三尖瓣返流与冠状动脉狭窄关系的彩色多普勒研究

目的　探讨三尖瓣返流与冠状动脉狭窄的关系。方法　应用彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)与冠状动脉造影 ,对照分析 98例冠心病患者三尖瓣返流情况以及与冠状动脉狭窄的关系。结果　右冠状动脉狭窄者多伴有不同程度的三尖瓣返流 ,均为异常返流 ;左冠状动脉狭窄者三尖瓣返流符合生理性返流 ,二者差异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　三尖瓣病理性返流可以作为诊断右冠状动脉狭窄 ,提示右室心肌缺血的指标之一。     

二维斑点追踪技术评估三尖瓣反流患者右心室功能的初步研究

目的: 探讨二维斑点追踪技术在评价不同程度三尖瓣反流患者右心室功能中的价值。方法: 选取2021年3月-2021年12月在弋矶山医院超声科确诊为TR的患者78例及健康志愿者39例,共117例,将患者分为非显著TR组39例和显著TR组39例。经胸超声心动图获取常规超声数据,即Tei指数、TAPSE、RVFAC、IVA、S’、右心室基底段内径、右心室中间段内径、右心室长轴内径、三尖瓣环舒张末期直径、TAC及右房面积,其次应用2D-STI获取RVGLS,比较上述各组参数的差异。结果: 三组RVGLS值相比,显著TR组最大,非显著TR组其次,正常对照组最小,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;三组Tei指数、TAPSE、RVFAC,显著TR组与非显著TR组及正常对照组相比,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;三组右心室基底段、中间段、长轴内径及三尖瓣环舒张末期直径相比,显著TR组较非显著TR组及正常对照组降低,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;三组TAC相比,显著TR组最小,非显著TR组其次,正常对照组最大,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;RVGLS与反流颈及反流面积呈正相关（r分别为0.643、0.723）,RVGLS与TAC呈负相关（r为-0.573）,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。利用ROC曲线确定RVGLS＞-20%的临界值为反流面积≥6.365cm2、反流颈宽度≥3.15mm,敏感度分别为94.3%、91.4%,特异度为86%、 86%。结论：非显著TR患者右心室功能已经受损,显著TR患者右心室功能受损进一步加重,2D-STI作为一项新技术可以早期发现右心室功能的变化,且反流面积及缩流颈宽度与RVGLS显著相关,期待成为临床早期诊疗的参考指标。     

置入成形环的三尖瓣成形术中远期效果观察

目的 观察总结置入人工成形环的三尖瓣成形方法的临床中、远期效果.方法 2001年9月至2008年9月我院收治合并左心系统瓣膜病变的功能性三尖瓣关闭不全(TR)277例,行左心瓣膜手术时同期行三尖瓣成形术:其中采用单纯缝线瓣环(不上环)成形、不置入成形环的共203例,置入人工成形环的共74例;同期所行左心瓣膜手术包括二尖瓣置换(MVR)146例、二尖瓣成形(MVP)31例、MVR+主动脉瓣置换(AVR)81例,冠状动脉旁路移植(CABG)+MVR 8例、CABG+MVP 11例.观察比较术后1.5年及3.5年2组患者的临床及心脏超声随访资料.结果 所有病例都完成1.5年随访;共有245例(89.9%)完成长期随访(3.5年或以上).术后1.5年随访发现中度以下再发性TR 2组差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.3128,P=0.26),中重度者上环组明显低于非上环组(χ2=5.8159,P=0.023).远期随访发现上环组无TR比率明显高于非上环组[上环组25%(16/64),非上环组15%(27/181,χ2=4.9328,P=0.036],发展为中度以上TR的比率非上环组显著地高于上环组[非上环组34%(62/181),上环组10%(6/64),χ2=7.9120,P=0.005].组内两个时间段相比,非上环组TR进展明显增快[随访1.5年18%(36/197),3.5年34%(62/181),χ2=2.1327,P=0.016],而上环组相对稳定[随访1.5年7%(5/64),3.5年10%(6/60),χ2=0.3964,P=0.62].结论 置入成形环的三尖瓣成形术的临床中、远期效果明显好于单纯缝线成形术.对于功能性TR的处理应持更加积极的态度,而且应尽量采用人工瓣环置入的方法进行三尖瓣缩环成形.     

