经导管溶栓及支架植入术治疗肠系膜上动脉闭塞性肠缺血

目的 评价经导管溶栓及支架植入术治疗肠系膜上动脉(SMA)闭塞性缺血的有效性.方法 14例SMA闭塞性缺血患者,男7例,女7例,年龄48～84岁(平均61.5岁),其中SMA粥样硬化性狭窄7例,SMA夹层性狭窄2例,SMA血栓性闭塞5例;表现为急性腹痛及慢性间歇性腹痛伴进食后加重各7例,其中2例伴有血便.8例SMA患者各植入1枚支架;另6例先行溶栓治疗,其中1例溶栓后植入支架.结果 经导管溶栓及支架植入术后,14例SMA均获得通畅.术后2～24 h患者腹痛均明显缓解或消失,均无并发症发生.随访2～19个月(平均12.8个月),1例于16个月死于心力衰竭,另13例未再发生肠缺血症状.结论 经导管溶栓及支架植入术是SMA闭塞性缺血安全、有效的治疗方法 .     

急性肠系膜缺血性疾病早期CT血管成像影像特征分析

目的探讨急性肠系膜缺血性疾病（AMI）早期CT血管成像（CTA）的影像特征,为AMI的早期诊断提供参考。方法回顾性分析9例AMI患者的CTA检查资料。结果 9例中1例发现肠系膜上动脉血栓,1例发现肠系膜上动脉分支血栓,2例发现肠系膜下动脉血栓,1例发现肠系膜上静脉血栓,1例发现肠系膜上静脉分支血栓,3例发现肠系膜下静脉血栓;2例行数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查确诊肠系膜上动脉及分支血栓;9例血栓性肠坏死,治愈4例（44.44%,4/9）,死亡5例（55.56%,5/9）。结论 AMI早期诊断困难,病情发展迅速,病死率高;早期诊断CT检查诊断意义不大,CTA以及选择性肠系膜DSA检查有确诊意义;CTA在AMI的早期诊断中有重要意义。     

Emergency Bedside Ultrasound Diagnosis of Superior Mesenteric Artery Dissection Complicating Acute Aortic Dissection

Background

A timely diagnosis of aortic dissection is associated with lower mortality. The use of emergent bedside ultrasound has been described to diagnose aortic dissection. However, there is limited literature regarding the use of bedside ultrasound to identify superior mesenteric artery dissection, a known high-risk feature of aortic dissection.

Objective

Our aim was to present a case of superior mesenteric artery dissection identified by bedside ultrasound and review the utility of bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis of aortic emergencies.

Case Report

We report a case of superior mesenteric artery dissection found on emergent bedside ultrasound in a 46-year-old male complaining of abdominal pain with a history of cocaine abuse and prior aortic dissection. Bedside ultrasound in the emergency department revealed an intimal flap in the descending aorta with extension into the superior mesenteric artery prompting early surgical consultation before computed tomography because of concern for acute mesenteric ischemia.

Conclusion

Superior mesenteric artery dissection is a high-risk feature of aortic dissection and can be identified with emergent bedside ultrasound.     

老年冠心病患者肠系膜上动脉造影影像分析

目的:提高对老年冠心病患者并发肠缺血的认识,完善冠心病防治规划。方法:选择经临床和影像检查确诊36例老年冠心病患者(观察组)与31例壮年冠心病患者(对照组)的肠系膜上动脉造影影像,对比分析年龄与肠系膜上动脉之间以及冠状动脉病变程度与肠系膜上动脉病变之间的关系。结果:肠系膜上动脉病变观察组19例(52.8%),对照组3例(9.7%)(P<0.05);冠状动脉多支血管病变观察组24例(66.7%),对照组7例(22.6%)(P<0.05)。结论:冠心病患者的年龄与肠系膜上动脉病变之间呈密切正相关。     

Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis

The prevalence of mesenteric venous thrombosis has increased over the past 2 decades with the routine use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in patients presenting with abdominal pain and those with portal hypertension. Concurrent with increasing recognition, routine and frequent use of anticoagulation has reduced the need for surgical intervention and improved outcome in these patients. Acute thrombosis often presents with abdominal pain, whereas chronic disease manifests either as an incidental finding on CT or with features of portal hypertension. Contrast-enhanced CT diagnoses about 90% of cases. The presence of collateral circulation and cavernoma around a chronically thrombosed vein differentiates chronic from acute disease. The superior mesenteric vein is often involved, whereas involvement of the inferior mesenteric vein is rare. Associated portal venous thrombosis can be seen if the disease originates in the major veins instead of the small vena rectae. Thrombophilia and local abdominal inflammatory conditions are common causes. Management is aimed at preventing bowel infarction and recurrent thrombosis. Anticoagulation, the mainstay of management, has also been safely used in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. This review discusses the pathogenesis of thrombosis of mesenteric veins, the diagnosis and differentiation from arterial ischemia, the emergence of the JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) sequence variation as a marker of thrombophilia and myelodysplastic neoplasms, and new anticoagulants. Algorithms for the management of acute and chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis are provided to help readers understand and remember the approach to the management of acute and chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis.     

Acute celiac artery occlusion secondary to blunt trauma: Two case reports

BACKGROUNDAcute celiac artery (CA) injuries are extremely rare but potentially life-threatening and are more often caused by a penetrating injury rather than a blunt injury. The clinical manifestation of CA injuries is usually atypical, which easily causes missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. Currently, there are only a few reports of acute traumatic occlusion of CA. The CA artery gives off branches to dominate the liver, stomach. and spleen; however, occluded CA did not cause significant organ ischemia, and the compensatory blood flow from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) played a pivotal role.CASE SUMMARYHerein, we report two cases of acute CA occlusion secondary to severe blunt trauma. Case one was a 19-year-old male, suffered from a motorcycle crash. He complained of dyspnea, and the closed drainage was performed soon after the hemopneumothorax was confirmed by ultrasound. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed hemopneumothorax, multiple rib fractures, right scapular fracture, and liver rupture. Reexamination with contrast-enhanced CT suggested perihepatic fluid was significantly increased, and CA was occluded. Because the hepatic hemorrhage is associated with hepatic artery injury, the CA was retrogradely opened through the SMA, and then, the right hepatic artery was embolized with coils successfully through the conventional pathway. Stent implantation was not performed, and the CA occlusion was managed by conservative treatment. A follow-up CT scan 3 mo after discharge showed the origin of CA remained occluded. Case two was a 37-year-old man, suffered injury from fall from height. He complained of lower back and bilateral heel pain. Contrast-enhanced CT examination revealed multiple rib fractures, bilateral pneumothorax, fourth lumbar (L4) vertebral burst fracture, and pelvic fractures. Furthermore, a small high-density mass in a lesser peritoneal sac and in front of the abdominal aorta was detected. The reexamination 14 h after admission showed the CA was occluded. The patient was conservatively treated. The symptoms of nausea after meals disappeared about 4 wk later, and abdominal distension was significantly relieved after 6 wk. The abdominal CT angiography at 60 d showed that the CA thrombus was not recanalized.CONCLUSIONPatients with CA occlusion will have different clinical manifestations, and the dominant organ will not have obvious ischemia. Conservative treatment is safe, and the patient’s symptoms will be improved with the establishment of collateral circulation.     

Mesenteric ischemia and protein S deficiency: a rare case report

We present an unusual case of a 31-year-old nulliparous woman who was in her normal state of health until 3 weeks before her Emergency Department visit, when she began to have generalized abdominal pain that got acutely worse over a few days. She had a soft abdomen, but complained of excruciating pain. Her computed tomography (CT) scan revealed thrombosis in the superior mesenteric, splenic, and portal veins. Her hematological work-up detected a protein S deficiency, which is associated with recurrent venous thrombosis. The finding of mesenteric venous thrombosis associated with protein S deficiency is rare. The most important factor in survival is early diagnosis and prompt treatment with anticoagulants. Properly treated, patients with mesenteric venous thrombosis should have a good long-term prognosis. Past medical or family history of thrombosis in combination with abdominal symptoms should increase the suspicion for the disease.     

