重症监护病房下呼吸道感染临床特点及病原菌耐药性分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)患者下呼吸道感染的临床特点和病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对2008年1月至2010年8月我院ICU发生下呼吸道感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对分离出的病原菌进行菌株鉴定,药敏试验采用琼脂扩散(K-B)法,结果依据CLSI(2007)标准判读.结果 ICU共收治患者509例,发生下呼吸道感染147例,下呼吸道感染发生率为28.9%(147/509);分离出病原菌283株,其中主要为G-杆菌占86.9%,其他病原菌包括G+球菌(7.4)%和真菌(5.7)%;最常见的病原菌依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、真菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌等,分别占24.7%、20.5%、12.7%、6.4%、5.7%、5.3%、5.3%、4.6%;主要病原菌对多种抗菌药物耐药严重.结论 ICU下呼吸道感染的发生率高,G-杆菌是导致下呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,且对抗菌药物呈多重耐药.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of lower respiratory tract infection,pathogenic distribution and drug resistance in intensive care unit to provide a basis for reasonable use of antibiotics. Methods From January 2008 to August 2010,the clinical data from our hospital ICU impatients of lower respiratory tract infection were retrospectively analyzed. The isolated strains were identified, the antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by K-B methods and the results were read according to CLSI 2007. Results There were 509 patients, 147 cases of lower respiratory tract infection were found. Lower respiratory tract infection rate was 28.9% (147/509); 283 strains of pathogens had been isolated by culture and most of which were Gram negative bacilli(86. 9%), the other pathogens included Gram positive cocci(7.4%) and fungi(5.7%). The most common pathogens were Acinetobacter spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae,Stenotrophomonas oligotrophic aeromons, Fungi, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Burkholderia cepacia,etc,accounting for 24. 7% ,20. 5% ,12. 7% ,6. 4% ,5.7% ,5. 3% ,5.3% and 4. 6% ;The main pathogens were highly resistant to the most antibiotics. Conclusion ICU had a higher lower respiratory tract infection rate, Gram negative bacilli are the main pathogen, and showed the multi-drug resistance features to the antibiotics.     

老年女性糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的体外耐药性监测

目的 探讨老年女性糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的分布情况及耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌素提供依据.方法 收集老年女性糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌107株,采用法国梅里埃公司VITEK32分析仪进行细菌鉴定和体外药敏试验.结果 107株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌感染占74.8%(80/107),以大肠埃希菌为主,占48.6(52/107);革兰阳性球菌占13.1%(14/107);真菌占12.1%(13/107).革兰阴性杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢呋辛钠、头孢呋辛酯耐药率均高于70.0%,对亚胺培南、丁胺卡那霉素耐药率均低于10.0%.革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑烷耐药率分别为0和7.1%(1/14).结论 老年女性糖尿病患者尿路感染主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌,该菌耐药性较强,临床上应加强糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的检测和耐药性监测.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the distribution and antibiotics resistance characteristic of pathogens in urinary tract infections in aged female diabetics patients and provide scientific basis for clinicians in selecting effective antibiotics. Methods Pathogenic bacteria, isolated from specimens of 107 elderly female diabetic cases with urinary tract infections, were identified and drug susceptibility tests were performed by VITEK-32 analysator. Results Among all 107 kinds of isolated bacteria,the ratio of gram-negative bacteria was 74. 8% ( 80/107 ), predominated by Escherichiacoli ( accounting for 48. 6% [52/107] ); the ratio of gramposition bacterias was 13. 1% (14/107) and eumycetes was 12. 1% (13/107). In antibiotic resistance analysis,the gram negative bacteria showed higher drug-resistance to the some common-antibiotics, such as ampicililin,cefazolin,cefuroxime-sodium and cefuroxime axetil ( ＞ 70. 0% ), while they were sensitive to imipenem and amikacin( ＜ 10. 0% ). The gram positive bacteria were most sensitive to vancomycin (0%), followed by Linezolid(7.7% ). Conclusion Escherichiacoli were the major pathogenic bacteria in urinary tract infections in aged female diabetic patients, with higher drug resistance. Therefore, drug resistance monitoring should be carried out according to the variety of pathogenic bacteria so as to guide rational use of antibiotics and decrease drug resistance.     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素耐药状况分析

