor. Anal position index was calculated by dividing the first measurement by the second. The mean ± SD length of perineum was 4.6 ± 0.9 cm. The mean ± SD anal position index was 0.49 ± 0.12. Women with a short perineum (<4 cm) or a small anal position index (<0.42) had significantly higher rates of episiotomy, perineal tears and instrumented delivery. This association was also significant by multiple logistic regression analysis. It was concluded that a short perineum and anterior displacement of the anus were associated with traumatic vaginal delivery in primigravidae.     

阴道分娩会阴Ⅲ～Ⅳ度裂伤原因分析及缝合修复对阴道、肛门直肠功能的影响

为提高阴道分娩会阴Ⅲ～Ⅳ度裂伤的诊治水平．及探讨缝合修复对阴道、肛门直肠功能的影响．本研究对足月妊娠阴道分娩的15例会阴Ⅲ～Ⅳ度裂伤的原因及诊治过程进行分析。结果发现,本组巨大儿（体重≥4000g）2例,急产2例,胎儿即将娩出时产妇不合作1例,会阴瘢痕3例,会阴体较短、发育薄弱3例,会阴体过长伴肥厚1例,胎位不正以持续性枕后位娩出2例,外阴未完全扩张助产人员急于让胎儿娩出在宫底部加压1例。且经产妇多于初产妇。给予严格消毒、止血、缝合后阴道及肛门直肠功能均恢复良好。结果表明,减少产生会阴裂伤的关键在于预防,一旦发生应及时处理,对阴道及肛门直肠功能无明显影响。     

Risk factors for obstetrical anal sphincter lacerations

The objective of this study was to identify the rate of anal sphincter lacerations in a large population-based database and analyze risk factors associated with this condition. Data were obtained from Pennsylvania Healthcare Cost Containment Council (PHC4) regarding all cases of obstetrical third and fourth degree perineal lacerations that occurred during a 2-year period from January 1990 to December 1991. Modifiable risk factors associated with this condition were analyzed, specifically episiotomy, forceps-assisted vaginal delivery, forceps with episiotomy, vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery, and vacuum with episiotomy. There were a total of 168,337 deliveries in 1990 and 165,051 deliveries in 1991 in Pennsylvania. Twenty-two percent (n=74,881) of the deliveries were by cesarean section and were excluded from analysis. Among the remaining 258,507 deliveries, there were 18,888 (7.3%) third and fourth degree lacerations. Instrumental vaginal delivery, particularly with use of episiotomy, increased the risk of laceration significantly [forceps odds ratio (OR): 3.84, forceps with episiotomy OR: 3.89, vacuum OR: 2.58, vacuum with episiotomy OR: 2.93]. Episiotomy on the whole was associated with a threefold increase in the risk of sphincter tears. However, episiotomy in the absence of instrumental delivery seems to be protective with an OR of 0.9 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88–0.93]. Instrumental vaginal delivery, particularly forceps delivery, appears to be an important risk factor for anal sphincter tears. The risk previously attributed to episiotomy is probably due to its association with instrumental vaginal delivery. Forceps delivery is associated with higher occurrence of anal sphincter injury compared to vacuum delivery.     

Decreased rate of obstetrical anal sphincter laceration is associated with change in obstetric practice

A study was conducted to describe the rate of obstetrical anal sphincter laceration in a large cohort of women and to identify the characteristics associated with this complication. Data from all vaginal deliveries occurring between January 1996 and December 2004 at one institution were used to compare women with and without anal sphincter lacerations. Among 16,667 vaginal deliveries, 1,703 (10.2%) anal sphincter lacerations occurred. Regression models suggested that episiotomy (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.16, 1.58), vacuum delivery (OR 3.19; 95% CI 2.69, 3.79), and forceps delivery (OR 2.79; 95% CI 1.94, 4.02) were each associated with the increased risk of anal sphincter laceration. Year of delivery was associated with a decreased risk of anal sphincter laceration (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.92, 0.96) with the rate of laceration decreasing from 11.2% to 7.9% during the study period. Episiotomy and operative vaginal delivery are significant, modifiable risk factors. Changes in obstetric practice may have contributed to the dramatic reduction in anal sphincter laceration during the study period.     

The optimal angle of the mediolateral episiotomy at crowning of the head during labor

Introduction and hypothesis

The aim of the mediolateral episiotomy incision is to increase the diameter of the soft tissue of the vaginal outlet to facilitate birth and to prevent vaginal tears. Episiotomy angles that are too narrow and close to the midline increase the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries. In order to determine the optimal angle of the episiotomy, we assessed the changes in the angles of episiotomy lines marked during the first stage of labor and measured at the time of crowning of the head.

