住院患儿发生心跳呼吸骤停复苏后存活率的预测因素分析

目的 探讨发生心跳呼吸骤停(CRA)住院儿童复苏后存活率的预测因素.方法 回顾性分析PICU发生CRA患儿的临床及心肺复苏(CPR)、复苏后资料,并进行单因素分析以及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析,探讨近期和远期存活率的预测因素.结果 2006年1月至2008年12月烟台毓璜顶医院PICU发生CRA并接受CPR的87例患儿中,43例恢复自主循环,复苏成功率为48.3%,24 h存活31例(35.6%);存活出院19例(21.8%).单因素分析结果显示:原发病、合并症以及发生骤停类型、气管插管、有效复苏时问、应用肾上腺素的剂量、复苏后24 h内体温、复苏后6 h血糖值、复苏后合并症均影响复苏后24 h存活率和出院存活率;Logistic回归分析示原发病、复苏时间为24 h存活率的预测因素;原发病、复苏时间、复苏后24 h体温为出院存活率的预测因素.结论 住院患儿发生CRA后近期、远期存活率均低,原发病及合并症、CPR质量以及复苏后管理均影响存活率,其中原发病、复苏时间为近期存活率预测因素,原发病、复苏时间、复苏后24 h体温为远期存活率的预测因素.     

儿童院内心肺复苏结局及分析

目的 研究医院内心肺复苏（cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR）的发生及结局,并分析需要CPR患儿的预后,以提高CPR的成功率.方法 应用Utstein模式登记表对2008年10月至2011年10月我院需要CPR且年龄＞28 d的患儿进行前瞻性研究,以自主循环恢复（returning of sponta-neous circulation,ROSC）＞ 24 h为近期预后（复苏成功）的评价标准,对于出院患儿,在出院后6个月应用小儿脑功能类别量表进行脑功能评价.结果 需要CPR患儿共36例,其中ROSC＞ 24 h共15例,占需要CPR患儿的41.7％,存活至出院共7例,占需要CPR患儿的19.4％.单因素分析ROSC＞ 24 h组患儿在起始心脏节律、是否需要除颤及合并基础疾病方面与ROSC＜ 24 h组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,ROSC ＞24h组起始心脏节律以窦性心动过缓为主,在CPR中如需要进行除颤则预后欠佳,基础疾病为心脏病患儿预后不佳;对出院患儿随访除1例失访外,4例患儿脑功能评分在2级以下,4级及5级各1例.结论 我院院内CPR成功率与发达国家报道类似,起始节律、是否需要除颤及合并基础疾病影响近期预后,CPR患儿能够存活则神经系统预后相对较好.     

儿科院外心跳停止的流行病学特点与预后

目的 总结儿科院外心跳停止(OHCA)病例的流行病学特点与预后.方法 回顾性研究2001年1月至2009年12月我院急诊创伤中心(EDTC)收治的OHCA患儿的临床资料,分析与预后相关的因素[年龄、性别、转运工具、有无目击者、是否现场给予心肺复苏(CPR)、OHCA发生地点、OHCA可能原因及治疗等].结果 9年中共收治221例OHCA患儿,男女之比为1.15:1,经急诊抢救恢复自主循环(ROSC)77例(34.84%),出院时存活21例(9.50%).OHCA发生时有目击者、现场给予CPR、初始复苏时使用.肾上腺素使用次数、OHCA发生场所、救护车转运是急诊复苏成功的良好预测指标.初始复苏时肾上腺素使用次数、目击者现场CPR及OHCA发生地点是OHCA患儿最终存活的独立预测因子.意外伤害性疾病(69/221,31.22%)与复杂先天性心脏病(46/221,20.82%)是儿科OHCA主要原因.小于1岁年龄组是儿科OHCA的最好发年龄段(145/221,65.61%).结论 儿科OHCA患者存活率低,预后差,加强意外伤害预防、早期目击者CPR,能减少DHCA的发生率及改善预后.     