Acute intestinal ischemia due to occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery: detection with Doppler sonography.

The aim of our study was to assess the feasibility of using Doppler sonography for the detection of acute intestinal ischemia due to occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Between September 1993 and March 1995, abdominal sonography with Doppler imaging of the mesenteric vessels was performed in 770 patients with emergency admissions for acute abdominal pain. In six cases, the diagnosis, based on surgery or arteriography and computed tomography, was acute intestinal ischemia due to complete or localized occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Five cases of occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery were correctly detected by Doppler sonography. These results suggest that Doppler sonography may be a feasible method for detecting acute intestinal ischemia due to proximal superior mesenteric artery occlusion.     

Mesenteric venous thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Mesenteric venous thrombosis is an uncommon but often lethal form of intestinal ischemia. METHODS: We reviewed pertinent literature on mesenteric venous thrombosis using MEDLINE search. RESULTS: We found that previous abdominal surgery and hypercoagulable states are the most common conditions associated with mesenteric venous thrombosis. The symptoms and signs related to mesenteric venous thrombosis are not specific. In the majority of cases, the diagnosis is established by a high index of clinical suspicion and noninvasive imaging techniques. Immediate operation is indicated if signs of peritonitis or intestinal infarction are present. Administration of heparin is beneficial for reducing recurrence and mortality. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should consider the possibility of acute mesenteric venous thrombosis when faced with a patient having abdominal pain out of proportion to the physical findings and with a negative workup for the common causes of abdominal pain.     

The ratio of superior mesenteric artery diameter to superior mesenteric vein diameter based on non-enhanced computed tomography in the early diagnosis of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection

BACKGROUND:Spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection (SISMAD) is a rare cause of abdominal pain. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of a new parameter, the ratio of the SMA diameter to the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) diameter (SMA/SMV) based on non-enhanced computed tomography (CT), in the early diagnosis of SISMAD.METHODS:In a registry study from December 2013 to June 2021, 97 abdominal pain SISMAD patients (SISMAD group) admitted to our hospital were enrolled. Meanwhile, the matched sex and age abdominal pain non-SISMAD patients at 1:2 were collected in reverse chronological order as the control group. Student’s t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Chi-square test were used to compare differences between the SISMAD and control groups. MedCalc was used to generate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.RESULTS:A total of 291 abdominal pain patients, including 97 SISMAD patients and 194 non-SISMAD patients, were included in the current study. The maximum SMA diameter, perivascular exudation, and SMA/SMV based on non-enhanced CT were significant between the two groups (all P<0.05). ROC curves showed that for the maximum SMA diameter, the area under the curve (AUC), cut-off, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.926, 9.80, 93.8%, and 79.4%, respectively. For SMA/SMV, its AUC, cut-off, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.956, 0.83, 88.7%, and 92.3%, respectively. The diagnostic efficiency of SMA/SMV was better than that of the maximum SMA diameter (P<0.05). The combined parameters of SMA/SMV and maximum SMA diameter had the best diagnostic efficiency (AUC=0.970).CONCLUSION:SMA/SMV may be a potential marker for SISMAD.     

Thrombotic complications of COVID-19

IntroductionThe novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The impact of thrombotic complications has been increasingly recognized as an important component of this disease.ObjectiveThis narrative review summarizes the thrombotic complications associated with COVID-19 with an emphasis on information for Emergency Medicine clinicians.DiscussionThrombotic complications from COVID-19 are believed to be due to a hyperinflammatory response caused by the virus. Several complications have been described in the literature. These include acute limb ischemia, abdominal and thoracic aortic thrombosis, mesenteric ischemia, myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, acute cerebrovascular accident, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.ConclusionIt is important for Emergency Medicine clinicians to be aware of the thrombotic complications of COVID-19. Knowledge of these components are essential to rapidly recognize and treat to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients.     