三维超声心动图对肺心病患者心功能的研究

三维超声心动图（３ＤＥ）检测心功能参数是根据心脏腔的实际形状而无需假设几何模型。目前３ＤＥ局限于左心功能的研究，时右心室研究极少，国内尚无报告。慢性肺原性心脏病是首先累及右心功能的常见病之一，故而，本文用３ＤＥ研究慢性肺心病患者的右心功能，一是探索３ＤＥ应用于右心室的临床价值，二是对肺心病患者的心功能做个初步的观察。本文首先用３ＤＥ计算肺心病患者的ＲＶＥＦ并与ＳＰＥＣＴ进行核素心功能测定的ＲＶＥＦ比较，两法相关较好（γ＝０．８６）。在此基础上，测定以下几项功能参数：（１）用３ＤＥ检测肺心病患者、正常人的右室容量及ＲＶＥＦ，与正常人相比，肺心病患者的ＥＳＶ明显增大，ＳＶ及ＲＶＥＦ降低；（２）用３ＤＥ检测右室游离壁体积，肺心病患者的该指标较正常人增大；（３）用３ＤＥ检测右室节段收缩率，结果表明肺心病患者的右室收缩功能减低为整个心肌收缩力降低而非节段性心肌功能减弱；（４）用３ＤＥ检测左室容量及ＬＶＥＦ，肺心病患者的ＥＤＶ、ＳＶ及ＬＶＥＦ均明显低于正常组。根据上述结果，本文认为３ＤＥ应用于右心室功能测定是目前比较直接、可靠而实用的床边检查方法。     

三尖瓣环部多普勒超声频谱图评估右心室收缩及舒张功能

目的：采用低频多普勒超声对70例右心室功能异常的心脏病患者进行三尖瓣环收缩期和舒张期低频多普勒运动频谱记录,并与40例正常人的低频多普勒运动频谱参数进行了比较。部分病人进行了三尖瓣环运动频谱测值与右心导管压力参数相关性的比较。结果：三尖瓣环运动频谱图参数能够反映不同病理状态下三尖瓣环运动的变化,其运动变化频谱参数收缩期峰值流速（C－V）和流速时间积分（C－VTI）、舒张早期与晚期的流速比值（A－V／E－V）、舒张晚期流速时间积分与舒张期总流速时间积分之比值（A－VTI／VTIt)与右心室的收缩、舒张功能指标显著相关。结论：三尖瓣环运动频谱能够反映右心室收缩与舒张功能的改变。     

实时三维超声心动图对右心室功能及三尖瓣环运动的评价

目的：应用实时三维超声心动图检查分析三尖瓣环运动和右室收缩功能的关系。方法：２７例包括健康志愿者１４例,接受心脏移植术后患者７例,扩张型心肌病３例,冠心病２例,先天性心脏病１例,所有实验对象均接受三维超声检查。将采集的实时三维图像转移至计算机图像分析仪上,从心尖将右心室三维图像沿右室长轴分布９个切面（每个切面间隔２０度）。在舒张末期及收缩人末期分别标定出三尖瓣环三维空间位置。计算机描绘并测量出不同     

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the assessment of tricuspid regurgitation