目的 了解多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用抗生素及新药替加环素的耐药状况.方法 收集2008-2009年浙江省4所教学医院的602株临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌,采用琼脂稀释法检测其对13种临床常用抗生素的敏感性,以及对多黏菌素B和替加环素的敏感性.同时,采用PFGE技术对24株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌进行同源性分析,以确定菌株间的亲缘关系.结果 浙江省4家教学医院2008-2009年分离的鲍曼不动杆菌主要来自于呼吸道标本,2009年达到277株(86.0%),血液标本数量从2008年的15株(5.4%)下降到2009年的5株(1.5%),而其他标本无明显变化.鲍曼不动杆菌对临床常用的13种抗生素均有不同程度的耐药,耐药率35.0%～85.0%.与2008年相比,除左氧氟沙星和妥布霉素耐药率分别下降0.9%和9.0%以外,2009年其余抗生素耐药率均有不同程度地上升,头孢曲松和头孢吡肟耐药率增加了近10.0%,对碳青霉烯类抗生素亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别达到74.2%(239/602)和70.8%(228/602).鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素显示了很高的耐药率,耐药率达到78.9%(475/602),而多黏菌素B耐药率仅为3.7%(22/602).PFGE分型显示2008-2009年24株鲍曼不动杆菌有6个克隆型,其中A型最常见,占50%.结论 鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素的耐药加大了院内感染控制的难度,临床应加强控制,防止多重耐药菌的传播.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii to clinical common antibiotics and new drug tigecycline. Methods Six hundred and two Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected from 2008 to 2009 in four teaching hospitals in Zhejiang province. Agar dilution method was used to detect the resistance of 13 clinical commom antibiotics, polymyxin B and tigecycline. Homology analysis of 24 multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains was used to investigate the relationship of each strain with the method of pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Results From 2008 to 2009, the Acinetobacter baumannii isolates of four teaching hospitals in Zhejiang province were mainly isolated from respiratory specimens with the number of 277 (86.0%) strains in 2009, the number of blood samples decreased from 15 (5.4%) strains in 2008 to 5 ( 1.5% ) strains in 2009, and there were no obvious change in other specimens. Acinetobacter baumannii strains were resistant to 13 clinical common antibiotics at different degree, fluctuated from 35.0% to 85.0%. Compared with the resistance in 2008, levofloxacin and tobramyxin decreased 0. 9% and 9.0% in 2009, respectively. However, the resistance of other antibiotics increased at different degree, the resistance of ceftriaxone and cefepime increased about 10.0%, and the resistance of imipenem and meropenem increased to 74.2% (239/602) and 70.8% (228/602) in 2009,respectively. Acinetobacter baumannii showed high resistance to tigecycline with the percent of 78.9% (475/602), while it was only 3.7% (22/602) for polymyxin B. There were six cloning types among the 24 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates, and the most common type was type A with the percent of 50%.Conclusions The resistance of tigecycline makes the situation of nosocomial infectious more serious. It is necessary to control the transmission of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii immediately.     

Risk factors and clinical responses of pneumonia patients with colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus

BACKGROUND Nosocomial infections with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanniicalcoaceticus complex(ABC)strains are great problem for intensive care units.ABC strains can develop resistance to all the antibiotics available.Carbapenem resistance is common and colistin resistance is rare in our country.Knowing the risk factors for colistin resistance is important since colistin seems to be the only remaining therapeutic option for the patients with pneumonia due to extensively drug resistant ABC for our country.AIM To investigate the comparison of clinical responses and outcomes between pneumonia patients with colistin-susceptible and-resistant Acinetobacter sp.Strains.METHODS During the study period,108 patients with pneumonia due to colistin-susceptible strains and 16 patients with colistin-resistant strains were included retrospectively.Continuous variables were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test,and categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s Exact chi-square test for two groups.A binary logistic regression model was developed to identify the potential independent factors associated with colistin resistance in patients with colistin-resistant strains.RESULTS High Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores(OR=1.9,95%CI:1.4-2.7;P<0.001)and prior receipt of teicoplanin(OR=8.1,95%CI:1.0-63.3;P=0.045)were found to be independent risk factors for infection with colistin-resistant Acinetobacter sp.Different combinations of antibiotics including colistin,meropenem,ampicillin/sulbactam,amikacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were used for the treatment of patients with colistin-resistant strains.Although the median duration of microbiological cure(P<0.001)was longer in the colistin-resistant group,clinical(P=0.703),laboratory(P=0.277),radiological(P=0.551),microbiological response(P=1.000)and infection related mortality rates(P=0.603)did not differ between the two groups.Among the patients with infections due to colistin-resistant strains,seven were treated with antibiotic combinations that included sulbactam.Clinical(6/7)and microbiological(5/7)response rates were quite high in these patients.CONCLUSION The optimal therapy regimen is unclear for colistin-resistant Acinetobacter sp.infections.Although combinations with sulbactam seems to be more effective in our study patients,data supporting the usefulness of combinations with sulbactam is very limited.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

铜陵市部分医院细菌耐药性监测与分析

Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance of clinical isolates collected in Tongling area.Methods The clinical isolates were collected in Tongling area from Jananuary to December in 2007.Antimicrobial susceptibility test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method.Results Of 1375 clinical isolates,399 strains(29.0%)were gram positive bacteria,and 976 strains(71.0%)were gram negative bacteria.Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)accounted for 18.4% of staphylococcus aureus,while methicillin resistant coagulase negative staphylococci(MRCNS)were 70.0% of coagulase negative staphylococci(CNS)respectively.MRSA and MRCNS were highly resistant to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,clindamycin and erythromycin;but displayed lower resistance to rifampicin,chloramphenicol and nitrofurantion.No vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus strain was found.The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecalis were relatively low to penicillin,ampicillin,nitro furantion,fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.No vancomycin or teicoplanin-resistant enterococcus faecalis was isolated.The resistance rates of E.faecium were lower to fosfomycin and chloramphenicol.Two strains of vancomycin-resistant E.faecium were identified.About of 49.3% of E.coli and 35.9% of Klebsiella isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamases(ESBLs).The resistance rates of ESBLs-producing strains to 20 antimicrobial agents were much higher than those of ESBLs nonproducing ones.No imipenem or meropenem-resistant isolate was found.The resistance rate of non-fermenters was lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,piperacillin-tazobactam,ceftazidime,cefepime,amikacin or ciprofloxacin.Conclusion The resistance rate of gram positive bacteria is lower to glycopeptides.The resistance rate of gram negative bacilli is lower to imipenem,meropenem,cefoperazone-sulbactam,and piperacillin-tazobactam.Surveillance of bacterial resistance is of great importance for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the emergence of resistance.     

Distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogens isolated from ventilator-associated pneumonia patients in pediatric intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: With mechanical ventilation widely used in intensive care unit, the ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) has become a common and serious complication in critically ill patients. Compared with adults, the incidence of VAP and the mortality are higher in children in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) because of immune deficiency, severe basic diseases, and increased use of artificial airway or mechanical ventilation. Hence it is of significance to study the epidemiology and changes of antibacterial susceptibility in order to reduce the incidence and mortality of VAP in children.METHODS: From January 2008 to June 2010, 2758 children were treated in PICU of Wuhan Children’s Hospital. Among them, 171 received mechanical ventilation over 48 hours in PICU, and 46 developed VAP. The distribution and drug-resistance pattern of the pathogenic bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract aspirations were analyzed.RESULTS: A total of 119 pathogenic microbial strains were isolated. Gram-negative bacilli (G^-) were the most (65.55%), followed by fungi (21.01%) and gram-positive cocci (G⁺, 13.45%). Among them, the most common pathogens were Acinetobacter baummannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, candida albicans and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that the multiple drug-resistances of G^- and G⁺ to antibiotics were serious. Most of G^- was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam. The susceptibility of G⁺ to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid were 100%. Fungi were almost sensitive to all the antifungal agents. The primary pathogens of VAP were G^-, and their multiple drug-resistances were serious.CONCLUSION: In clinical practice we should choose the most sensitive drug for VAP according to pathogenic test.     

