高雄激素不同类型多囊卵巢综合征患者糖脂代谢和胰岛功能特征

目的:分析高雄激素不同类型多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者糖脂代谢特征及胰岛功能差异。方法:选择2017年1月-2019年10月本院就诊的PCOS患者,根据血清睾酮(T)及雄烯二酮(AND)检测结果分为T和AND正常组、单纯高T组、单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组。分析组间性激素、糖脂代谢及胰岛功能指标差异。结果:单纯高T组、单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组的mF-G评分及多毛发生率无差异但均高于T和AND正常组(P<0.05),年龄、排卵障碍、体质指数及腰围各组无差异(P>0.05);促黄体生成素(LH)水平、LH/卵泡刺激素(FSH),单纯高T组、单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组均高于T和AND正常组,单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组高于单纯高T组(均P<0.05),单纯高AND组与高T伴高AND组无差异(P>0.05),雌二醇(E 2)、泌乳素(PRL)、FSH水平各组无差异(P>0.05);FINS、TC、LDL水平,单纯高T组、单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组均高于T和AND正常组,单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组高于单纯高T组(均P<0.05),单纯高AND组与高T伴高AND组无差异(均P>0.05),空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TG)、高密度酯蛋白(HDL)各组无差异(P>0.05);单纯高T组、单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)均高于T和AND正常组,胰岛素β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)低于T和AND正常组,单纯高AND组、高T伴高AND组HOMA-IR高于单纯高T组,HOMA-β低于单纯高T组(均P<0.05),单纯高AND组与高T伴高AND组HOMA-IR、HOMA-β无差异(P>0.05),胰岛素敏感系数(ISI)、葡萄糖曲线下面积(GLU-AUC)、胰岛素曲线下面积(INS-AUC)各组无差异(P>0.05)。结论:伴有高AND的PCOS患者糖脂代谢异常和胰岛素抵抗更严重。     

同型半胱氨酸与胰岛素抵抗对妊娠期糖尿病合并高血压的影响

目的:分析同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与胰岛素抵抗对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)合并妊娠期高血压疾病(PIH)的影响。方法:回顾性将本院2014年3月-2018年3月收治的孕妇资料按照孕期合并症分组,分别为GDM组42例、PIH组35例、GDM+PIH组29例及正常妊娠对照组56例。检测孕24~28周血清Hcy空腹血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(FINs)计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),分析影响GDM患者合并PIH的相关因素。结果:GDM组、PIH组孕前体质指数(BMI)高于对照组但低于GDM+PIH组,GDM组FPG、FINs、HOMA-IR高于PIH组和对照组,但低于GDM+PIH组,PIH组收缩压、舒张压、Hcy高于GDM组和对照组,但低于GDM+PIH组(均P<0.05)。logistic回归分析示,BMI、HOMA-IR、Hcy均为影响GDM孕妇合并PIH的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:Hcy与胰岛素抵抗均参与了GDM合并PIH的发病过程,且Hcy、胰岛素抵抗异常与GDM孕妇发生PIH有关。     

丽水地区农村围绝经期妇女健康状况和保健需求研究

目的:了解丽水地区农村围绝经期妇女的健康现状和保健需求,为改善农村围绝经期妇女健康状况提供帮助,为建立农村围绝经期妇女保健服务模式提供依据。方法:采用多阶段随机组群抽样方法,选取丽水地区农村40～55岁的妇女540人为调查对象,使用统一问卷进行入户现场调查。结果:在540例接受调查的妇女中,月经正常或基本正常306例,月经紊乱119例,绝经115例,自然绝经平均年龄为(49.21±2.18)岁。围绝经期综合征发生率为78.1%,主要症状为骨关节肌肉痛380例,失眠355例,头痛316例,头晕心悸316例,烦躁不安281例,易激动292例。不同年龄组别之间的妇女生存质量状况比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。只有17.4%妇女了解围绝经期知识,围绝经期激素补充治疗(HT)率2.4%;仅有35.6%的围绝经期妇女1～2年内有过健康体检。结论:丽水地区农村妇女保健意识薄弱,围绝经期综合征发病率高。开展农村妇女围绝经期的全科医疗卫生保健服务,加强围绝经期综合征的综合防治,有利于提高农村妇女的健康水平和生存质量。     

Does maternal employment affect breast-feeding?