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography is a noninvasive method with high sensitivity and specificity for the assessment of tricuspid regurgitation. In patients with tricuspid regurgitation, pansystolic unusual Doppler signals are detected in the right atrial cavity, which are interpreted as tricuspid regurgitant flow signals. They distributed in a spindle-shaped area from the tricuspid orifice toward the right atrial posterior wall in parallel with the interatrial septum. The orientation of the range where the regurgitant Doppler signals are detected in the right atrial cavity shows the direction of the regurgitant jet. However, such a result is determined mainly in patients with functional tricuspid regurgitation. In regard to patients with organic tricuspid lesion, different considerations may be necessary. Semiquantitative grading of the severity of regurgitation is possible, based on the distance covered by the regurgitant signals from the tricuspid orifice. Tricuspid regurgitation is demonstrated also by contrast echocardiography. The severity is graded based on the distance reached by regurgitant curvilinear contrast echoes from the tricuspid valve in the M-mode echocardiography. If the ultrasound beam is adequately directed through the tricuspid orifice, the grade estimated by the contrast echoes are well correlated with that by the Doppler. However, if the M-mode is performed without the guide by the two-dimensional image, it may miss the most adequate beam direction for the observation, resulting in underestimating severity. The influences of tricuspid regurgitation are generally seen in the flow pattern of the major veins. However, they are more sharply reflected by the flow condition in the right atrial cavity than by the flows patterns in the major veins.     

膜周部室间隔缺损合并三尖瓣返流的超声心动图表现

目的通过超声心动图观察膜周部室间隔缺损(室缺)合并三尖瓣返流的超声表现,探讨三尖瓣返流的发生机制。方法本组60例膜周部室间隔缺损合并三尖瓣返流病例,应用超声心动图观察室缺周围组织与三尖瓣返流的关系,在彩色多普勒模式下应用Simpson’s法测量三尖瓣返流量的长度、面积、容积。结果4种不同的机制导致了膜周部室缺合并的三尖瓣返流。结论彩色多普勒超声心动图是观测三尖瓣返流的理想方法,为治疗提供良好术前诊断信息。     

超声心动图对经导管三尖瓣置换的效果评价

目的 应用超声心动图评价经导管三尖瓣置换术(TTVI)的效果.方法 选择行TTVI的三尖瓣膜病变患者,记录患者的一般资料、术前合并症、操作成功率、临床总成功率及随访结果.比较分析患者的术前及术后的三尖瓣反流缩流颈、有效反流口半径、有效反流口面积、脉冲多普勒瓣环收缩期峰值速度、三尖瓣环平面收缩位移、左心室射血分数等超声心...     

Relationship between the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and right and left ventricular function in critically ill patients

Objective Echocardiographic recording of the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) has been recommended for assessing right ventricular function in cardiac patients. The ability of TAPSE to reflect right ventricular function at baseline and to monitor acute changes in right ventricular function was tested in critically ill patients. Design Prospective study. Setting A 24-bed medical intensive care unit. Patients Eighty-six patients admitted for acute respiratory failure, circulatory failure, or coma. Interventions In 40 patients, the examination was repeated after volume expansion (n = 15), passive leg raising (n = 5), or dobutamine infusion (n = 20). Measurements and results The right ventricular fractional area change, TAPSE, the left ventricular ejection fraction, and the ratio of right to left ventricular end-diastolic area were measured using Doppler echocardiography. In the overall population, TAPSE (19 ± 5 mm) was positively related to left ventricular ejection fraction (r ² = 0.31, p < 0.001) and right ventricular fractional area change and was negatively related to age and to the ratio of right to left ventricular end-diastolic area. Multivariate analysis indicated that only left ventricular ejection fraction and agewere independently related toTAPSE (multiple r ² = 0.36, p < 0.001). Following dynamic interventions, the changes in TAPSE were linearly related to changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (r ² = 0.65, p < 0.01) but notto changes in the right ventricular fractional area change. Conclusions Unexpectedly, TAPSE was more strongly related to left ventricular ejection fraction than to indices of right ventricular function in critically ill patients. The potential interest of TAPSE as a dynamic marker of left ventricular systolic function deserves further study.     

