克山病患者血清细胞间粘附分子1的变化及与柯萨奇B组病毒感染的关系

目的 探讨克山病患者血清可溶性细胞间粘附分子1（sICAM-1）的水平变化及与柯萨奇B组病毒（Coxsackievirus B，CVB）感染的关系。方法 利用酶联免疫吸附法及间接酶联免疫吸附法分别测定22例慢型克山病患者、27例潜在型克山病患者、28例健康对照者血清中sICAM-1和CVB—IgM特异性抗体。结果 潜在型、慢型克山病患者血清中sICAM-1水平均明显高于健康对照者（q值分别为9．00、18、75，P〈0．01），慢型高于潜在型（q=10．15，P〈0．01）。慢型克山病患者心功能越差，血清中sICAM-1水平越高；克山病患者组CVB—IgM阳性率显著高于健康对照组（χ^2=5．13，P〈0．05）；克山病CVB—IgM（＋）患者血清sICAM-1水平显著高于CVB—IgM（-）患者（t=2．87，P〈0．01）。结论 sICAM-1在克山病的发生与发展中起重要作用，其升高可能与柯萨奇B组病毒感染有关：sICAM-1水平可作为评价慢型克山病患者心功能程度的重要指标。     

攀枝花市慢型与潜在型克山病患者多普勒超声检查分析

目的探讨攀枝花市慢型与潜在型克山病患者采用多普勒超声检查的效果。方法选取攀枝花市慢型克山病患者35例与潜在型克山病患者35例,分别作为慢型克山病组和潜在型克山病组;并且选择同期接受体检的健康人群35例作为对照组。对比三组心功能各项指标以及心电图超声情况。结果对照组LVM、LVMI、LVEF、Tei指数与潜在型克山病组、慢型克山病组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用多普勒彩色超声诊断慢性克山病和潜在型克山病需结合多项指标综合判断,从而提高鉴别诊断的准确率。     

克山病患者心输出量无创伤法测定的对比研究

目的掌握克山病患者心输出量的变化特点，加强克山病防治。方法将１１４名克山病患者按病情分成潜在型、慢型两组，应用阻抗心动图、超声心动图测定心排出量。结果阻抗心动图法测得心搏出量（ＳＶ），潜在型（７９．１９±１６．９３）ｍｌ／次，慢型（６６．１０±１９．４５）ｍｌ／次；超声心动图法测得ＳＶ，潜在型（５１．０４±１５．７０）ｍｌ／次，慢型（４１．３０±１４．７１）ｍｌ／次。结论２种无创伤性心输出量测定结果是一致的，进一步证实克山病是低搏出量心肌病，为克山病心功不全早期诊断提供了新的无创性方法。     

慢型、潜在型克山病患者的血管内皮功能观察

目的观察山东省慢型、潜在型克山病患者的临床特点和血管内皮功能,探讨机体内皮功能失调与克山病发生发展的关系。方法选择慢型、潜在型克山病患者57人、病区健康人34人,分别采集清晨空腹血检测ET、NO、NOS、iNOS及cNOS含量及活性。结果(1)克山病患者ET水平明显高于病区健康人(P<0.01);心功能越差,ET升高越明显(P<0.01);(2)NO和NOS含量,潜在型、慢型克山病均明显高于病区健康人(P<0.01);慢型高于潜在型(P<0.01);iN-OS含量克山病患者也高于病区健康人(P<0.05);慢型克山病高于潜在型克山病(P<0.05)。结论ET、NO水平的变化可能作为一种中间环节参与了克山病的发病机制;心功能不同,血浆ET、NO升高的程度也不同;ET、NO可作为克山病病情严重程度的预测指标。     

血清IgM型丙型肝炎抗体的临床意义

本文检测47例肝病患者血清IgM型丙型肝炎抗体(IgM抗HCV)和IgG型丙型肝炎抗体(IgG抗HCV)。IgG抗HCV阳性的9例急性肝炎、10例慢性肝炎、12例肝炎后肝硬化中IgM抗HCV阳性者分别为9例(100%)、8例(80.0%)及10例(83.3%),表明IgM抗HCV对丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染有早期诊断意义及提示预后的作用。20例输血后HCV感染者IgM抗HCV阳性或IgM与IgG抗HCV同时阳性,说明多次输血造成HCV反复感染,其中11例(55.0%)为HCV与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)重叠感染,提示乙型肝炎患者多次输血或血制品是造成HCV感染的一条重要途径。     