A prospective survey of maternal employment and breast-feeding initiation and duration was conducted among 668 Black and 511 White women who delivered their first child in Washington, DC. Ninety-one percent of White women (n = 511) and 80 percent of Black women (n = 668) reported working during pregnancy. Black women who planned to return to work part time vs full time were more likely to breast-feed rather than formula-feed (adjusted odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.4, 3.7). Using Cox regression, Black women who returned to work had a shorter duration of breast-feeding than those not returning to work (hazard ratio = 0.5 (CI = 0.3, 0.9]. Black and White women returning to professional occupations had a longer duration of breast-feeding compared to women returning to sales or technical positions (hazard ratio for Black women = 2.4 (CI = 1.4, 44); hazard ratio for White women = 1.6 (CI = 1.0, 2.5]. In addition, White women in professional occupations had a longer duration of breast-feeding than women in clerical positions (hazard ratio = 1.7 (CI = 1.1, 2.6]. Until employers in the United States develop a maternity policy which does not discourage breast-feeding, the recommended six months of breast-feeding will be difficult to achieve for most employed women.     

厦门育龄妇女分娩时期的生殖健康状况趋势分析

目的:以促进优生优育和生殖健康。方法:采取整群抽样方法。结果:对2004年10月~2005年1月200例分娩妇女病例统计分析发现:平均分娩年龄29.9岁。第1胎分娩为188例,占94.0%,2胎12例,占6.0%。其中顺产137例,占68.5%,生产前选择顺产的妇女176例,占88.0%;剖腹产63例,占31.5%,产前选择剖腹产妇女24例,占12.0%。孕前未婚者17例,占8.5%;孕次分析101例,占50.5%为第1次妊娠;99例(占49.5%)曾有2~6次的妊娠史。产前有非意愿妊娠终止史的92例,占46.0%。其中对有人工流产史的妇女分析39例,占19.5%有过1次人流史,21例(占10.5%)有过2次人流史,有5%的妇女曾有3~6次人流史;有13.5%的产妇有1~2次药物流产史;有1.5%有过中期引产史。出生男女性别比为1.15∶1,新生儿出生平均体重为3 307.21 g。结论:实行计划生育,稳定低生育水平,提高出生人口素质是我们工作的重点。     

太原市孕妇参加孕妇学校的影响因素分析

目的 了解太原市孕妇对孕妇学校的知晓与参加情况,探究参加孕妇学校的影响因素,为改善孕妇学校的利用提供参考。 方法 采用自行设计的问卷对2016年11月至2017年8月太原市的三家医疗机构妇产科门诊就诊的孕妇进行调查。二分类logistic回归分析孕妇参加孕妇学校的影响因素。 结果 孕妇对孕妇学校的知晓率为72.75%,参加率为41.30%。logistic回归分析显示首次妊娠（OR=1.591,95%CI:1.084~2.335）、孕中期（OR=2.022,95%CI:1.028~3.980）、孕晚期（OR=4.072,95%CI:2.082~7.968）、有获取健康信息的主动性（OR=3.129,95%CI:1.351~7.250）、知晓孕妇学校（OR=6.789,95%CI:4.135~11.146）、认为孕妇学校可靠（OR=2.075,95%CI:1.423~3.026）/方便（OR=2.058,95%CI:1.195~3.544）/有用（OR=4.215,95%CI:2.856~6.220）对参加孕妇学校有正向影响（P值均<0.05）,居住在县乡村（OR=0.625,95%CI:0.403~0.970）对参加孕妇学校有负向影响（P值均<0.05）。 结论 孕妇对孕妇学校的知晓率较高,但参加率低。提升孕妇学校的利用,可以从两方面入手:着重改善孕妇对孕妇学校的倾向性因素,提升孕妇学校的社会影响力和认可度;同时完善促成因素,如广泛宣传孕妇学校、科学管理孕妇学校、增加县乡村孕妇学校的可及性。     

Perinatal Outcomes of Southeast Asians with Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Preeclampsia

To examine risks for adverse perinatal outcomes among Southeast Asian women with pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or preeclampsia. Perinatal outcomes of singleton births of Cambodian (3,489), Laotian (2,038), Vietnamese (11,605), Japanese (3,083) and non-Hispanic White women (33,088) were analyzed using Washington state linked birth certificate and hospitalization discharge records (1993-2006). Both Cambodian (aOR = 1.68) and Laotian (aOR = 1.71) women with GDM had increased odds of macrosomia when compared with Japanese women with GDM. Southeast Asian women with GDM had reduced odds of macrosomia when compared with White women. Southeast Asian women with preeclampsia had increased odds for preterm delivery when compared with Japanese and White women with preeclampsia. Research is needed to understand why Southeast Asian women with GDM are more likely to have better perinatal outcomes when compared with White women. Vigilant monitoring and culturally sensitive care for Southeast Asian women with preeclampsia is needed.     