PEEP-induced tricuspid regurgitation

Objective : To determine the presence of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in patients affected by acute lung injury (ALI) and the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) during mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Design: A prospective clinical study. Setting: 10-bed general intensive care unit in a University Hospital. Patients: 7 consecutive patients an age 44.7 ± 8.6 years with a diagnosis of ALI or ARDS were studied. All were on mechanical ventilation with PEEP. Interventions: PEEP was increased in steps of 5 cm H₂O until the appearance of TR or up to a limit of 20 cm H₂O. Measurements and results: Right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and wedge pressure were measured and cardiac output was determined by thermodilution. TR was graded from 0 to 3. Standard 2D echocardiographic and pulsed-wave images were obtained at each level of PEEP. PEEP was increased from 4 ± 3 to 17 ± 2 cm H₂O. Mean PAP increased from 27.7 ± 2.9 to 36.7 ± 3.5 mm Hg (p < 0.02) when PEEP was increased. Five patients had competent valves and two had mild TR at baseline. In six out of the seven, TR either developed or increased when PEEP was increased. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the development of TR after the use of PEEP in patients with ALI and ARDS as a consequence of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular overloading. Since TR may randomly affect cardiac output values and derived parameters, the assessment of cardiac performance by some techniques such as thermodilution should be used with caution. Received: 3 December 1996 Acepted: 5 May 1997     

多普勒组织成像评价肺动脉高压患者右室心功能应用

目的:应用多普勒组织成像技术(Doppler tissue imaging,DTI)测定肺动脉高压(Pulmonary hypertension,PHT)患者的三尖瓣环运动频普,探讨其评价右室心功能的价值。材料与方法:常规超声心动图检查28例PHT组及32例健康对照组,并检测三尖瓣口舒张早期速度(E)、舒张晚期速度(A),DTI检测三尖瓣环的收缩期峰值速度(Sa)、舒张早期速度(Ea)、舒张晚期速度(Aa),计算E/A、Ea/Aa,并对两组参数进行比较。结果:PHT组三尖瓣环及瓣口Sa、Ea、Ea/Aa及E/A均减低(P0.05),Ea/Aa更为明显(P0.01),Aa高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:应用DTI测定三尖瓣环运动,可以敏感地反映PHT患者右室功能的变化,是评价右室整体功能的较好指标。     

Tricuspid regurgitation: when is it time for surgery?

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The interest in tricuspid regurgitation (TR) surgical treatment has grown in the last years, mostly motivated by the trend for early intervention and the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Despite this, there is still a lack of evidence regarding when to intervene in functional tricuspid regurgitation outside the context of left-sided valve surgery and when is the best time to approach primary tricuspid regurgitation.

Areas covered: Herein, we present the state-of-the-art in tricuspid regurgitation surgical intervention, covering indications, optimum time, surgical options, and outcomes, as well as the role of transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention in the current era.

Expert opinion: Current evidence support that the indications and timing of tricuspid valve invasive management should be centered on a range of factors, including patients’ characteristics, disease stage, and anatomical considerations. Early intervention, before severe right ventricle dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension, seems to results in better postoperative outcomes. Transcatheter techniques are arising as potential alternatives for inoperable and high-risk patients.     

继发性三尖瓣反流危险因素的Meta分析

目的 应用Meta分析方法探讨左心瓣膜术（左心瓣膜置换或成形术,未同期行三尖瓣手术）术后继发性三尖瓣反流（TR）的危险因素,为指导临床诊治提供依据。方法 计算机检索PubMed、MEDLINE、CBM、CNKI、VIP等,纳入1995～2012年间有关左心瓣膜术后继发性三尖瓣反流危险因素的文献。根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献,提取资料和评价质量后采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入6篇文献,合计病例组437例,对照组2 102例。Meta分析结果显示以下因素与左心瓣膜术后三尖瓣反流进行性加重相关：术前房颤［OR=3.90,95%CI（3.00,5.07）］、校正后术前房颤［OR=3.04,95%CI（2.21,4.16）］、年龄［MD=5.36,95%CI（3.49,7.23）］、大左房［OR=5.17,95%CI（3.12,8.57）］或左房内径［MD=4.85,95%CI（3.18,6.53）］、校正后大左房［OR=1.91,95%CI（1.49,2.44）］、左心功能减低［OR=2.97,95%CI（1.73,5.08）］、风湿性病变［OR=3.06,95%CI（1.66,4.68）］、术前中度及以上TR［OR=3.52,95%CI（1.26,9.89）］和二尖瓣置换术（MVR）［OR= 2.35,95%CI（1.68,3.30）］。而性别［OR=1.54,95%CI（0.94,2.52）］,术前肺动脉高压［OR=1.28,95%CI（0.77,2.12）］与左心瓣膜术后TR进行性加重不相关。结论 影响左心瓣膜术后TR的危险因素包括术前房颤、年龄、大左房或左房内径、左心功能减低、风湿性病变、术前中度及以上TR、二尖瓣置换术。了解这些危险因素对防治左心瓣膜术后TR的远期疗效有一定指导意义。     

