间接判定运动员滥用人生长激素的指标的可行性研究.Ⅱ. 优秀运动员安静时血清GH、IGF-Ⅰ水平的分析

以北京体育大学人体运动科学系非体育专业新生20名(男女各10名)作为对照组,实验组包括16名田径运动员（9名男性,7名女性）、古典式摔跤男运动员7名、男子足球运动员23名。实验组运动员在训练期间均服用营养补剂。实验研究发现优秀成年运动员血清IGF-Ⅰ安静值与正常男女对照组无显著性差异。优秀成年运动员血清IGF-Ⅰ安静值不受性别、年龄、身高和体重指数的影响。男子田径运动员血清IGF-Ⅰ安静值显著高于足球运动员。     

运动员快速减轻和长期控制体重的医学问题(医务监督第五讲)

1.引言运动员中有一组特殊人群,他们不仅体重正常,而且体脂百分数很低,但是为了运动比赛经常需要减轻或控制体重。如举重、摔跤、柔道以及一些按不同的体重级别进行比赛的运动员,在赛前采取传统的减轻体重的措施,而且年龄和体重最小的运动员所减轻的体重数占其原体重的百分数往往最高。     

中药"体能一号"对女子中长跑运动员机能状态影响的观察

通过对20名女子中长跑运动员服用中药“体能一号”的观察，表明人参、仙灵脾、阿胶等多味中草药配伍的营养方剂，能够减少耐力项目运动员的体脂肪率；增加血清蛋白和铁的含量，提高血色素；降低血乳酸值，增强有氧能力和无氧耐力，促进疲劳消除，改善睡眠，增加食欲，从而有利于提高了训练质量和运动成绩。     

优秀男子曲棍球运动员赛前综合强化力量训练效果评价

目的:在全国赛前10周,对优秀男子曲棍球运动员进行为期6周的赛前综合强化力量训练,并观察其训练效果,为我国优秀男子曲棍球运动员赛前的强化力量训练提供实证参考。方法:对19名广东省男子曲棍球运动员实施每周3次、每次120分钟、为期6周的赛前综合强化力量训练方案,在训练前后测量力量素质、爆发力及速度耐力;在训练前、中(第3周训练后)、后,测定基础状态下的血红蛋白(HB)、血清肌酸激酶(CK)、血尿素(BU)、睾酮(T)和皮质醇(C);同时随机抽取部分运动员,以递增负荷跑台方式测量最大摄氧量(VO2max)来评价有氧代谢能力,Wingate测试评价无氧代谢能力。结果:与训练前相比,训练后卧推、深蹲、背肌提拉、收腹举腿、纵跳高度均非常显著提高(P<0.001),立定跳远、30 m跑、腹肌显著提高(P<0.01),背肌耐力和5×25m折返跑略有提高;基础状态下的T/C值有提升趋势(P=0.054),其它血液指标变化不大;最大摄氧量无显著变化,但是3000m跑成绩有提升,最高功率、平均功率无显著变化。结论:1、赛前综合强化力量训练有效提升优秀曲棍球运动员的上肢力量、下肢力量、腰腹部的核心力量以及爆发力。2、合理的赛前综合强化力量训练不会导致运动员机能状态下降,同时运动员的有氧代谢能力和无氧代谢能力可以保持。     

耐力训练和益气补肾中药对睾酮合成的调节因素--StAR蛋白和P450SCC酶mRNA表达的影响

目的:探讨运动训练和益气补肾中药对影响睾酮合成的StAR蛋白和P450SCC酶的作用.方法:50只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为安静对照组(n=10)、安静服药组(n=10)、耐力训练组(n=15)和训练服药组(n=15).经6周递增负荷游泳训练后,采用放免法测定大鼠血清睾酮水平,利用RT-PCR方法检测大鼠睾丸StAR和P450SCC mRNA的表达水平.结果:(1)训练组大鼠血清睾酮水平显著降低,而训练服药组大鼠的血清睾酮水平则未降低.(2)未服药训练大鼠的StAR mRNA水平比安静对照组明显下降(P<0.01);服用中药的安静大鼠和运动大鼠的StAR mRNA表达比安静对照组和训练组显著增强(P均小于0.001).(3)训练组和训练服药组大鼠P450SCC mRNA水平均显著低于安静对照组和安静服药组(P<0.05).结论:(1)研究结果提示长期大负荷训练后大鼠睾丸间质细胞StAR mRNA表达下降,益气补肾中药对StAR mRNA的表达转录水平有增强作用.长期大负荷运动造成的血清睾酮水平下降与StAR mRNA的表达强弱有关.(2)长期大负荷运动可造成大鼠睾酮合成限速酶P450SCC mRNA表达降低,益气补肾中药可维持血清睾酮水平,但其在mRNA水平对P450SCC的表达无明显效应,其对睾酮合成酶的影响仍需进一步探讨.     