潜慢型克山病患者柯萨奇B组病毒特异性IgM的检测

目的研究柯萨奇Ｂ组病毒（ＣｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓＢ,ＣＶＢ）感染与克山病发病的关系。方法采用间接酶联免疫吸附法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对陕西省黄陵县克山病病区潜、慢型克山病患者血清ＣＶＢ１－６ＩｇＭ和ＣＶＢ１－６ＩｇＧ进行检测。结果①潜在型、慢型克山病组血清ＣＶＢ１－６ＩｇＭ抗体阳性率明显高于非病区健康对照组（２８．５７％ｖｓ７．５％,Ｐ＜０．０５）,但明显低于心肌炎组（６０．００％,Ｐ＜０．０５）。②潜、慢型克山病组血清ＣＶＢ１－６ＩｇＧ抗体阳性率明显高于非病区健康对照组（３８．１０％ｖｓ７．５％,Ｐ＜０．０５）,但与心肌炎组比较无明显差异。结论病区潜、慢型克山病患者有ＣＶＢ感染存在     

克山病与病毒性心肌炎患者血清中T_3、T_4的测定——克山病病毒病因的剖析

本文采用放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定克山病和病毒性心肌炎患者血清中三碘甲腺原氨酸(T_3)和甲状腺(T_4)的含量,同时采用免疫酶染色法检测患者血清中柯萨奇B组病毒的特异性抗体IgM,以克山病病区及非病区健康儿童做对照。结果发现:亚急型克山病患儿血清中T_4含量明显增高,而病毒性心肌炎、病区及非病区健康儿童血清T_4含量则无明显改变。克山病与病毒性心肌炎血清中T_3无改变;且两者CoxB组病毒IgM抗体阳性率大致相同,但前者T_4含量明显增高,表明克山病患者血清中T_4增高,与病毒感染无直接关系。     

人类白细胞抗原与克山病相关的研究

本文报告了甘肃省泾川地区的37例克山病患者 (潜在型30例,慢型7例)和33例健康对照者HLA-A,B位点30种抗原特异性测定的结果,未发现与克山病有关联的HLA抗原。     

2000-2004年全国克山病病情监测5年汇总分析

目的研究2000—2004年克山病患病及发病趋势。方法根据卫生行业标准《克山病监测》（WS／T78—1996）及《克山病诊断标准》（GB17021—1997）在12个省对监测点区居民进行普查和克山病发病相关因素调查。结果5年问潜在型、慢型克山病年均检出率分别为3．8％和0．8％。各监测点区共新发潜在型克山病113例．新发现慢型克山病29例。人均发硒0．305mg／kg，粮硒0．017mg／kg。结论部分克山病省区病情不清．病区粮硒仍属低硒水平，有新病例检出。克山病仍然是一个严重的地方性公共卫生问题。克山病控制的重点应包括规范监测工作．慢型克山病现患的治疗。     

潜在活动型慢型克山病和心肌梗塞病人血浆cAMP含量分析

本文采用竞争性蛋白结合法对潜在型慢型克山病和心肌梗塞病人血浆 c AMP 含量作了分析,并与克山病病区和非病区健康人作了对此。结果表明,潜在型、慢型克山病患者血浆cAMP 含量与病区和非病区健康人比较均无显著性差异:而心肌梗塞病人 cAMP 含量不但明显高于克山病病区与非病区健康人,而且高于潜在型和慢型克山病患者,经统计学检验,有显著性差异。     

A Novel Flavi-like Virus in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Crops along the Snake River Valley

Alfalfa is an important perennial forage crop in Idaho supporting dairy and cattle industries that is typically grown in the same field for as many as 4 years. Alfalfa stands of different ages were subjected to screening for viruses using high-throughput sequencing and RT-PCR. The two most common viruses found were alfalfa mosaic virus and bean leafroll virus, along with Medicago sativa amalgavirus, two alphapartitiviruses, and one deltapartitivirus. Additionally, a new flavi-like virus with an unusual genome organization was discovered, dubbed Snake River alfalfa virus (SRAV). The 11,745 nt, positive-sense (+) RNA genome of SRAV encodes a single 3835 aa polyprotein with only two identifiable conserved domains, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) and a predicted serine protease. Notably, unlike all +RNA virus genomes in the similar size range, the SRAV polyprotein contained no predicted helicase domain. In the RdRP phylogeny, SRAV was placed inside the flavi-like lineage as a sister clade to a branch consisting of hepaci-, and pegiviruses. To the best of our knowledge, SRAV is the first flavi-like virus identified in a plant host. Although commonly detected in alfalfa crops in southern Idaho, SRAV sequences were also amplified from thrips feeding in alfalfa stands in the area, suggesting a possible role of Frankliniella occidentalis in virus transmission.     