HIV infection in pregnant women in The Netherlands]

A review is given of the pregnant women with HIV infection known to the co-ordinating centre of the 'Dutch prospective study of HIV seropositive pregnant women and their children'. Fifty-five women with 57 pregnancies were discovered between 1 September 1985 and 1 January 1991. Of these women, 60% were not of Dutch origin and 56% were living in Amsterdam. Thirty-two women were (former) intravenous drug users. In 23 women heterosexual transmission was likely; two women were also blood transfusion recipients. Nearly half (11/23) of these women came from, or had a partner from, an AIDS-endemic area. In 16 women HIV seropositivity was known before pregnancy. Twenty-four women were specifically tested during pregnancy or within 1 week after parturition because of risk factors for HIV infection. Fifteen women were discovered in a HIV screening programme of pregnant women in Amsterdam (n = 13) and the University Hospital of Groningen (n = 2). At first, eight of these women did not mention risk factors. Thirty-five women could choose abortion (less than or equal to 20 weeks of gestation); the majority (69%) decided to continue pregnancy. Twelve pregnancies ended in an elective or spontaneous abortion, 39 in the birth of 40 children (one pair of twins) of whom 39 were viable, three women were still pregnant and of three the pregnancy outcome was unknown. Preterm delivery (8/39) and birth weight less than 2500 gram (7/39) were seen frequently, the latter particularly in women (formerly) using intravenous drugs (6/25).     

Quality of care for women undergoing a hysterectomy: effects of insurance and race/ethnicity

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the quality of hospital care for women who underwent a hysterectomy to compare Medicaid-covered women with privately insured women and minority women with White women. METHODS: We evaluated medical decisions, inpatient care, quality of inpatient care, and outcomes. RESULTS: Quality of hospital care was equivalent for Medicaid-covered women compared with privately insured women and for non-Hispanic Black women compared with White women. Medicaid-covered women (40%) and Black women (68%) were more likely to have a complication compared with privately insured women and White women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Increased complications after hysterectomy may result in increased economic burdens to Medicaid. Further studies of the racial/ethnic and sociodemographic issues are needed so that disparities may be adequately addressed.     

Contraceptive use and sterilization among Puerto Rican women.

A comparison of contraceptive use in the early to mid-1980s among married Puerto Rican women aged 15-49 in the New York City area reveals that island-born Puerto Rican women living in New York rely on female sterilization to nearly the same extent as do women living in Puerto Rico (45% and 41%, respectively) and that mainland-born Puerto Rican women use sterilization as much as do all women in the United States (19% for both groups). Puerto Rican women in New York use reversible methods to a greater extent than do women in Puerto Rico (22% v. 16%), but to a lesser extent than do all women in the United States (37%). Although mainland-born Puerto Rican women in New York use reversible methods more than do island-born women in New York (42% v. 23%), they tend not to adopt these methods to the same extent as do all U.S. women during the early reproductive years, when education and employment are critical to socioeconomic attainment.     

Violence against Canadian Women

HEALTH ISSUE: Exposure to violence as children or as adults places a woman at higher risk of poor health outcomes, both physical and psychological. Abused women use more health care services and have poorer social functioning than non-abused women. Knowledge of the prevalence of violence against women, and of which women are at risk, should assist in the planning of services for abuse prevention and treatment of the health consequences of abuse. KEY FINDINGS: The highest rates of any partner violence were in Alberta (25.5%) and British Columbia (23%). The lowest rates were in Ontario (18.8%). Women aged 15-24 had the highest rates in all regions in Canada, compared with older women. Aboriginal women in Manitoba/Saskatchewan and Alberta had higher rates of violence (57.2% and 56.6% respectively) than non-Aboriginal women (20.6%). Lower rates of partner-related violence were reported among women not born in Canada (18.4%) than among Canadian-born women (21.7%). Visible minority women reported lower rates of lifetime sexual assault (5.7%) than non-visible minority women (12.3%). Perceptions of violence may vary by ethnicity. DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: More information is required concerning the prevalence of violence among Aboriginal women, immigrant and refugee women, women with disabilities, lesbian women and pregnant women. Future national population-based surveys need better questions on the health consequences of violence and related resource utilization. Further research is needed to identify the health care system's role in prevention, management and rehabilitation as they relate to violence against women. Future programs and policies must be based on valid, reliable and comprehensive empirical data.     