运动性疲劳肾气虚大鼠睾丸超微结构和性激素改变及补肾益元中药的作用

目的探讨运动性疲劳肾气虚的实质及补肾益气中药的作用机理。方法以健康雄性二月龄SD大鼠为研究对象,随机分为安静对照组、运动实验组、运动肾气虚组和服药组(服用补肾益元中药),采用递增负荷游泳加悬吊应激的方案建立运动性疲劳肾气虚动物模型。实验后检测各组大鼠血清睾酮和促性腺激素含量,称量大鼠睾丸重量并观察睾丸的超微结构。结果(1)运动实验组和运动肾气虚组大鼠血清睾酮含量显著低于安静对照组(P<0.05);(2)服药组大鼠血清睾酮水平显著高于运动肾气虚组(P<0.05);(3)电镜观察运动实验组和运动肾气虚组大鼠睾丸间质严重水肿(Ⅳ),细胞固缩,染色质边集,呈凋亡改变。而服药组大鼠睾丸间质水肿不明显,大多数细胞结构基本正常,线粒体嵴大多数清晰,趋于正常。结论补肾益元中药能保护过度训练大鼠的睾丸间质细胞及细胞内线粒体结构以维持睾酮的正常分泌、促进内源性睾酮的再生,这种对睾丸组织结构的保护作用可能是延缓运动性疲劳肾气虚发生的机理之一。     

我国健身运动员的体成份特征分析

为了解我国健身运动员体成份组成及其特征,本研究运用体成份仪,在2005年全国健美锦标赛赛前对参赛的全体健身运动员进行了体成份测量,经对参加复赛运动员的体成份测量结果进行统计分析得知:健身运动员每厘米身高的体脂含量基本相同,但体重、瘦体重、体水总量、基础代谢率等高身高组别较低身高组别高,高身高组别电阻抗较低身高组别低;男运动员体重、瘦体重、体水总量、基础代谢率高于女运动员,而女运动员体脂、电阻抗高于男运动员;男、女运动员体重越大,其瘦体重、体水总量、基础代谢率越高,体脂反而越少;低身高组别基础代谢率低于高身高组别;健身运动员体脂含量百分比普遍低于普通人最低限,且高身高组别体脂百分比低于低身高组别;男子高身高组别运动员肌肉重量较大,女子高身高组别运动员肌肉重量较大,但占体重百分比较小。仪器推测项目中健身运动员的蛋白质含量高于普通人,低身高组别蛋白质含量低于高身高组别;矿物质含量占体重百分比在正常范围内;身体细胞内、外液占体重百分比与常人相同。     

补血耐力复合胶囊对军事五项运动员大负荷训练期间身体机能的影响

目的:观察服用耐力复合胶囊对军事五项队运动员大负荷专项训练期间身体机能及运动能力的影响。方法:20名运动员按运动等级和性别分层后随机分成实验组和对照组。除每天正常大负荷训练外,实验组补充补血耐力复合胶囊,对照组补充淀粉胶囊,连续服用4周。在实验第0周、2周和4周采静脉血测定红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)、平均红细胞血红蛋白量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)、红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平。实验前后进行跑台最大摄氧量和自行车无氧功的测试。结果表明:补血耐力复合胶囊能有效维持军事五项运动员大负荷训练期血红蛋白和红细胞压积水平,提高铁蛋白含量,增加体内铁贮备,有显著的抗自由基作用,能有效维持机体的最大摄氧量、平均功率和总功率,提高无氧最大功率。     

