桡动脉压迫型止血器的临床应用及护理

[目的]为了观察压迫型止血器用于经桡动脉路径行冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）后穿刺部位压迫止血的效果。[方法]与所有经桡动脉路径行PCI的病人进行术前谈话,将60例同意使用新方法用YM-RAO—1229型动脉压迫止血器对穿刺部位进行压迫止血的病人为观察组;另选取60例同意使用传统方法用弹力粘贴固定绷带对穿刺部位进行包扎止血的病人为对照组,观察两组压迫部位远端肿胀、麻木、发绀、创口渗血、皮下血肿、桡动脉急性闭塞、迷走反射性晕厥发生率。[结果]两组创口渗血、皮下血肿、桡动脉急性闭塞、迷走反射性晕厥发生率,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而肢端肿胀、麻木、发绀发生率低于对照组（P〈0.01）。[结论]动脉压迫止血器用于经桡动脉穿刺部位压迫止血具有良好的效果,且操作简便,安全舒适,血管并发症少。     

改良弹力绷带法在桡动脉穿刺点止血中的应用研究

[目的]评价冠状动脉介入手术后改良弹力绷带包扎法在桡动脉穿刺点的止血效果.[方法]将行冠状动脉介入手术病人164例随机分为实验组84例和对照组80例,实验组采用弹力绷带改进方法包扎,对照组用弹力绷带传统方法包扎,比较两组病人的止血效果及不良反应.[结果]实验组止血有效率97.6%,对照组止血有效率88.8%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组病人手部肿胀不良反应较对照组明显减轻,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]改良弹力绷带包扎方法对冠脉介入治疗后桡动脉止血效果优于对照组,并能减轻术后手臂肿胀程度.     

改良弹力绷带法在桡动脉穿刺点止血中的应用研究

[目的]评价冠状动脉介入手术后改良弹力绷带包扎法在桡动脉穿刺点的止血效果。[方法]将行冠状动脉介入手术病人164例随机分为实验组84例和对照组80例,实验组采用弹力绷带改进方法包扎,对照组用弹力绷带传统方法包扎,比较两组病人的止血效果及不良反应。[结果]实验组止血有效率97．6％,对照组止血有效率88．8％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;实验组病人手部肿胀不良反应较对照组明显减轻,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。[结论]改良弹力绷带包扎方法对冠脉介入治疗后桡动脉止血效果优于对照组,并能减轻术后手臂肿胀程度。     

桡动脉压迫型止血器的临床应用及护理

[目的]为了观察压迫型止血器用于经桡动脉路径行冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后穿刺部位压迫止血的效果.[方法]与所有经桡动脉路径行PCI的病人进行术前谈话,将60例同意使用新方法用YM-RAO-1229型动脉压迫止血器对穿刺部位进行压迫止血的病人为观察组;另选取60例同意使用传统方法用弹力粘贴固定绷带对穿刺部位进行包扎止血的病人为对照组,观察两组压迫部位远端肿胀、麻木、发绀、创口渗血、皮下血肿、桡动脉急性闭塞、迷走反射性晕厥发生率.[结果]两组创口渗血、皮下血肿、桡动脉急性闭塞、迷走反射性晕厥发生率,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而肢端肿胀、麻木、发绀发生率低于对照组(P＜0.01).[结论]动脉压迫止血器用于经桡动脉穿刺部位压迫止血具有良好的效果,且操作简便,安全舒适,血管并发症少.     

TR Band止血阀在经桡动脉冠状动脉介入术后止血的护理观察

桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗938例病人术后用TR Band止血阀进行压迫止血,术前做好健康宣教,术中做好心理护理和病情观察,术后加强病情监护,做好TR Band止血阀减压放气、穿刺侧肢体及血管并发症的护理,938例病人均止血成功,其中19例病人有少量渗血,4例病人出现伤口出血,5例病人出现穿刺局部皮下小血肿,8例病人发生手部肿胀,3例病人前臂以下出现淤斑,经及时处理,全部病例穿刺口愈合良好,无一例发生桡动脉闭塞和手部缺血。     

经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗的观察和护理

[目的]探讨经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗的护理。[方法]回顾118例经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗病人的术前、术中、术后护理措施。[结果]桡动脉穿刺成功率99.2%,桡动脉痉挛3例,伤口渗血2例,上肢肿胀1例,无心脏事件、桡动脉栓塞、手部缺血及术后桡动脉搏动消失病人。[结论]全面有效的围术期护理是提高手术成功率、减少并发症的必要措施。     

经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗的观察和护理

[目的]探讨经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗的护理。[方法]回顾118例经桡动脉行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗病人的术前、术中、术后护理措施。[结果]桡动脉穿刺成功率99．2％，桡动脉痉挛3例，伤口渗血2例，上肢肿胀1例，无心脏事件、桡动脉栓塞、手部缺血及术后桡动脉搏动消失病人。[结论]全面有效的围术期护理是提高手术成功率、减少并发症的必要措施。     

桡动脉穿刺介入术后两种止血方法舒适度的比较

[目的]探讨经桡动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入术后两种止血方法对病人舒适度的影响.[方法]将首都医科大学接受经桡动脉介入手术[冠状动脉造影和(或)冠状动脉支架成形术]的84例病人采用整群分组分为绷带组和止血器组,分别采用弹力绷带止血和桡动脉弹力带加压止血器止血法.观察两组病人穿刺部位的疼痛程度和术侧肢体的麻木感,评估术侧肢体的肿胀程度、对日常活动的影响、焦虑程度及两种止血方法的安全性.[结果]两种止血方法的止血效果比较差异无统计学意义,绷带组病人的整体舒适感、疼痛感、术侧肢体的肿胀程度及焦虑程度均优于止血器组.[结论]弹力绷带止血法是一种更为安全、舒适的止血方法.     

冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉压迫器减压时间的探讨

目的 探讨桡动脉径路行冠状动脉介入术后使用 TR-Band止血气囊压迫穿刺部位的适宜止血时间.方法 300例桡动脉径路行冠状动脉介入治疗患者,术后采用 TR-Band止血气囊压迫止血,观察组(148例)和对照组(152例)分别于压迫1 h、2 h开始给气囊减压放气.比较两组术后出血、血肿等不适症状及并发症的发生率.结果 观察组术后手部肿胀、麻木发绀、创口疼痛、桡动脉闭塞和血管迷走反射发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),两组局部渗血血肿发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 TR Band止血气囊用于桡动脉径路行冠状动脉介入术后桡动脉穿刺部位的压迫止血,术后减压时间改为1 h是可行的.     

桡动脉穿刺介入术后两种止血方法舒适度的比较

[目的]探讨经桡动脉穿刺行冠状动脉介入术后两种止血方法对病人舒适度的影响。[方法]将首都医科大学接受经桡动脉介入手术[冠状动脉造影和（或）冠状动脉支架成形术]的84例病人采用整群分组分为绷带组和止血器组,分别采用弹力绷带止血和桡动脉弹力带加压止血器止血法。观察两组病人穿刺部位的疼痛程度和术侧肢体的麻木感,评估术侧肢体的肿胀程度、对日常活动的影响、焦虑程度及两种止血方法的安全性。[结果]两种止血方法的止血效果比较差异无统计学意义,绷带组病人的整体舒适感、疼痛感、术侧肢体的肿胀程度及焦虑程度均优于止血器组。[结论]弹力绷带止血法是一种更为安全、舒适的止血方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.