Access to health care among Hispanic or Latino women: United States, 2000-2002

OBJECTIVE: This report presents national estimates on access to health care for the following five subgroups of Hispanic or Latino women aged 18 years and over in the United States: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, and other Hispanic. For comparison, estimates are also presented for non-Hispanic white women and non-Hispanic black women. METHODS: Data for persons of all ages in the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population are collected each year in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which is conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. Each year, data are collected for approximately 100,000 persons in 40,000 households. In the 2000-2002 surveys combined, data were collected for 54,763 women aged 18 years and over (9,082 Hispanic or Latino women), with an overall response rate of 73.4%. Estimates in this report are presented as annual estimates, averaged over the 3 survey years. Estimates were age adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population to permit comparison among the various race and ethnic subgroups. RESULTS: Among the 33.4 million Hispanic or Latino women in the United States, 31% lacked health insurance coverage at the time of interview, 20% had no usual place to go for medical care during the past year, and 22% experienced unmet health care needs during the past year due to cost. Of the five subgroups of Hispanic or Latino women, Mexican women (35%) and Central or South American women (36%) were more likely than Puerto Rican women (14%) and Cuban women (23%) to lack health insurance coverage. Mexican women (78%) and Central or South American women (78%) were less likely to have a usual place to go for health care compared with Puerto Rican women (90%), Cuban women (82%), and other Hispanic women (90%). The percentage of Hispanic or Latino women who had an unmet medical need due to cost was highest among Mexican women (24%) and lowest among Cuban women (14%). Lack of access to health care was most prevalent among Hispanic or Latino women who had poor or near poor poverty status, had less than a high school diploma, or were foreign born. CONCLUSION: Access to health care varied among subgroups of Hispanic or Latino women. Understanding these subgroup differences may help community-based programs improve access to care among Hispanic or Latino women.     

冻融胚胎移植中激素替代周期雌激素应用天数对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨冻融胚胎移植中激素替代周期雌激素应用天数对妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月-2019年2月在本院生殖中心选择激素替代周期行冻融胚胎移植的1034个周期。根据所用药物不同将患者分为芬吗通组(A组,334个周期)和补佳乐组(B组,700个周期),又根据雌激素应用天数不同将两组再分为4组,比较A、B两组及各亚组一般情况、内膜转化日血清雌二醇(E 2)水平、子宫内膜厚度、胚胎移植情况及临床妊娠结局等。结果:A组内膜转化日血清E 2水平、内膜厚度及雌激素应用天数显著高于B组(P<0.01),A组与B组一般情况、胚胎移植情况及临床妊娠结局没有差异(P>0.05)。A组中A4亚组(用药天数>16~≤24d)内膜转化日E 2水平显著高于其它3组(7~10d;11~≤12d;13~15d)(P<0.05),子宫内膜厚度薄于其它3组;A3亚组(用药天数13~15d)内膜转化日子宫内膜厚度薄于A1组(用药天数7~10d)(P<0.01),但A组各亚组一般情况、胚胎移植情况及临床妊娠结局无差异(P>0.05);B组B1~B4亚组(用药天数7~10d、11~12d、13~15d、16~27d)内膜转化日子宫内膜厚度依次变薄(P<0.05),B2组(用药天数>10d~≤12d)E 2水平低于B4组(用药天数>15d~≤27d)(P<0.05),但B组各亚组一般情况、胚胎移植情况及临床妊娠结局无差异(P>0.05)。结论:激素替代周期应用芬吗通或补佳乐准备内膜临床妊娠结局相似。雌激素应用天数不同临床妊娠结局相似,激素替代周期行冻融胚胎移植其妊娠结局与雌激素使用天数可能无关。     

The cancer screening project for women: experiences of women who partner with women and women who partner with men