补充大豆多肽对中长跑运动员训练期生化指标的影响

目的 :观察大豆多肽固体饮料对耐力项目运动员促进恢复的作用。方法 :2 1名男性省级中长跑运动员随机分为对照组 (n =7)、补糖组 (n =6 )和补肽组 (n =8)进行为期 4周的大强度训练 ,补肽组每天训练课后补充含有 8g大豆多肽和 35g糖的运动饮料 ,补糖组服用含有 35g糖的饮料 ,对照组服用外观及口感与大豆多肽饮料相近的安慰剂。实验前、训练两周后及实验后对受试对象的体成分、RPE等级和血液生化指标进行测试。结果 :补肽组运动后的体重、瘦体重比实验前明显提高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,血清睾酮水平比对照组显著提高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而补肽组RPE等级显著下降 (P <0 0 1) ,同时血清肌酸激酶亦下降 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :服用大豆多肽可促进中长跑运动员瘦体重的增加、提高血清睾酮的水平以及降低训练后RPE的等级 ,提示大豆多肽可促进蛋白质的合成 ,并具有一定的抗疲劳作用。此外摄入大豆多肽可降低中长跑运动员运动后血清肌酸激酶的水平 ,提示大豆多肽有促进骨骼肌损伤组织的修复以及减少细胞内肌酸激酶外渗的作用     

减体重对女子举重运动员运动能力的影响及营养干预的效果

目的探讨在运动训练中的慢速减体重、赛前快速降体重和赛前体能恢复期间实施营养学干预对运动员减重后运动能力的影响.方法12名女子举重运动员随机分成实验组和对照组,每组6人.实验组和对照组运动员进行统一的运动训练并采用等同能量的饮食.实验组减重期间服用减重棒、维生素和电解质等运动营养食品,在减重后的恢复期服用快速能量补充制剂和维生素电解质强化运动营养补充;对照组服用相应的安慰剂.分别在减重前后对两组对象进行有氧能力和无氧能力测试.运动员在减重实验前与实验期间填写饥饿度自评表.结果实验组运动员体重从实验前的67.4±14.2 kg下降到快速减重后的64.6±14.1 kg,对照组从67.4±15.5 kg下降到64.3±15.4 kg.实验组在快速减重后的恢复阶段,6分钟乳酸稳态实验后即刻血乳酸浓度、心率以及主观疲劳评分显著低于对照组.两组在慢减期后、快减期后和恢复阶段,30秒Wingate测试单位体重的最大功率、平均功率和最小功率均无显著性差异,但实验组在快速恢复第1天和第3天单位体重的最大功率显著高于实验前.结论科学地减少饮食热量摄入能够按照既定的目标减轻体重;快速能量补充制剂和维生素、电解质的复合补充制剂能够明显促进运动员减体重后身体快速恢复,保持无氧能力和有氧能力;以魔芋为主要成分的减重棒能明显减轻减体重期间的饥饿感.     

A comparison of the physiological profiles of elite Gaelic footballers, hurlers, and soccer players

Background: Gaelic football, soccer, and hurling are prominent field games in Ireland and involve participants undertaking a variety of playing tasks and skills which place various physiological demands on the participants. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the mid-season physiological profiles of elite players.

Methods: Physiological assessment was carried out on 29 inter-county Gaelic footballers, 30 inter-county hurlers, and 21 League of Ireland soccer players.

Results: Significant differences were reported for % body fat (p<0.05), aerobic capacity (p<0.05), flexibility (p<0.05), upper body strength (p<0.05), upper body strength endurance (p<0.05), abdominal endurance (p<0.05), and speed endurance (p<0.05), while there were no differences recorded for height, weight, or speed levels. A relatively heterogeneous body size is evident for all three sports. Soccer players had lower body fat levels, greater aerobic capacity, greater strength endurance, and greater flexibility compared to both Gaelic footballers and hurlers, possibly due to specific training and conditioning programmes or physical adaptation to match play The greater strength of both Gaelic footballers and hurlers and the superior speed endurance levels of Gaelic footballers also reflect the physical nature of the sports. Similar speed levels amongst all three sports reflect the importance of speed for performance.

Conclusions: The various physiological attributes for Gaelic football, soccer, and hurling reflect the physical requirements for success and participation in each of these field games.

     

Fitness Changes in Professional Football Players During

In brief: Professional football players participated in a conditioning program before entering regular preseason training. The program comprised training in functional strength, aerobic endurance, sprinting, power, ballistics, plyometrics, and football skills. Seven fitness variables were measured at the beginning and at the end of the program: body fat, lean body weight, treadmill performance, maximum oxygen uptake, ventilatory anaerobic threshold, agility, and vertical jump. The offensive linemen, who as a group scored lowest on the pretest, improved significantly on all seven tests.     