儿科院外心跳停止的流行病学特点与预后

目的 总结儿科院外心跳停止(OHCA)病例的流行病学特点与预后.方法 回顾性研究2001年1月至2009年12月我院急诊创伤中心(EDTC)收治的OHCA患儿的临床资料,分析与预后相关的因素[年龄、性别、转运工具、有无目击者、是否现场给予心肺复苏(CPR)、OHCA发生地点、OHCA可能原因及治疗等].结果 9年中共收治221例OHCA患儿,男女之比为1.15:1,经急诊抢救恢复自主循环(ROSC)77例(34.84%),出院时存活21例(9.50%).OHCA发生时有目击者、现场给予CPR、初始复苏时使用.肾上腺素使用次数、OHCA发生场所、救护车转运是急诊复苏成功的良好预测指标.初始复苏时肾上腺素使用次数、目击者现场CPR及OHCA发生地点是OHCA患儿最终存活的独立预测因子.意外伤害性疾病(69/221,31.22%)与复杂先天性心脏病(46/221,20.82%)是儿科OHCA主要原因.小于1岁年龄组是儿科OHCA的最好发年龄段(145/221,65.61%).结论 儿科OHCA患者存活率低,预后差,加强意外伤害预防、早期目击者CPR,能减少DHCA的发生率及改善预后.     

儿科院外心跳停止的流行病学特点与预后

目的 总结儿科院外心跳停止(OHCA)病例的流行病学特点与预后.方法 回顾性研究2001年1月至2009年12月我院急诊创伤中心(EDTC)收治的OHCA患儿的临床资料,分析与预后相关的因素[年龄、性别、转运工具、有无目击者、是否现场给予心肺复苏(CPR)、OHCA发生地点、OHCA可能原因及治疗等].结果 9年中共收治221例OHCA患儿,男女之比为1.15:1,经急诊抢救恢复自主循环(ROSC)77例(34.84%),出院时存活21例(9.50%).OHCA发生时有目击者、现场给予CPR、初始复苏时使用.肾上腺素使用次数、OHCA发生场所、救护车转运是急诊复苏成功的良好预测指标.初始复苏时肾上腺素使用次数、目击者现场CPR及OHCA发生地点是OHCA患儿最终存活的独立预测因子.意外伤害性疾病(69/221,31.22%)与复杂先天性心脏病(46/221,20.82%)是儿科OHCA主要原因.小于1岁年龄组是儿科OHCA的最好发年龄段(145/221,65.61%).结论 儿科OHCA患者存活率低,预后差,加强意外伤害预防、早期目击者CPR,能减少DHCA的发生率及改善预后.     

儿童心肺复苏期间与复苏后通气策略

心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)期间,予以口对口送气或球囊面罩加压通气,通气频率12～20次/min.气管插管通气后通气频率8～10次/min.儿童胸外按压和通气比30∶2(1人施救)或15∶2(2人施救)较为合理.CPR后自主循环恢复,仍无自主呼吸或自主呼吸不规则、呼吸功能不全或部分患儿需要吸人高浓度氧,则需要机械通气.目前公认CPR后避免高氧和过度通气,并发急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征时采用肺保护通气策略.     

儿科急诊心肺复苏特点与预后分析

目的分析小儿院外呼吸或心跳停止(或呼吸、心跳停止)的病因、临床特征及影响心肺复苏预后的相关因素,为提高儿科急诊心肺复苏成功率及改善预后寻找可行方法。方法对急诊创伤中心(EDTC)2001年3月至2007年3月急诊心肺复苏(CPR)患儿的临床资料、心肺复苏原因及预后进行总结分析。结果共有199例患儿在EDTC进行CPR。就诊时呼吸停止84例(42.21%),出院时存活54例(64.29%);心跳停止115例(57.79%),急诊CPR后恢复自主循环(ROSC)38例(33.04%),出院时存活9例(7.83%);呼吸停止与心跳停止者病死率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=71.52,P=0.000)。呼吸停止或心跳停止时157例(78.89%)有现场目击者,其中137例目击者为家长(87.26%),42例(21.11%)无目击者;有目击者予院前CPR20例(12.74%);有目击者与无目击者最终病死率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.09,P=0.45)。意外伤害性疾病(58例,29.15%)是导致小儿急诊CPR的首要原因,其次为先天性心脏病(49例,24.62%)和严重感染性疾病(32例,16.08%)。院前救护车转运52例(26.13%)。结论小儿院外呼吸或心跳停止者病死率高,尤其是院外心跳停止者;意外伤害是儿童期急诊CPR的最常见原因,家长是儿童呼吸或心跳停止最常见的目击者;要提高儿科急诊CPR成功率,需要加强监护人对儿童的监护意识,预防意外伤害的发生;同时需要对监护人普及儿科急救的基本知识,提高他们第一时间救护患儿的能力,从而改善院外呼吸或心跳停止患儿的预后。     

