His标签单克隆抗体的制备、鉴定及初步应用

目的:制备和鉴定抗His标签单克隆抗体(mAb),初步建立检测和纯化带His标签融合蛋白的方法.方法:用碳化二亚胺法合成His-tag完全抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用杂交瘤技术进行细胞融合,通过有限稀释法和间接ELISA法克隆和筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞株.常规制备腹水,用辛酸-硫酸铵法纯化,并对纯化的mAb进行特异性鉴定.结果:His-tag完全抗原偶联成功,经细胞融合、筛选及克隆化,成功获得1株分泌His标签mAb的杂交瘤细胞株.制备腹水测得腹水效价高于 1:106,且此株mAb与其他融合蛋白标签无交叉反应,并在含His标签融合蛋白的鉴定实验中取得了满意效果.结论:成功制备了1株His标签mAb,为带His标签融合蛋白的研究应用提供了重要的工具.     

抗HIV-1 Tat蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

目的:制备抗HIV-1 Tat蛋白的单克隆抗体(mAb),并对其进行初步鉴定.方法:通过动物免疫、细胞融合、克隆化制备抗Tat蛋白的mAb,并用ELISA法对所得mAb的特异性、抗原识别表位及相对亲和力等做了初步鉴定.结果:获得了3株抗Tat蛋白的mAb,这3株mAb均能特异识别Tat蛋白.结论:获得了3株杂交瘤细胞系,均可以稳定分泌抗HIV-1 Tat蛋白的mAb,有望为HIV早期检测及HIV抗病毒治疗提供有用工具.     

具有中和活性抗人类腺病毒单克隆抗体的制备、鉴定及应用

目的:制备具有中和活性抗人类腺病毒(HAdv)单克隆抗体(mAb),并进行鉴定与应用.方法:以活的人类腺病毒3型(HAdv-3)滴鼻免疫BALB/c鼠,用细胞融合技术制备抗HAdv 的mAb细胞株,采用中期分裂相秋水仙素阻抑法对mAb细胞株染色体进行分析;使用鼠mAb亚型鉴定试剂盒进行抗体亚型鉴定,通过ELISA、Western blot和间接免疫荧光技术进行特异性鉴定.建立HAdv-3感染动物模型,用获得的HAdv-3 mAb进行保护性研究.结果:细胞融合率为86%,抗HAdv抗体阳性孔率为51.4%.鉴定1株杂交瘤细胞(1A4),染色体数为98条,抗体亚类属IgG2a/κ,抗体腹水ELISA效价达10~(-5).ELISA、Western blot和间接免疫荧光证实该mAb特异性好.该mAb对HAdv-3感染动物有保护性作用.结论:成功地制备具有中和活性的抗HAdv mAb.该mAb识别的是HAdv六邻体蛋白,对HAdv-3感染动物有保护作用.     

抗人GCRG213单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:制备GCRG213单克隆抗体(mAb)并进行初步鉴定。方法:在大肠杆菌中表达HIS-GCRG213融合蛋白,并以所获蛋白作为免疫原制备鼠mAb。采用ELISA、Westernblot法鉴定抗体的效价及特异性。免疫组化染色观察GCRG213在胃癌和正常组织中的表达。结果:HIS-GCRG213融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达,经常规的细胞融合和筛选获得2株可稳定分泌抗GCRG213的杂交瘤细胞株。ELISA法检测腹水的效价可达到1∶106,Western blot证实该抗体可与重组HIS-GCRG213蛋白特异性结合。免疫组化染色显示GCRG213在胃癌组织中的表达明显强于正常胃黏膜组织。结论:成功地制备出2株抗GCRG213的mAb,为进一步研究GCRG213的生物学功能提供了有效的工具。     

抗人硫氧还蛋白-1单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定及初步应用

目的:制备抗硫氧还蛋白-1(TRX-1)的单克隆抗体(mAb)并进行特性鉴定.方法:以原核表达的TRX-1为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,按常规方法进行细胞融合.采用有限稀释法和间接ELISA法克隆和筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞株,用ELISA检测mAb腹水的效价、相对亲和力和进行表位分析,用Western blot法对mAb的特异性进行鉴定.结果:得到筛选出3株能稳定分泌抗TRX-1的杂交瘤细胞株B6、D5和E3,免疫球蛋白亚类均为IgG>(к),腹水mAb效价均在106以上,3株抗体分别针对不同抗原表位.用mAb建立的竞争抑制ELISA灵敏度达1.22 μg/L.结论:获得3株特异性好、亲和力高、能稳定分泌抗TRX-1的杂交瘤细胞株,为研究TRX-1在人类细胞、血液、组织中的表达及定位提供了可能,并为探索相关炎症、癌症发病机制及新治疗方法提供了强有力的工具.     