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation does not improve maximal aerobic power, anaerobic threshold and running performance in well-trained soccer players

In a randomized, placebo-controlled study the effect of 10 weeks of supplementation with either 5.2 g of a concentrated fish oil triglyceride (Triomar™) enriched in omega-3 fatty acids (1.60 g/day EPA and 1.04 g/day DHA) or 5.2 g corn oil (serving as placebo) on maximal aerobic power, anaerobic threshold and running performance was assessed in 28 well-trained male soccer players (18–35 years). Supplements were given as 650-mg capsules. Capsule assignment was randomized to one omega-3 group ( n =15), given eight Triomar™ capsules per day, and one placebo group ( n =13), given eight capsules of corn oil per day. During the 10-week supplementation period the subjects maintained their usual diets and training regimes. Red blood cell (RBC) osmotic fragility, triglycerides and fatty acid composition in plasma were assessed before and after the supplementation period. The pre- and post-supplementation tests of maximal aerobic power, anaerobic power and running performance showed no significant difference between the two groups. Subjects in the omega-3 group had significantly reduced plasma triglycerides, rised EPA (175%) and DHA (40%) in the total lipid fraction of plasma after supplementation. RBC osmotic fragility did not change. In conclusion, the results do not support the hypothesis that endurance athletes can improve maximal aerobic performance by omega 3-fatty acid supplementation.     

A physiological evaluation of professional soccer players.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological functions of a professional soccer team in the North American Soccer League (NASL). Eighteen players were evaluated on cardiorespiratory function, endurance performance, body composition, blood chemistry, and motor fitness measures near the end of their competitive season. The following means were observed: age, 26 yrs; height, 176 cm; weight 75.5 kg; resting heart rate, 50 beats/min; maximum heart rate (MHR), 188 beats/min; maximum oxygen intake (VO2 max), 58.4 ml/kg-min-1; maximum ventilation (VEmax BTPS), 154 L/min; body fat, 9.59%; 12-min run, 1.86 miles; and Illinois agility run, 15.6 secs. Results on resting blood pressure, serum lipids, vital capacity, flexibility, upper body strength, and vertical jump tests were comparable to values found for the sedentary population. Comparing the results with previously collected data on professional American Football backs indicated that the soccer players were shorter; lighter in body weight; higher in VO2 max (4 ml/kg-min-1) and body fat (1.8%); and similar in MHR, VE max, and VC. The 12-min run scores were similar to the initial values observed for the 1970 Brazilian World Cup Team. The agility run results were superior to data collected from other groups. Their endurance capabilities, agility, and low percent of body fat clearly differentiate them from the sedentary population and show them to be similar to that of professional American football backs.     

Aerobic and anaerobic power characteristics of Saudi elite soccer players

BACKGROUND: To assess the aerobic and anaerobic characteristics of Saudi elite soccer players, and to examine the interrelationship between measures of aerobic and anaerobic power in the elite soccer players. METHODS. PARTICIPANT: Twenty-three outfield elite soccer players representing the Saudi national team participated. Their means (+/- SD) for age, body mass, height and estimated fat % were: 25.2 +/- 2.3 years; 73.1 +/- 6.8 kg; 177.2 +/- 5.9 cm; and 12.3 +/- 2.7%, respectively. MEASURES: Cardiorespiratory parameters, including maximal oxygen uptake (V O2 max), were assessed by open-circuit spirometry during graded treadmill running. Anaerobic power measures were obtained using Wingate anaerobic test, and included peak power (PP), and average power for 5 sec (AP 5), 10 sec (AP 10), 20 sec (AP 20) and 30 sec (AP 30). RESULTS: Mean (+/-SD) values for V O2max in absolute and relative to body mass were 4.16 +/- 0.34 l x min-1 and 56.8 +/- 4.8 ml x kg-1 x min-1, respectively. Such V O2max value was 118% and 80% of those reported for Saudi college males and distance runners, respectively. The ventilatory anaerobic thereshold (Tvent) averaged 43.6 ml x kg-1 x min-1. There were no significant differences in V O2max and Tvent between players based on positions, although the midfielders and the centre-backs had the highest and the lowest individual values for both measures, respectively. Values (+/- SD) of PP and AP 30 were 873.6 +/- 141.8 W (11.88 +/- 1.3 W x kg-1), and 587.7 +/-55.4 W (8.02 +/- 0.53 W x kg-1), respectively. Only in absolute PP & AP 30 were the centre-backs significantly superior to the other players. In addition, V O2max was inversely related to PP (r = - 0.54; p < 0.05) and positively related to AP 30 (r = 0.45; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The aerobic power, expressed relative to body mass, of Saudi elite soccer players was in the lower range of values normally reported in the literatures for elite soccer players. Both PP and AP 30 were somewhat lower than values previously reported for elite soccer players from other countries.     