呼吸机相关肺炎病原学及药敏分析

目的分析呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原学及药物敏感性,以指导经验性抗生素的使用。方法回顾分析2002年4月到2006午6月急诊ICU收治的61例合并VAP机械通气患者的致病菌分布及药敏情况。结果共检出致病菌161件,革兰氏阴性细菌占60．9%;前4位致病菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(19．3%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(18．6%)、鲍氏不动杆菌(9．9%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(8．1%);药敏结果显示这几类菌株的多重耐药现象严重,较为敏感的抗菌药物有亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星等,革兰氏阳性细菌均对万古霉素敏感。结论VAP的病原菌构成以革兰阴性细菌为主且呈现出多重耐药现象,经验性抗菌治疗应依据于当地的病原学流行情况,并根据药敏结果进行变化。     

综合重症监护病房下呼吸道感染病原菌变迁及耐药状况分析

目的了解下呼吸道感染病原菌的变迁、主要流行病原菌的耐药状况,为临床合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法细菌的分离、鉴定及常用抗生素的敏感、耐药试验。结果病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,占62.76%,革兰阳性菌次之,占28.12%,真菌占9.12%;位于前5位的病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌;亚胺培南对主要的革兰阴性(G-)菌具有较好的敏感性,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦对铜绿假单胞菌有较好的敏感性;革兰阳性(G+)菌主要为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),成为病原菌的第3位,对万古霉素100.0%敏感。结论目前下呼吸道感染病原菌中多药耐药比例逐年增加,针对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌株建议选用碳青霉烯类,对MRSA推荐用万古霉素。     

迟发感染致骨折内固定术后骨折不愈合

目的探讨迟发感染致骨折内固定术后骨折不愈合的危险因素、病原学诊断及处理方法。方法对2003年1月至2007年1月24例内固定术后骨折不愈合的患者细菌学检查、临床表现及抗生素使用情况进行回顾性分析。结果24例迟发感染骨折不愈合患者分离出病原菌22株,其中革兰阳性球菌16株,革兰阴性杆菌6株。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感率达100．0％,革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南敏感率达100．0％。患者术后使用抗生素较普遍。结论本组调查的迟发感染所致骨折不愈合患者中,革兰阳性球菌感染多于革兰阴性杆菌,患者除积极的外科治疗外,应以细菌学报告为依据,及时进行合理有效的抗菌治疗。     

肝胆外科病人感染病原菌分布及耐药性研究

目的研究肝胆外科病人感染病原菌种类及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法采用细菌分离培养和药敏试验方法,对某医院肝胆外科病房1 200份送检标本进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验。结果从1 200份标本中共检出病原菌720株,检出率60%。在检出的病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌占60%,其中肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌居前3位;革兰阳性球菌占40%,主要包括金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌和表皮葡萄球菌等。药敏试验表明,检出的病原菌普遍耐药,革兰阳性球菌只对万古霉素全部敏感,革兰阴性杆菌只对亚胺培南敏感。结论肝胆外科病人感染病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌,其次是革兰阳性球菌,这些病原菌普遍耐药。     

医院感染病原菌监测及耐药性观察

目的监测我院医院感染病原菌分布及耐药状况,为指导临床合理用药及控制医院感染提供依据。方法采用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪,对本医院住院患者的各类标本分离细菌进行鉴定和耐药性分析。结果共分离出病原菌4978株,其中革兰阴性杆菌917株,革兰阳性球菌547株,其余为其他菌株。革兰阴性杆菌以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主,革兰阳性球菌以表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主。大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢吡肟耐药率分别为48.6%和56.4%,其他革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南耐药率<6%。革兰阳性球菌对呋喃妥因和万古霉素均比较敏感,金黄色葡萄球菌对莫西沙星耐药率高达76%。结论医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌和革兰阳性球菌为主,这些致病菌对常用抗生素耐药率较高,必须加强耐药性监测和药敏试验,指导合理使用抗生素。     