The Cancer Screening Project for Women is a study about the experiences of legally unmarried women with breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening. During the initial phase of the study, we conducted focus groups to explore factors that influence unmarried women's decisions about cancer screenings. Women were invited to attend one of four group discussions: (1) never married women who either partner with women (WPW) or with both women and men (WPWM), (2) previously married women who now partner either with women (WPW) or with both women and men (WPWM), (3) never married women who partner with men (WPM), and (4) previously married women who partner with men (WPM). Twenty-eight women attended the focus groups, 14 WPW and 14 WPM. Several barriers to screening were consistent across the groups and included lack of acknowledgement and validation in medical settings, administrative barriers, pain, and concerns about body image. WPW specifically discussed fears about discrimination if and when they acknowledge their sexual orientation. WPW also described how women who express their gender androgynously are more likely to avoid health care facilities. Further studies are needed to determine if the themes we identified are consistent among larger samples of unmarried women.     

Results of screening for HIV antibodies in pregnant women, clients of infertility clinics and abortion clinics in the Amsterdam region in 1990

In 1988, a study was started in three Amsterdam hospitals to investigate the HIV prevalence among pregnant women. In 1989 more hospitals and also midwife clinics were included in the study. From 1990 onwards all hospitals in Amsterdam, 22 midwife practices, 2 abortion clinics and 3 clinics for infertility problems participated. The study was carried out on a voluntary basis. Of the 8423 eligible pregnant women in 1990, 7823 women (92.9%) participated and 600 women (7.1%) decided not to participate. Eight women were found to be positive for HIV antibodies (0.10%, 95% CI 0.09-0.11) (1988: 0.28%; 1989: 0.10%). Of these 8 HIV-seropositive women 5 belonged to one of the known AIDS risk groups and 3 women were not aware of any risk-bearing behaviour. Of the 5 women from an AIDS risk group 2 denied a risk factor at their first visit to the clinic. One of the 8 women was positive for antibodies against HIV-2. Among the 719 women tested in the abortion clinics (23.3% refusers) 3 women were positive for antibodies against HIV-2 and I woman against HIV-I (prevalence 0.56%; 95% CI 0.52-0.59). Of the 476 women tested in the clinics for infertility problems no women were found positive for HIV antibodies. During the period 1988-1990, a total of 19 women were found HIV-seropositive in the screening program for pregnant women. Of the 13 women tested within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy 4 women decided to terminate their pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Underuse of procedures for diagnosing osteoporosis and of therapies for osteoporosis in older nursing home residents

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis, the prevalence of utilization of bone mineral density (BMD) measurements for diagnosis of osteoporosis, and prevalence of use of calcium and vitamin D supplements and other antiresorptive therapies for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in an academic nursing home. METHODS: The charts of all women aged 56 years and older residing in an academic nursing home were analyzed by one of the authors for the prevalence of osteoporosis, the prevalence of use of BMD measurements to diagnose osteoporosis, and the prevalence of use of calcium and vitamin D supplements and other antiresorptive therapies for treatment of osteoporosis. RESULTS: Of 136 postmenopausal women, mean age 79 +/- 10 years, 66 (49%) had measurements of BMD. Of these 66 women, 31 (47%) had osteoporosis, 21 (32%) had osteopenia, and 14 (21%) had normal BMD. Elemental calcium carbonate 1500 mg daily was prescribed to 17 of 31 women (55%) with osteoporosis, to 12 of 21 women (57%) with osteopenia, to 2 of 14 women (14%) with normal BMD, and to 27 of 70 women (39%) with no BMD obtained. Any dose of calcium was prescribed to 78 of 136 elderly women (58%). Vitamin D supplements were prescribed to 13 of 31 women (42%) with osteoporosis, to 9 of 21 women (43%) with osteopenia, to 2 of 14 women (14%) with normal BMD, and to 20 of 70 women (29%) with no BMD obtained. Vitamin D supplements were prescribed to 44 of 136 elderly women (32%). Biphosphonates were prescribed to 19 of 31 women (61%) with osteoporosis. Of 20 women on medications that increased the risk of osteoporosis, 6 (30%) had BMD measured. Nine of these 20 women (45%) were on calcium supplements. CONCLUSIONS: Older postmenopausal women in an academic nursing home have a high prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia, a low prevalence of measurement of BMD, and underuse of calcium, vitamin D supplements, and other antiresorptive therapies for treatment of osteoporosis.     

Contraception after heart surgery.