近场射流宽度在评价三尖瓣返流中的应用探讨

本文观察了39例三尖瓣返流患者的彩色返流束，根据返流束是否偏心分为中心返流组（A组）和偏心返流组（B组），并把两组返流束大小参数同多普勒法计算的每搏返流流率进行相关分析。结果发现，近场射流宽度与三尖瓣返流流率间在A、B两组均呈良好相关（r＝0.75，和0.71，P＜0.05），返流束长度及面积在A组与运流流率间呈中度相关（r＝0.58，和0.54，P＜0.05），而在B组则无明显相关（P＞0.05）。结论：（1）近场射流宽度可以较准确地评价三尖瓣返流程度;（2）在偏心三尖瓣返流时彩色返流束长度和面积低估返流程度。     

风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣返流的再手术治疗

目的分析风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后再发三尖瓣返流（TR）患者的临床特点、外科手术方法和疗效,总结围手术期处理经验。方法2000年1月至2011年12月,17例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后再发三尖瓣返流的患者在我院接受单纯再次三尖瓣手术,行三尖瓣成形术10例,包括单纯DeVega成形术1例、瓣叶成形＋人工瓣环成形9例;行三尖瓣置换术7例,其中置换生物瓣4例,双叶机械瓣3例,回顾性分析其临床表现、诊治经过和预后情况。结果术后早期死亡1例（5．88％,1／17）,死于术后左心功能衰竭。术后发生低心排血量综合征3例,肾功能不全2例,呼吸功能不全2例,均成功救治。随访14例,随访时间3～9年,心功能I级2例,Ⅱ级8例,Ⅲ级4例。失访2例。结论对风湿性心脏病二尖瓣置换术后三尖瓣返流患者再手术治疗效果较好,合理掌握手术指征、手术时机和良好的围手术期处理是提高手术成功率的关键。     

Correlation of right ventricular ejection fraction and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion in tetralogy of Fallot by magnetic resonance imaging

The correlation between right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) by two-dimensional (2-D) echo has been repeatedly validated, but not by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nor in patients with congenital heart disease. We tested whether TAPSE measurements by MRI correlate with RVEF in surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients. TAPSE was measured from systolic displacement of the RV-freewall/tricuspid annular plane junction in the apical 4-chamber view in 7 normal subjects and 14 TOF patients. The RV was reconstructed in 3-D from manually traced borders on MR images to compute true EF. Because we previously observed discrepancy between TAPSE and RVEF in the presence of regional dysfunction, we also analyzed RV wall motion in terms of regional stroke volume at 20 short axis slices from apex to tricuspid annulus. RVEF was 52 ± 3% in normal subjects and 41 ± 9% in TOF (P < 0.01). TAPSE correlated weakly (r = 0.50, P < 0.05) with RVEF. TOF patients exhibited increased regional stroke volume from apical portions of the RV and decreased regional stroke volume at the base compared to normal (P < 0.05 at 15 of 20 slices). Regional stroke volume in apical slices correlated inversely with RVEF such that patients with higher apical stroke volume had lower RVEF (P < 0.05). TAPSE is not a reliable measure of RVEF in TOF by MRI. TAPSE may be of limited use in conditions that exhibit abnormal regional contraction.