Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?

BACKGROUND: Hyperlexia is the phenomenon of spontaneous and precocious mastery of single-word reading that has been of interest to clinicians and researchers since the beginning of the last century. METHODS: An extensive search of publications on the subject of hyperlexia was undertaken and all available publications were reviewed. RESULTS: The literature can be subdivided into discussions of the following issues: (1) whether hyperlexia is a phenomenon that is characteristic only of specific clinical populations (e.g., children with developmental delays) or whether it can also be observed in the general population; (2) whether hyperlexia is a distinct syndrome comorbid with a number of different disorders or whether it is a part of the spectrum of some other clinical condition(s); (3) whether hyperlexia should be defined through single-word reading superiority with regard to reading comprehension, vocabulary, general intelligence, any combination of the three, or all three characteristics; (4) whether there is a specific neuropsychological profile associated with hyperlexia; (5) whether hyperlexia is characterized by a particular developmental profile; and (6) whether hyperlexia should be viewed as a disability (deficit) or superability (talent). CONCLUSIONS: We interpret the literature as supporting the view that hyperlexia is a superability demonstrated by a very specific group of individuals with developmental disorders (defined through unexpected single-word reading in the context of otherwise suppressed intellectual functioning) rather than as a disability exhibited by a portion of the general population (defined through a discrepancy between levels of single-word reading and comprehension). We simultaneously argue, however, that multifaceted and multi-methodological approaches to studying the phenomenon of hyperlexia, defined within the research framework of understanding single-word reading, are warranted and encouraged.     

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婴儿胆汁淤积是婴儿时期的常见疾病,由多种病因引起,兹就其发病机制和诊断思路介绍如下. 1 婴儿胆汁淤积和淤胆性肝病 1.1 什么是婴儿胆汁淤积(cholestasis in infancy)胆汁是人体的重要消化液.     

专家点评:

本文报道的阴沟肠杆菌感染致新生儿颅腔积气的病例,系我国首例报道. 阴沟肠杆菌系肠杆菌科肠杆菌属,为革兰阴性杆菌,发酵醣类时会产酸产气,室温下繁殖快速,为人类肠道正常菌群之一,也是一种重要的条件致病菌,近年来已成为院内感染越来越重要的病原体.由于新生儿特异性与非特异性免疫功能均低下,院内感染也成为新生儿感染阴沟肠杆菌的主要途经[1].有单位[2]曾对新生儿监护室的水龙头、暖箱的操作窗开关、配奶间台面以及不同物体表面进行细菌检测,结果发现,在不少部位都检测出阴沟肠杆菌等一些条件致病菌.这些条件致病菌对幼弱的小生命都将足以导致严重的后果.近年来国内也不乏阴沟肠杆菌导致新生儿脐炎、肺炎、败血症及化脓性脑膜炎等报道[3-8].由于阴沟肠杆菌对多种临床常用的抗菌素高度耐药、多重耐药[9],如不及时诊治,常造成感染新生儿极高的死亡率及存活者的不良预后.     

专家点评:

汶川地震是破坏力巨大的少见自然灾害,在短时间内造成了大量人员伤亡.<在汶川地震伤患儿感染创面病原菌分布与耐药性分析>一文,在国内首次报道了儿童地震伤患者感染创面病原菌的分布特点和耐药情况,其研究结果对临床医生了解地震伤患者创面感染的病原学特点,合理选择抗感染药物有借鉴意义.     

Video Games:: Good,Bad, or Other?

Video games are a pervasive pastime among children and adolescents. The growing popularity of video games has instigated a debate among parents, researchers, video game producers, and policymakers concerning potential harmful and helpful effects of video games on children. This article provides an overview of research findings on the positive and negative effects of video games, thus providing an empirical answer to the question, are video games good or bad? The article also provides some guidelines to help pediatricians, parents, and other caregivers protect children from negative effects and to maximize positive effects of video games.     

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目的 探讨HO-CO系统与小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age,SGA)发病的关系及相关机制,为SGA的病因学防治开辟新思路.方法 选择2004年11月至2005年11月间正常分娩的非匀称型SGA50例(其中母亲无妊高征为SGA1组30例,母亲患中重度妊高征为SGA2组20例),并以健康足月适于胎龄儿(appropriate for gestational age,AGA组)20例为对照.于新生儿娩出后立即采集脐动脉血标本并留取近胎盘处脐带标本,分别用双波长分光光度法测定新生儿脐血中血红素氧合酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)的活性,用Chalmers血红蛋白结合及连二亚硫酸钠还原法测定脐血中碳氧血红蛋白(HbCO)百分含量,并通过免疫组化法观察新生儿脐血管上HO-1的表达.结果 (1)SGA1组及SGA2组脐血HO-1活性、HbCO百分含量均显著低于AGA组(P＜0.01).而SGA1组与SGA2组脐血HO-1活性、HbCO百分含量比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)AGA组、SGA1组及SGA2组脐血HO-1活性与新生儿出生体重均呈正相关(P＜0.05).(3)脐血管上HO-1的表达SGA1组和SGA2组与AGA组比较HO-1表达强度高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);SGA1组与SGA2组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 脐血HO-1活性与胎儿宫内发育及新生儿营养状况密切相关     

新生儿肝炎:随访研究

据Shim在夏威夷研究,华人婴儿胆道闭锁发病率较日本、菲律宾及白人婴儿为高,新生儿肝炎更为常见,但多数病例的病因及自然病史不明。病人和方法台湾大学医院于1979年6月至1984年6月,收治中等度新生儿肝炎100例,随访了56例,45例作CMV血清检查,内41例同时尿培养CMV。22例(49%)有感染证据:14例血清阳性,其中尿培养8例阳性,2例阴性,4例未定。8倒尿培养阳性而血清学阴性。23倒无CMV感染实验室证据。56例中2例死于非肝炎病。余54例分成预后较差和恢复两大组。第1组9例,7例死于肝病或肝病合并败血症,死前黄疸持续不退;1例于4岁病死,6例死于11个月龄内,其中3例是暴发性经过。于2至4月龄间死亡,内2例为CMV感染及G6PD缺乏合并溶血性贫血。存活2例伴肝硬化,1例黄疸于11个月龄