小儿心肺复苏中的几个问题：附243例分析

报道儿科急诊室243例心肺复苏（CPR）结果112例（46％）心跳恢复并送入住院。门诊心跳停止组CPR成功率高于院前停跳组（DOA）；新生儿组和1～5mo婴儿组复苏成功率高于＞5mo小儿组；气管内插管组高于未插管组。入院病儿最终治愈好转出院14例。结果表明：复苏时气管插管和正确使用肾上腺素是提高CPR成功率的有效措施。加强对新生儿和婴幼儿的抢救有重要意义，提出了DOA病儿的抢救指征。     

115例小儿心肺复苏临床分析

目的 探讨小儿发生心跳呼吸骤停(CRA)的常见原因及小儿心肺复苏术的成败因素.方法 对我院急诊科2001年2月至2007年6月115例心肺复苏患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 小儿CRA的常见原因以重症肺炎合并呼吸衰竭、先天性心脏病并心力衰竭、脑炎、窒息、溺水为主;院外CRA原因以意外伤害最为常见.院外自主循环恢复率和出院存活率显著低于院内(X2=10.45,P<0.01和X2=4.23,P<0.05);大剂量肾上腺素组[0.1 mg/(Kg·次)]与标准剂量肾上腺素组[0.01 mg/(kg·次)]相比,自主循环恢复率分别为78%(32/41)和57%(31/54),差异有显著性(X2=4.45,P<0.05),出院存活率分别为34%和31%,差异无显著性(X2=0.08,P>0.05).结论 重视引起小儿CRA的原发病,早期有效预测CRA,及早进行心肺复苏,合理使用复苏药物是提高心肺复苏成功率的关键措施.     

聚焦《2005美国心脏协会心肺复苏与心血管急救指南》

《2005美国心脏协会心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscita-tion,CPR)与心血管急救(emergency cardiovascular care,ECC)指南》已于2005年12月在《循环》杂志刊登。新指南含12个美国心脏协会心肺复苏和心血管急救流程。如何改进、简化复苏培训和提高复苏成功率是新指南重点关注的问题。有效不间断胸外按压的重要意义被提到前所未有的高度,围绕这一核心,新指南对《2000年指南》的许多问题作了改进和更新,现将与儿科有关内容作一综合介绍。必须指出,儿科对CPR的研究远不及成人,很多见解与方法引自成人的研究结果,如心脏按压与通气比、除颤以…     

Factors influencing outcome of inpatient pediatric resuscitation

The aims of this study were: 1) To define the rate of long-term survivors (LTS) after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in children; 2) To identify the predictors of survival in pediatric resuscitation; and 3) To assess the outcome six months after discharge. Three groups of patients were identified based on outcome: 1. Long-term survivors (LTS), who were discharged, 2. Short-term survivors (STS), who survived longer than 24 hours after CPR but not until discharge, and 3. Nonsurvivors (NS), who died within 24 hours after their arrest. Of the 67 patients, 10 (14.9%) children were STS, while 46 (68.7%) were NS. Only eleven (16.4%) were LTS who were eventually discharged from the hospital and six were alive six months after discharge. Four patients had neurological sequelae. Less than 5 minutes' duration of CPR and reactive pupils at the onset of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) were the most important factors that predicted long term survival. We suggest that a positive pupillary light reflex at the onset of CPA and the duration of CPR should be considered as important predictors of survival in children with CPA.     

Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children

A study was undertaken in order to identify factors correlated with the outcome of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A total of 35 children who experienced a total of 41 cardiopulmonary arrests were included. Sixteen of 41 patients (39%) could not be resuscitated; 16/41 (39%) were resuscitated temporarily but did not survive to discharge; 9/41 (22%) survived to discharge. Patients arresting outside the hospital who received early basic CPR at the scene were significantly more likely to be resuscitated, at least temporarily, than those who did not (8/8 vs 5/11; P = 0.02). A statistically significant difference in outcome was also demonstrated between patients with an initial arterial blood pH greater than 7.0 and those with an initial arterial blood pH less than 7.0 (P less than 0.05). We conclude that an initial arterial blood pH less than 7.0 predicts a poor outcome from cardiopulmonary arrest in children. Access to early basic CPR may improve the initial pH and the ability of the patient to be resuscitated.     

