中国脑血管病临床管理指南（节选版）——卒中康复管理

<正>循证医学证实,康复是降低卒中致残率最有效的方法,也是卒中组织化管理模式中不可或缺的关键环节。现代康复理论和实践证明,有效的康复训练能够减轻患者功能上的残疾,提高患者的满意度,加速卒中的康复进程,降低潜在的护理费用,节约社会资源。卒中康复指南最重要的目的是为康复治疗的实施和评价提供科学证据和基础,规范卒中康复的治疗行为,帮助医疗机构按照循证医学支持的治疗方案进行操作,提高康复疗效。     

重症肌无力的治疗:循证与辨证

通过1例重症肌无力(MG)患者的病情分析,提出临床处理需要解决的问题,并对比有关MG治疗的循证医学证据和指南与实际治疗之间存在的差距。经过比较,发现现有的循证医学证据不足以充分解决MG的治疗问题。以上分析提示我们重症肌无力的治疗需要结合循证医学证据,但更需要在充分理解病理生理学的基础上给予合理的治疗。     

卒中早期康复研究进展

卒中具有高致残率的特点，70%～80%的患者存在卒中后功能障碍，康复是降低卒中后 功能障碍非常有效的方法。卒中后早期康复试验证据较少，卒中后开展康复的最佳时间仍然不确定。 尽管证据仍不充足，但是越来越多证据显示卒中后前2周内开展康复治疗是有益的。本文就卒中康复 相关机制及卒中后早期康复循证医学证据方面进行了综述。     

急性卒中早期降压治疗的研究进展

长期以来,关于将急性卒中患者的血压控制在较高水平还是较低水平一直存在争议,本文从急性卒中时的脑血流与血压变化入手,参考2009年最新高血压及卒中诊治指南的相关内容,结合近期循证医学证据,就急性卒中早期降压治疗的相关问题做一综述。     

轻型脑梗死的溶栓治疗

循证医学证据表明溶栓治疗是当前急性脑梗死最有效的治疗方法,然而由于各种禁忌症,许多在时间窗内到达医院的急性脑梗死患者未能接受溶栓治疗。轻型卒中是最常见的原因之一。但近年来,越来越多的证据表明轻型卒中患者也可以受益于溶栓治疗。本文就轻型卒中的概念、病因、病理生理、治疗现状,特别是轻型卒中溶栓治疗的临床研究等进行综述。     

卒中溶栓规范化管理：特殊临床状态的rt-PA溶栓治疗

在我国，由于缺乏循证医学证据，卒中急性期患者的溶栓治疗方案基本上是参考国外相关指南确定的，其是否适合国人尚无科学依据。另一方面，临床工作中存在的一些模糊或尚无定论的问题需要深入探讨、得出结论以造福患者。本文就这些问题作一简要综述以期达到抛砖引玉的效果。     

卒中患者吞咽障碍和营养管理的中国专家共识（2013版）

卒中后吞咽障碍及营养不良是卒中常见的并发症,显著增加卒中患者的病死率,严重影 响卒中患者生活质量,并延长住院时间,增加治疗费用。自2007年《中国卒中患者营养管理的专家共 识》（以下简称共识）[1]颁布以来,临床医生逐渐增加了对卒中患者吞咽障碍及营养风险管理的意识, 但临床实践中还存在诸多实际困难和认识误区。在前期工作的基础上,结合新近发表的循证医学证 据和国际指南,并结合中国国情及医疗现状,对旧版《共识》进行修订,并更名为《卒中患者吞咽障 碍和营养管理的中国专家共识》,以期提高临床医生的认识水平,进一步规范临床实践。本共识的 推荐意见分级采用牛津循证医学中心临床证据水平分级和推荐级别（表1）[2]。     