Epidemiology of Mosquito-Borne Viruses in Egypt: A Systematic Review

There are at least five common mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) recorded in Egypt, including dengue virus (DENV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), West Nile virus (WNV), Chikungunya virus, and Sindbis virus. Unexpected outbreaks caused by MBVs reflect the deficiencies of the MBV surveillance system in Egypt. This systematic review characterized the epidemiology of MBV prevalence in Egypt. Human, animal, and vector prevalence studies on MBVs in Egypt were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, and Bing Scholar, and 33 eligible studies were included for further analyses. The monophyletic characterization of the RVFV and WNV strains found in Egypt, which spans about half a century, suggests that both RVFV and WNV are widely transmitted in this nation. Moreover, the seropositive rates of DENV and WNV in hosts were on the rise in recent years, and spillover events of DENV and WNV to other countries from Egypt have been recorded. The common drawback for surveillance of MBVs in Egypt is the lack of seroprevalence studies on MBVs, especially in this century. It is necessary to evaluate endemic transmission risk, establish an early warning system for MBVs, and develop a sound joint system for medical care and public health for managing MBVs in Egypt.     

Clinical characteristics and distribution of genotypes of TT virus infection in a hepatitis C virus-hyperendemic township of a hepatitis B virus-endemic country (Taiwan)

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of TT virus (TTV) viremia, without definite clinical significance, has been reported to be higher among chronic hepatitis C patients. The status and clinical characteristics of TT virus (TTV) infection and distribution of TTV genotypes in a hepatitis C virus (HCV) hyperendemic township (Masago community) in a hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemic country (Taiwan) were investigated. METHODS: Sera from 100 Masago residents were tested for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and markers of HBV, HCV and GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) and TTV-DNA. Sera of 250 blood donors as a control group were tested for TTV-DNA. Sera of Masago residents and blood donors with positive TTV-DNA were directly sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were performed subsequently. RESULTS: The prevalences of TTV viremia in different age groups among individuals from Masago were significantly higher than that among blood donors. In regard to the subtypes of TTV, 23, seven, two, eight, one, six and one isolate were related to the genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, from Masago and 21, 14, one, nine and three isolates were related to the genotypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, and 4, respectively, from donors. No clinical or virological factor was associated with TTV viremia or TTV genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: TT Virus prevalence was higher among HCV hyperendemic township residents than blood donors with similar genotype distributions (genotype 1 was the most prevalent) in Taiwan. Neither TTV viremia nor a particular genotype was associated with HBV, HCV or GBV-C/HGV infection and abnormal ALT levels.     

临床肝病患者中庚型肝炎病毒(GBV-C/HGV)的感染

本文应用抗-HGV酶联免疫法(EIA)和逆转录套式聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测150份乙型、120份丙型、15份戊型和49份非甲-戊型肝炎患者血清。结果显示:乙肝、丙肝、戊肝和非甲-戊型肝炎患者中抗-HGV抗体的阳性率分别为22.0％(33/150)、25.0％(30/120)、33.3％(5/15)和40.1％(20/49)。其中乙型、丙型、戊型和非甲-戊型肝炎的抗-HGV抗体阳性者中,HGV RNA的阳性率分别为58.3％(7/12)、60.0％(6/10)、40.0％(2/5)和45.5％(9/12)。说明GBV-C/HGV可与HBV、HCV或HEV合并感染,该病毒可能引起临床型肝炎。     

{alpha}V{beta}3-integrin routes herpes simplex virus to an entry pathway dependent on cholesterol-rich lipid rafts and dynamin2

HSVs enter cells in a receptor-dependent [nectin1 or herpesviruses entry mediator (HVEM)] fashion by fusion of the viral envelope with plasma membrane (neutral pH compartment), by endocytosis into neutral or acidic compartments, or by macropinocytosis/phagocytosis. The cellular determinants of the route of entry are unknown. Here, we asked what cellular factors determine the pathway of HSV entry. CHO cells lack β(3)-integrin and the respective α-subunits' heterodimers. We report that, in the absence of α(V)β(3)-integrin, HSV enters CHO-nectin1 cells through a pathway independent of cholesterol-rich rafts and dynamin2. In the presence of α(V)β(3)-integrin, HSV enters CHO-nectin1 cells through a pathway dependent on cholesterol-rich rafts and dynamin2. HSV enters J-nectin1 and 293T cells through a neutral compartment independent of cholesterol-rich rafts and dynamin2. α(V)β(3)-integrin overexpression in these cells modifies the route of entry to an acidic compartment dependent on cholesterol-rich rafts and dynamin2, hence similar to that in α(V)β(3)-integrin-positive CHO-nectin1 cells. In some cells, the diversion of entry from an integrin- and raft-independent pathway to an acidic compartment requiring cholesterol-rich lipids rafts and dynamin2 is irreversible. Indeed, HSV cannot infect CHO-nectin1-α(V)β(3) cells through any compartment when the αvβ3-integrin-dependent pathway is blocked by anti-integrin antibody, anti-dynamin2, or anti-acidification drugs. We conclude that the αvβ3-integrin is a determinant in the choice of HSV entry pathway into cells. Because the pathway dictated by αvβ3-integrin is through lipid rafts, the platforms for a number of Toll-like receptors, current findings raise the possibility that αvβ3-integrin acts as a sentinel of innate immunity.     