重症监护病房VAP病原菌监测及其耐药性研究

目的了解医院综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原菌临床分布特点及其耐药性。方法采用回顾性调查方法,某医院重症监护病房(ICU)住院病人感染VAP情况及病原学检测结果进行了调查。结果在调查期间从该医院住院病人感染VAP痰标本中共分离出病原菌487株,其中革兰阴性菌构成比为55.24%,革兰阳性球菌构成比为37.37%,真菌构成比为7.39%。居前4位的是肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。VAP病原菌对常用抗菌药物均高度耐药,未检出耐万古霉素革兰阳性球菌和耐亚胺培南的肠道杆菌。结论综合ICU病房内VAP感染病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌,混合感染比例高,多数病原菌严重耐药。     

重症医学科呼吸机相关肺炎的病原学特点分析

目的:分析重症医学科呼吸机相关肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)的病原学特点及细菌对抗生素的敏感性,为临床选择抗生素提供依据。方法:回顾分析2012年1月—2013年12月苏州大学附属第三医院重症医学科收治的32例VAP的细菌感染情况及细菌对抗生素的敏感性。结果:32例VAP中检出110株菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌48株(43.6%),以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌为主;革兰阳性球菌43株(39.1%),以肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌为主;真菌19株(17.3%),以白色念珠菌为主。药敏试验结果显示,鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类的敏感率较其他抗生素高,未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的肠球菌和葡萄球菌。结论:重症医学科VAP患者感染革兰阴性杆菌比例稍高于革兰阳性球菌。临床上应根据细菌病原学及对抗生素的敏感性,合理选择抗生素来控制重症医学科内感染的发生,减少耐药菌株的出现。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎常见病原菌及耐药性分析

目的了解呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者病原菌情况,探讨其细菌耐药性及治疗策略。方法通过查阅2008年1月-2009年12月呼吸与危重症医学科收治的128例VAP患者的病历资料,分析其肺部感染病原菌分布特点及耐药率。结果 VAP平均发病时间为机械通气后5.8 d,总病死率为35.1%(45/128)。共分离出病原菌262株,其中G杆菌210株(占80.2%),G+球菌38株(占14.5%),真菌14株(占5.3%)。G杆菌中占前3位的分别是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷白杆菌,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类抗菌药物高度耐药,而对亚胺培南等耐药率相对较低;G+球菌主要是金黄色葡萄球菌,其中耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌对多种常见抗菌药物高度耐药,而对万古霉素敏感。结论 VAP的主要病原菌为G杆菌,常为多重耐药的致病菌,应根据药敏结果选用合理的抗菌药物。     

急诊重症监护室肺炎痰细菌分离药敏分析

目的:探讨急诊重症监护室(EICU)肺炎痰细菌分离、药敏及临床危险因素,以指导临床应用抗菌药物。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年12月我院EICU诊治的590例肺炎患者的临床资料。结果:本组590例患者共分离病原菌493株,分离病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,有393株,革兰阳性球菌70株,真菌30株;主要病原菌有大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及真菌等。鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌素耐药率达50%以上;多数革兰氏阴性杆菌对亚胺培南或美罗培南保持较高的敏感度,其次为β-内酰胺酶抑制剂;革兰氏阳性球菌(MRCNS/MRSA)对青霉素耐药率达90%左右,而对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺仍高度敏感;真菌对伏立康唑敏感。结论:革兰氏阴性菌为我院EICU的优势病原微生物,尤以大肠埃希氏菌最多,耐药菌产生率高;对于SCAP/HAP/VAP患者初始治疗应给予"重拳打击"降阶梯治疗。