肝硬化上消化道出血并急性肠系膜上静脉血栓诊治体会

目的 探讨肝硬化上消化道出血患者常规应用止血及抗纤溶药物的利弊.方法 回顾分析我院2008年1月-2010年12月收治的肝硬化并肠系膜上静脉血栓形成3例的临床资料.结果 3例均因呕血、便血入院,均有乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化病史,诊断为肝硬化上消化道出血后予止血、抗纤溶等治疗1～2周,出现发热、腹胀、腹痛,B超检查提示门静脉主干血栓伴肠系膜上静脉血栓形成.例1、例2予尿激酶溶栓,例3行经颈静脉肝内门体分流术治疗,均痊愈出院.结论 肝硬化上消化道大出血并急性肠系膜上静脉血栓临床较为少见,分析发生原因可能与过度应用止血及抗纤溶药物有关.     

Review article: Acute superior mesenteric vessel ischaemia: A review of clinical practice and biomarkers

A patient with acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric vessels resulting in superior mesenteric vessel ischaemia (SMVI) who presents to the ED with abdominal pain and unremarkable abdominal examination risks delay in diagnosis and treatment with adverse outcome. A comprehensive literature search was performed, and the evidence was reviewed. To-date, there are no accurate biomarkers of SMVI and so, heightened awareness among ED staff and rapidly actioning diagnostic imaging and surgical referral will help fast-track the patient with SMVI to surgical management. Management of SMVI is challenging and requires ongoing communication. Prompt surgical intervention may help reduce mortality and morbidity in SMVI. SMVI is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. With the lack of accurate biomarkers, diagnosis and management is challenging and requires heightened awareness among ED staff for prompt surgical referral and intervention.     

冠心病患者肠系膜上动脉造影影像及临床相关性研究

目的 提高对冠心痛患者并发肠缺血的认识,完善冠心痛防治规划。方法 对可疑冠心痛心绞痛惑者行冠状动脉和肠系膜上动脉造影,分析影像表现,分析冠心病患者的胃肠症状与肠系膜上动脉影像变化的关系。结果 59例冠心病患者中17例肠系膜上动脉有病变（28．8％）,24例冠状动脉正常者中2例肠系膜上动脉有病变（8．3％）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。冠状动脉多支血管病变27例（45．8％）,合并肠系膜上动脉病变14例（23．7％）,单支血管病变32例（54．2％）,舍并肠系膜上动脉病变3例（0．05％）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。34例有胃肠症状患者中13例肠系膜上动脉病变（38．2％）;25例无胃肠道症状者中4例肠系膜上动脉有病变（16．0％）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 冠状动脉与肠系膜上动脉之间有相关性。肠系膜上动脉损害一般在冠状动脉损害较严重时发生。冠心病患者的胃肠道症状与其肠系膜上动脉血管的改变有关,应重视冠心病患者肠缺血的存在。     

ACR appropriateness criteria® imaging of mesenteric ischemia

Mesenteric ischemia is a rare disease associated with high morbidity and mortality. Acute mesenteric ischemia is most commonly secondary to embolism followed by arterial thrombosis, nonocclusive ischemia, and less commonly venous thrombosis. Chronic mesenteric ischemia is almost always caused by atherosclerotic disease, with rare causes including fibromuscular dysplasia and vasculitis. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed every 2 years by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and review include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of a well-established consensus methodology (modified Delphi) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures by the panel. In those instances where evidence is lacking or not definitive, expert opinion may be used to recommend imaging or treatment. Patients with mesenteric ischemia usually present with nonspecific abdominal symptoms and laboratory findings. This document evaluates and rates the appropriateness of imaging to evaluate patients with clinically suspected mesenteric ischemia. While catheter-based angiography has been considered the reference standard and enables diagnosis and treatment, advances in computed tomography have made it a first-line test in many patients because it is a fast, widely available, and noninvasive study. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound have a limited role in diagnosing mesenteric ischemia but are commonly the first ordered tests in patients with abdominal pain and may diagnose more common pathologies.     