Methods

Incision lines for mediolateral episiotomy were marked on the perineal skin at angles of 30°, 45°, and 60° from the midline during the first stage of labor in women with a singleton pregnancy. The angles of the marked lines were measured at crowning of the head. Mediolateral episiotomy was performed only for obstetric indications.

Results

The study included 102 women with a singleton pregnancy. Of these women, 50 were primiparous and 52 were multiparous. All angles marked during the first stage of labor increased significantly (by more than 30°) at crowning of the head. Similar changes were observed in primiparous and multiparous women.

Conclusions

The angle of the mediolateral episiotomy line was significantly greater at crowning of the head than when marked during the first stage of labor. To achieve the desired episiotomy angle, it is important to take into consideration the changes in mediolateral episiotomy angles that occur during labor.

     

Neuraxial labor analgesia is not an independent predictor of perineal lacerations after vaginal delivery of patients with intrauterine fetal demise

IntroductionThe role of neuraxial labor analgesia in perineal trauma following live births is controversial, and no studies have assessed the association in women delivering an intrauterine fetal demise. We evaluated the relationship between neuraxial labor analgesia and perineal laceration in these patients.MethodsThis was a retrospective case-control study of women with a diagnosis of fetal death after 20 weeks of gestation, a vaginal delivery, and an Apgar score of 0 at delivery, during the period from January 2007 through December 2015. The presence of a perineal laceration and its severity, graded from grade I to IV based on the 2014 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines, was recorded.ResultsA total of 329/422 (78%) patients received neuraxial, and 93/422 (22%) non-neuraxial, labor analgesia. A perineal laceration occurred in 23% in the neuraxial versus 10% in the non-neuraxial analgesia group, a difference of 13% (95% CI of difference 4% to 20%, P=0.005). After adjusting for confounder bias, greater birthweight (OR 4.22, 95% CI 3.00 to 5.92, P <0.001) and lower parity (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.82, P=0.009), but not neuraxial analgesia (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.47 to 3.57, P=0.61) were independent predictors of perineal laceration. The maintenance concentration of bupivacaine did not affect the rate of perineal injury.ConclusionsNeuraxial labor analgesia does not appear to be an independent risk for a perineal laceration in patients with intrauterine fetal demise. Our data suggests that the use of neuraxial analgesia should not raise concern about increased rates of perineal injury.     

产妇会阴侧切术后切口感染病原菌分布及相关因素

目的探讨产妇会阴侧切术后切口感染病原菌的分布特征,分析影响产妇会阴侧切切口感染的危险因素,为会阴侧切切口感染的防治提供依据。 方法选择2014年3月至2018年10月重庆市开州区人民医院产科收治的461例会阴侧切产妇为研究对象进行回顾性分析,依据细菌培养结果分为感染组（46例）和未感染组（415例）。统计会阴侧切后切口感染病原菌种类和构成比,采用Logistic非条件回归分析产妇会阴侧切切口感染的危险因素。 结果入组产妇会阴侧切切口感染率为9.98%（46/461）;共检出菌株43株,其中革兰阴性菌占53.49%（23/43）,革兰阳性菌占39.53%（17/43）。大肠埃希菌和表皮葡萄球菌为会阴侧切切口感染主要致病菌,检出率分别为25.58%和23.26%。54.35%（25/46）产妇存在两种或两种以上病原菌感染。单因素分析结果显示,产妇会阴侧切术后切口感染与产妇BMI、阴道产检次数、胎膜早破、产程、切口长度、助产士工作年限、术后住院时间、妊娠期合并糖尿病、生殖道感染有关（P均< 0.05）,而与产妇年龄、是否为初产妇、是否急诊分娩无关（P均> 0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,产妇BMI （OR = 2.282、95%CI：1.958～8.265、P < 0.001）、阴道产检次数（OR = 1.855、95%CI：1.065～4.682、P = 0.002）、胎膜早破（OR = 2.085、95%CI：1.730～7.165、P < 0.001）、生殖道感染（OR = 2.732、95%CI：2.015～10.562、P = 0.015）、妊娠期合并糖尿病（OR = 3.337、95%CI：2.356～12.526、P < 0.001）、产程（OR = 1.714、95%CI：1.305～4.928、P < 0.001）均为产妇会阴侧切切口感染的独立危险因素。 结论受多种因素影响,产妇会阴侧切切口感染发生率较高,大肠埃希菌和表皮葡萄球菌为主要致病菌。临床应对增加切口感染发生率的危险因素采取针对性措施进行干预,以降低会阴侧切术后切口感染的发生。