Selection of HSV capsids for envelopment involves interaction between capsid surface components pUL31, pUL17, and pUL25

During egress from the nucleus, HSV capsids that contain DNA (termed C capsids) are preferentially enveloped at the inner nuclear membrane over capsid types lacking DNA. Using coimmunoprecipitation and biochemical analyses of wild-type and mutant capsids, we identify an interaction between a complex of pU(L)17/pU(L)25, termed the C capsid-specific complex (CCSC), and pU(L)31, a component of the nuclear egress complex (NEC). We also show that the interactions between these components are dependent on expression of all three proteins but occur independently of the pU(L)31 interacting protein and NEC component pU(L)34, as well as a kinase encoded by U(S)3 that phosphorylates both pU(L)31 and pU(L)34. The interaction between the CCSC and pU(L)31 in the NEC suggests a mechanism to conserve viral resources by promoting assembly of only those viral particles with the potential to become infectious.     

2665例急性上呼吸道感染患儿的病原学及临床特征

目的 分析急性上呼吸道感染儿童患者的病原学及临床特征。方法 以南方医科大学珠江医院2009年11月至2015年9月收治的2 665例急性上呼吸道感染儿童为研究对象,采用qRT-PCR方法检测临床上常见的8种呼吸道病毒(流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒、腺病毒、人类博卡病毒、人类冠状病毒、人类偏肺病毒、鼻病毒)。结果 共检测患儿标本2 665份,其中阳性标本1 566份,总阳性率为58.8%。四个季节中8种呼吸道病毒检出率存在明显差异,并以春季最高,夏冬季次之,秋季最低。儿童呼吸道病毒感染率随着年龄增加而逐渐降低,并以0~1岁婴幼儿病毒检出率最高64.5%。男童呼吸道病毒感染率高于女童,住院患儿呼吸道病毒检出率高于门诊患儿。混合感染标本260份,占阳性标本数的16.6%,主要集中于0~3岁儿童患者标本中,并因季节而异,秋冬季节较少,而春夏季节较为普遍。咳嗽为呼吸道病毒感染的主要临床症状,咳痰和流涕次之,临床症状在8种呼吸道病毒感染患儿中存在差异。结论 本调查分析了急性上呼吸道感染患儿中8种常见呼吸道病毒的病原学及临床特征,为指导临床治疗及防控提供相关数据。     

各型肝炎病毒单纯及重叠感染的研究

目的 探讨病毒性肝炎患者甲～戊，庚型肝炎病毒(HAV-HEV，HGV)单纯感染及重叠感染情况。方法 采用EIA法检测病毒性肝炎患者血清抗-HAV IgM，HBV标志物、抗-HCV IgM、抗-HDV IgM、抗-HEV IgM、抗-HGV IgM。结果 共检测210例病毒性肝炎患者HAV-HEV、HGV血清标志物，20例未检出(9．5％)，190例患者检出标志物阳性(90．5％)。HBV感染率89，5％(188／210，其中有34例为既往感染，占16．2％，现症感染154例，占73．3％)；HAV感染率29．0％(61／210)，HCV、HDV感染率均为8．1％(17／210)、HEV、HGV感染率依次为10．0％(21／210)、7．1％(15／210)。各临床类型中单纯感染占61．4％(129／210)，二重感染占32．4％(68／210)，以HAV HBV、HBV HDV、HBV HEV感染模式最常见，三重感染占6．2％(13／210)，以HAV HBV HDV感染模式最常见；临床上以肝炎肝硬化、重型肝炎重叠感染常见，急性肝炎最少见。结论 病毒性肝炎中HBV感染最常见，其次为HAV感染；单纯感染、二重感染多见，三重感染少见；重叠感染发生率随病情加重而增加。     

Cross-Reactive Immunity among Five Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses Related to Human Diseases

Flaviviruses cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases. Most flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks and are widely distributed all over the world. Among them, several mosquito-borne flaviviruses are co-epidemic, and the similarity of their antigenicity creates abundant cross-reactive immune responses which complicate their prevention and control. At present, only effective vaccines against yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis have been used clinically, while the optimal vaccines against other flavivirus diseases are still under development. The antibody-dependent enhancement generated by cross-reactive immune responses against different serotypes of dengue virus makes the development of the dengue fever vaccine a bottleneck. It has been proposed that the cross-reactive immunity elicited by prior infection of mosquito-borne flavivirus could also affect the outcome of the subsequent infection of heterologous flavivirus. In this review, we focused on five medically important flaviviruses, and rearranged and recapitulated their cross-reactive immunity in detail from the perspectives of serological experiments in vitro, animal experiments in vivo, and human cohort studies. We look forward to providing references and new insights for the research of flavivirus vaccines and specific prevention.