Pseudoaneurysm as a rare complication in the treatment of superior mesenteric artery embolism via percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy: a case report

Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy is a safe and effective treatment for addressing thrombosis in various embolic diseases. In recent years, this approach has also been actively applied in the management of acute embolic occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. A pseudoaneurysm as a complication of this operation is remarkably rare. This is the first case report of the diagnosis and treatment of a pseudoaneurysm that developed as a complication after the application of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy via an AngioJet device for thrombolysis in the superior mesenteric artery.     

Intraoperative US diagnosis of pylephlebitis (portal vein thrombosis) as a complication of appendicitis: a case report

We report a case of infectious thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein (pylephlebitis) that was suspected preoperatively with computed tomography and confirmed at intraoperative ultrasonography as confined to the extrahepatic portal vein and superior mesenteric vein. Intraoperative ultrasonography revealed intraluminal echogenic thrombus material in the dilated superior mesenteric and extrahepatic portal veins, slightly dilated open splenic vein, and numerous venous collaterals in the hepatoduodenal ligament. When preoperative imaging studies are inconclusive, intraoperative sonography can confirm the correct diagnosis of pylephlebitis and may give valuable information about the extent of the thrombosis. Received: 19 December 1995/Accepted: 31 January 1996     

急性肠系膜上动脉血栓栓塞的MSCT诊断

目的探讨急性肠系膜上动脉（SMA）血栓栓塞（SMAT）的MSCT表现。方法回顾分析28例急性SMAT患者临床资料及MSCT表现,所有患者均行MSCT平扫、动脉期和静脉期增强扫描,所得图像进行三维重组。结果28例患者中单纯SMAT20例,孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层继发血栓栓塞5例,主动脉夹层累及肠系膜上动脉假腔继发血栓栓塞3例。MSCT平扫SMA内密度增高22例,等密度6例。增强扫描及CTA显示SMA中度狭窄6例、重度狭窄4例、闭塞18例。14例肠壁增厚伴强化异常,8例肠管扩张、肠壁变薄且不强化,6例肠壁厚度及强化程度无变化。另外,肠系膜缆绳征（5例）,肠壁积气、门静脉一肠系膜上静脉积气（2例）,麻痹性肠梗阻（5例）,腹腔各液（5例）,Riolan动脉弓扩张（5例）。结论MSCT增强扫描及图像后处理技术能快速准确诊断SMAT并判断肠缺血程度,对临床治疗具有重要意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在肠系膜上动脉病变中应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）在肠系膜上动脉（SMA）病变中的应用。 方法 应用CDFI对19例临床怀疑SMA病变所致的急腹症患者进行SMA检查及部分患者术后随访。观察的内容包括SMA管腔结构、血流速度（PV）和阻力指数（RI），并与其他影像检查对照分析。 结果 19例患者中超声提示：SMA血栓致闭塞3例；SMA粥样硬化管腔狭窄14例；SMA夹层动脉瘤2例。以上患者均经MRA或DSA检查证实，其中2例SMA夹层动脉瘤患者放置支架治疗，1例SMA血栓闭塞患者做了X-线下取栓、溶栓，4例SMA动脉粥样硬化管腔狭窄的患者放置支架。 结论 CDFI对SMA病变诊断率高，能够客观反映病变的部位、程度和血流动力学的改变，也是评价治疗效果有效的方法。     

血管急诊回顾

急诊科医生往往是重症患者的首诊医生,当疾病特征明显,诊断难度不大。但当临床表现模棱两可时,就需要一个标准化的检查流程以决定是否需要急诊治疗。血管急诊时常有较严重的临床后果,因而必须早诊断,往往在患者检查分类时就需考虑血管急诊的可能性。