卒中相关睡眠障碍评估与管理中国专家共识2023

卒中相关睡眠障碍（stroke-related sleep disorders,SSD）是卒中后常见症状,且易被忽视。2019年,北京神经内科学会联合相关专业学会及相关领域专家制定并发表了《卒中相关睡眠障碍评估与管理中国专家共识》。北京神经内科学会汇集各方意见和建议,结合最新临床研究成果,完成了“共识”2023年更新版。2023版“共识”主要聚焦有循证医学证据的SSD评估及治疗方法的新进展,并增加了一些循证证据较少的睡眠障碍亚型治疗方面的专家推荐意见,增加其临床实用性及可操作性,有效指导临床医师规范诊疗SSD。     

专题综述:卒中的监测和流行病学研究

正编者按卒中是威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一,高发病率、高死亡率和高致残率给全球带来沉重的疾病负担。卒中监测对于长期、动态地了解其发病和病死原因以及死亡和疾病负担水平及其发展趋势,为卒中的防控提供循证医学证据,对于卫生部门决策者制订有效的防治防控策略、评价防治效果具有非常重要的意义。目前,国际     

卒中后痫性发作及卒中后癫痫研究现状与进展

卒中后痫性发作和卒中后癫痫的定义尚不统一,流行病学研究显示其发生率在卒中患者中 为3%～30%,对卒中患者的预后有一定的影响。针对卒中后痫性发作和卒中后癫痫的治疗有卒中的治 疗和二级预防以及抗癫痫药物治疗,有的研究显示新型抗癫痫药物的治疗效果优于传统药物,他汀 类药物也可能降低其发生率。目前尚缺乏关于卒中后痫性发作和癫痫的诊疗共识或指南,亟待进一步 研究为其提供循证医学证据。     

Mental illness in England,in Scotland and in Scots living in England

Summary Beginning from the observation that Scots living in England have much higher rates of mental hospital admission than do the English, several hypotheses are proposed to account for this. Much of the excess in rates of mental illness is accounted for by those diagnosed as having alcohol-related disorders and behaviour and personality problems. The results of an examination of offical statistics in the two countries enabled some explanations to be offered. It was found that rates of admissions to mental hospitals are higher in Scotland than in England but not as high as those found among Scots migrants who have a much higher rate of readmission to hospitals than either of the other groups. In fact, if first admissions only are considered the rates of admission in Scotland are not only higher than rates for English natives but also higher than for Scottish migrants. It seems that Scots living in England are somewhat less likely to become mental patients than Scots in Scotland but that once they do achieve this status they are very much more likely to be readmitted on subsequent occasions. It was concluded that there might be two fairly distinct groups of migrants from Scotland to England who have different backgrounds, different reasons for migrating and different psychological characteristics. On the one hand there are stable, economically motivated migrants who move south for definite employment related reasons and who show few psychological symptoms. While on the other hand there is a group of migrants who perhaps have psychological problems and who move more in hope than expectation without definite prospects and who account for the high rates of mental hospital admission found in Scottish migrants.     

Prostacyclin release in the coronary circulation during sustained stimulation in in vitro and in in vivo experimental systems

Prostacyclin release from rat isolated perfused hearts and from dog coronary circulation was studied by measuring immunoreactive 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1a) in heart perfusate and in plasma obtained from the great cardiac vein respectively. Continuous infusion of arachidonic acid at constant concentration in isolated perfused hearts induced an increased prostacyclin release. This release showed a rapid peak within 10 min and a subsequent decrease. Low-flow ischemia induced an increased perfusate concentration of 6-keto-PGF1a but, considering the decreased flow, prostacyclin release was actually reduced. During the whole period of ischemia (60 min) prostacyclin release was constant. In open-chest anesthetized dogs 6-keto-PGF1a concentration in the great cardiac vein was increased after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. A prolonged period of coronary occlusion (4.5 hours) resulted in a progressive rise of prostacyclin release. 6-keto-PGF1a determinations in the femoral vein and in the aorta did not show relevant variations during the observation period.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

神经介入：回眸2022

<正>2022年,国际上公布了多项大型神经介入领域的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）结果,在血管内治疗（endovascular treatment,EVT）急性大血管闭塞（large vessel occlusion,LVO）适应证的扩展、药物治疗、管理,症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄（symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,sICAS）治疗,无症状性颈动脉狭窄治疗,     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166