This study represents the different methods of contraception used by women having cardiac surgery at Ain Shams University Hospital. The study comprised of 250 women having had mitral commissurotomy, 77 women having had valve replacement including one case of triple valve repair and 3 women having had cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease. An IUCD was used by 170 women (51.5%), vaginal tablets by 4 women (1.2%), oral contraceptive pills by 7 women (2.1%), "safe period" by 7 women (2.1%), tubal ligation was performed in 10 women (3%). The husbands of 33 women (10%) used condoms, and 99 women (30%) did not use contraceptive methods. The IUCD was tolerable and was associated with bleeding in 60 women (35.2%) and leucorrhoea in 55 (32.3%). The IUCD was removed from only one woman due to severe bleeding. Three pregnancies occurred with condom users in two women who had had mitral commissurotomy and one having had valve replacement. There was no case of bacterial endocarditis in the study group.     

IVF-ET中不同年龄卵巢储备功能减退女性应用生长激素的效果分析

目的:探讨生长激素(GH)联合拮抗剂方案对不同年龄卵巢储备功能减退(DOR)患者体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)结局的影响。方法:行IVF-ET治疗的卵巢储备功能减退的不孕患者131人,其中年龄≥35岁62人,年龄35岁69人,均采用拮抗剂方案,以添加GH为GH组,不添加GH者为对照组,观察不同年龄组内添加GH后的卵巢反应性和妊娠结局。结果:年龄≥35岁的DOR患者GH组与对照组相比,Gn的使用剂量明显减少,hCG日雌二醇(E2)水平、获卵数均增高(P均0.05);年龄35岁的DOR患者,GH组与对照组间各项临床及实验室指标比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:GH联合拮抗剂方案可以改善年龄≥35岁DOR患者IVF-ET过程中卵巢的反应性;而对年龄35岁DOR患者的卵巢反应及IVF-ET结局均无明显改善。     

Intake of tapwater and total water by pregnant and lactating women.

BACKGROUND. Despite theoretically higher requirements for water due to physiologic demands of pregnancy and lactation, little is known of actual ranges of intake in pregnant and lactating women. METHODS. Population-based estimates of total water and tapwater intake in women of reproductive age were derived using data from the 1977-78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Three-day average intakes were calculated for 188 pregnant women, 77 lactating women, and 6,201 non-pregnant, non-lactating control women. RESULTS. Total water intake (mean +/- SD) was 1,940 +/- 686 g/day (median 1,835) for control women, 2,076 +/- 743 g/day (median 1,928) for pregnant women and 2,242 +/- 658 g/day (median 2,164) for lactating women. Tapwater intake was 1,157 +/- 635 g/day (median 1,065) for control women, 1,189 +/- 699 g/day (median 1,063) for pregnant women, and 1,310 +/- 591 g/day (median 1,330) for lactating women. Total water intake was equal to or greater than 3,000 g/day among 7 percent of control women, 11 percent of pregnant women, and 13 percent of lactating women. Tapwater intake was equal to or greater than 2,000 g/day among 10 percent of control women, 15 percent of pregnant women, and 8 percent of lactating women. CONCLUSIONS. These results should be useful in estimating amounts of nutrients and toxic substances that women of reproductive age obtain through the water supply.     

孕妇糖耐量状态与胰岛素抵抗、胰岛β细胞功能情况及妊娠结局分析

目的:研究探讨孕妇不同糖耐量状态下胰岛素抵抗和胰岛细胞功能情况及对妊娠结局的影响。方法:选择2014年10月-2016年10月在本院产前检查及待产孕妇145例为研究对象,根据糖耐量试验结果分为妊娠期期糖尿病(糖尿病组46例)、妊娠糖耐量减低(糖耐量减低组50例)、结果正常者(正常组49例),比较各组孕妇胰岛素抵抗和分泌功能情况以及妊娠结局。结果:胰岛素抵抗程度(HOMA-IR)糖尿病组最高,糖耐量减低组次之,正常组最低(P0.05);胰岛素分泌功能(HOMA-β)糖尿病组最低,糖耐量减低组次之,正常组最高(P0.05)。胰岛素增量(AIR3-10)、胰岛素分泌曲线下面积(AUC-I、AUC-II)糖尿病组最低,糖耐量减低组次之,正常组最高(P0.05)。3组孕妇妊娠结局无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:与正常糖耐量孕妇相比,有妊娠糖尿病以及糖耐量减低孕妇存在胰岛素抵抗且有细胞功能受损,提示孕妇该指标的异常应引起重视并加以规范治疗。