Relación entre el estado de gravedad previo y el pronóstico de la parada cardiaca intrahospitalaria

ObjectivesTo analyze the relationship between previous severity of illness, lactic acid, creatinine and inotropic index with mortality of in-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) in children, and the value of a prognostic index designed for adults.MethodsThe study included total of 44 children aged from 1 month to 18 years old who suffered a cardiac arrest while in hospital. The relationship between previous severity of illness scores (PRIMS and PELOD), lactic acid, creatinine, treatment with vasoactive drugs, inotropic index with return of spontaneous circulation and survival at hospital discharge was analyzed.ResultsThe large majority (90.3%) of patients had a return of spontaneous circulation, and 59% survived at hospital discharge. More than two-thirds (68.2%) were treated with inotropic drugs at the time of the CA. The patients who died had a higher lactic acid before the CA (3.4 mmol/L) than survivors (1.4 mmol/L), P=.04. There were no significant differences in PRIMS, PELOD, creatinine, inotropic drugs, and inotropic index before CA between patients who died and survivors.ConclusionA high lactic acid previous to cardiac arrest could be a prognostic factor of in-hospital cardiac arrest in children.     

Basic and advanced paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation - guidelines of the Australian and New Zealand Resuscitation Councils 2010

Guidelines for basic and advanced paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have been revised by Australian and New Zealand Resuscitation Councils. Changes encourage CPR out-of-hospital and aim to improve the quality of CPR in-hospital. Features of basic CPR include: omission of abdominal thrusts for foreign body airway obstruction; commencement with chest compression followed by ventilation in a ratio of 30:2 or compression-only CPR if the rescuer is unwilling/unable to give expired-air breathing when the victim is 'unresponsive and not breathing normally'. Use of automated external defibrillators is encouraged. Features of advanced CPR include: prevention of cardiac arrest by rapid response systems; restriction of pulse palpation to 10 s to diagnosis cardiac arrest; affirmation of 15:2 compression-ventilation ratio for children and for infants other than newly born; initial bag-mask ventilation before tracheal intubation; a single direct current shock of 4 J/kg for ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia followed by immediate resumption of CPR for 2 min without analysis of cardiac rhythm and avoidance of unnecessary interruption of continuous external cardiac compressions. Monitoring of exhaled carbon dioxide is recommended to detect non-tracheal intubation, assess quality of CPR, and to help match ventilation to reduced cardiac output. The intraosseous route is recommended if immediate intravenous access is impossible. Amiodarone is strongly favoured over lignocaine for refractory VF and adrenaline over atropine for severe bradycardia, asystole and pulseless electrical activity. Family presence at resuscitation is encouraged. Therapeutic hypothermia is acceptable after resuscitation to improve neurological outcome. Extracorporeal circulatory support for in-hospital cardiac arrest may be used in equipped centres.     

Cardiac arrest and post resuscitation of the brain

Primary out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in childhood is rare but survival is a little better for children than for adults, although the prognosis for infants is very poor. Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy after in-hospital cardiac arrest in children undergoing complicated treatment for previously untreatable conditions is now a common problem and is probably increasing. An additional ischaemic insult worsens the prognosis for other encephalopathies, such as that occurring after accidental or non-accidental head injury. For near-drowning, the prognosis is often good, provided that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is commenced immediately, and the child gasps within 40 minutes of rescue and regains consciousness soon afterwards. The prognosis is much worse for the nearly drowned child admitted to casualty or the emergency room deeply unconscious with fixed dilated pupils, requiring continuing CPR and with an arterial pH <7, especially if there is little recovery by the time of admission to the intensive care unit. The use of adrenaline, sodium bicarbonate and calcium appears to worsen prognosis. Neurophysiology, specifically serial electroencephalography and evoked potentials, is the most useful tool prognostically, although neuroimaging and biomarkers may play a role. In a series of 89 patients studied after cardiac arrest in three London centres between 1982 and 1985, 39% recovered consciousness within one month. Twenty seven percent died a cardiac death whilst in coma, and the outcome in the remainder was either brain death or vegetative state. EEG and initial pH were the best predictors of outcome in this study. Seizures affected one third and were associated with deterioration and worse outcome. The advent of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and the positive results of hypothermia trials in neonates and adults have rekindled interest in timely management of this important group of patients.