抗果蝇ECP蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及特性鉴定

目的:制备抗果蝇ECP蛋白的单克隆抗体(mAb)并进行特性鉴定。方法:用大肠杆菌表达并纯化的GST-ECP融合蛋白,免疫6~8wk的雌性BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,经间接ELISA筛选和克隆化培养制备杂交瘤细胞系。用间接ELISA及Western blot等方法对mAb的Ig亚类(型)、腹水效价及特异性进行鉴定。结果:获得1株杂交瘤细胞株,命名为8G9。Ig亚类(型)鉴定表明,此株mAb为IgG1(κ型)。腹水mAb的效价为1∶1×105。Western blot分析表明,该株mAb可与果蝇的幼虫、蛹及成虫组织中表达的ECP特异性结合,可特异性的识别ECP抗原的231~300aa区段。结论:获得1株能稳定分泌抗ECP mAb的细胞株,为进一步研究ECP的功能奠定了基础。     

活体电穿孔法辅助HE4基因免疫小鼠制备单克隆抗体

目的:采用电穿孔辅助DNA免疫方法制备小鼠抗人附睾蛋白4(HE4)单克隆抗体(mAb)并对其生物学特性进行鉴定。方法:利用逆转录多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)从卵巢癌患者组织中获得人HE4基因编码序列,将其亚克隆至pPICZαA表达载体中并测序鉴定。采用活体电穿孔法免疫BALB/c小鼠。单抗制备采用B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术进行细胞融合,经多次克隆化培养,筛选出特异分泌鼠抗人HE4mAb的杂交瘤细胞株。采用Westernblot,Ig亚型分析和mAb表位分析等对mAb的生物学特性进行鉴定。结果:获得2株持续、稳定分泌鼠抗人HE4mAb的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为1-7-C和3-12-C。ELISA和Westernblot结果均显示本实验获得的2株mAb能够特异识别有天然构象的HE4蛋白,2株mAb的Ig亚类均为IgM,轻链均为λ链。结论:成功地构建了pPICZαA-HE4表达载体,并获得2株鼠抗人HE4杂交瘤,其所分泌的抗体能特异地识别HE4蛋白。     

鼠疫耶尔森氏菌Pla蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:利用原核表达的鼠疫耶尔森氏菌Pla蛋白(rPla),通过杂交瘤细胞技术制备单克隆抗体(mAb),为相关研究工作奠定基础.方法:大肠杆菌表达的Pla蛋白,包涵体经尿素反复洗涤纯化后免疫BALB/c小鼠,取血清抗体效价高的小鼠脾细胞与Sp2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合,以表达Pla、表达GST、天然提取Pla 3种蛋白为抗原物,采用间接ELISA法筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞,并结合Western blot对所获取mAb的特异性进行鉴定.结果:经间接ELISA筛选,获得3株能稳定分泌抗天然Pla蛋白mAb的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为15B8、14H4、19A4,亚类测定分别为IgG2a和IgG1,轻链均为κ链;腹水经间接ELISA法检测效价可达1:106:Western blot实验证实该3株mAb能特异性识别天然Pla蛋白.结论:成功获得了抗鼠疫耶尔森氏菌天然Pla抗原的特异性mAb,为进一步研究Pla蛋白及研发诊断试剂奠定了基础.     

抗创伤弧菌单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系的建立及特性鉴定

目的:制备高效、特异的抗创伤弧菌的单克隆抗体(mAb),并进行特性鉴定。方法:用创伤弧菌菌体蛋白抗原免疫小鼠,利用杂交瘤细胞融合技术,制备抗创伤弧菌的杂交瘤细胞株。用ELISA法及Western blot等筛选、鉴定其与创伤弧菌溶血素蛋白(vvhA)及其他重要海洋细菌的交叉反应性和效价。结果:共获得5株抗创伤弧菌的mAb,鉴定结果表明,5株mAb均具有良好的特异性和免疫反应性。结论:获得5株抗创伤弧菌的特异性mAb,为建立创伤弧菌快速检测试剂盒提供了重要制剂。     

抗人绒毛膜促性腺激素单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

目的:制备抗人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)的单克隆抗体(mAb).方法:利用从人工流产刮宫物中提取的HCG免疫BALB/c小鼠, 取其脾细胞同NS-1小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合, 采用有限稀释法筛选杂交瘤细胞株, 并对mAb的亚型、亲和力及特异性进行鉴定.结果:共获得26株能稳定分泌抗HCG特异性mAb的杂交瘤细胞株.mAb的亚类均为IgG1, 亲和力介于1.14×108～2.0×108 mol/L之间, 其中4株mAb与HCG的β亚基有较强的反应, 而与黄体激素(LH)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)均无交叉反应.结论:成功获得4株鼠抗人HCG mAb的杂交瘤细胞株, 其分泌的mAb能特异识别人HCG的β亚基, 可用于早孕、肿瘤等诊断的进一步研究.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.