High femoral bone mineral density accretion in prepubertal soccer players

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of physical activity on bone mineral accrual during growth in prepuberal boys. METHODS: Seventeen soccer players and 11 matched (physically active) control boys (Tanner 1-2, at the start of the study) were followed over a 3-yr period. Bone mineral content (BMC) and a real density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The maximal positive mechanical impulse (CJipos) and height jumped (Hj) during countermovement vertical jumps were assessed with a plate force. Additionally, 30-m running speed test (T30), 300-m run test (AC), and 20-m shuttle run test (MAP) were performed. RESULTS: The soccer players attained better results in MAP and AC than the controls (P < 0.05). At the end of the follow-up, the controls increased their percentage of body fat in 11 units (P < 0.05) whereas it remained unchanged in the soccer players. Lean body mass increased with growth but more in the soccer players than in the controls (P < 0.05). The soccer players exhibited greater BMC in the legs and greater BMD in all bone-loaded regions at the end of the study (P < 0.05). During these 3 yr, the soccer players gained twice as much femoral neck and intertrochanteric BMC than the control group (P < 0.05) and increased their femoral neck BMD by 10% and their mean hip BMD by a third more than the control group (both P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that the improvement in T30 and CJipos has predictive value for the enhancement of bone mass in growing boys. CONCLUSION: Long-term soccer participation, starting at a prepubertal age, results in greater improvement of physical fitness, greater acquisition of bone mass and a lower accumulation of body fat.     

Energy and macronutrient intakes of professional football (soccer) players.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the dietary habits of professional soccer players at two Scottish Premier League clubs during the competitive season. METHODS: A study of the dietary intake of 51 professional soccer players with two different clubs was carried out by the seven day weighed intake method. RESULTS: Physical characteristics of the two groups of players were similar, with only small differences in age and body mass but no difference in height and body fat. Mean (SD) daily energy intake for club A was 11.0 (2.6) MJ, and for club B 12.8 (2.2) MJ. The higher energy intake at club B was largely accounted for by a higher (P < 0.005) fat intake (118 v 93 g d-1): there was no difference in the absolute amounts of protein, carbohydrate, or alcohol consumed. When expressed as a fraction of total energy intake, mean protein intake was higher (P < 0.05) and fat intake lower (P < 0.01) at club A. CONCLUSIONS: The mean energy intake of these players was not high compared with athletes in endurance sports. Fractional contribution of the macronutrients to total energy intake was broadly similar to that of the general population.     

Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between physical fitness and team success in soccer, and to test for differences in physical fitness between different player positions. METHODS: Participants were 306 male soccer players from 17 teams in the two highest divisions in Iceland. Just before the start of the 1999 soccer season, the following variables were tested: height and weight, body composition, flexibility, leg extension power, jump height, and peak O2 uptake. Injuries and player participation in matches and training were recorded through the 4-month competitive season. Team average physical fitness was compared with team success (final league standing) using a linear regression model. Physical fitness was also compared between players in different playing positions. RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between team average jump height (countermovement jump and standing jump) and team success (P = 0.009 and P = 0.012, respectively). The same trend was also found for leg extension power (P = 0.097), body composition (% body fat, P = 0.07), and the total number of injury days per team (P = 0.09). Goalkeepers demonstrated different fitness characteristics from outfield players. They were taller and heavier, more flexible in hip extension and knee flexion, and had higher leg extension power and a lower peak O2 uptake. However, only minor differences were observed between defenders, midfield players, and attackers. CONCLUSION: Coaches and medical support teams should pay more attention to jump and power training, as well as preventive measures and adequate rehabilitation of previous injuries to increase team success.     

High School Athletic Care Survey Reveals Improvement—and Inertia

The effect of excess fat weight and equipment weight on skating performance is unclear because much of the player's skating movement is performed in a gliding position. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of added weight on a player's skating performance in an ice hockey fitness test. During added-weight conditions, the players were slower and had greater anaerobic endurance times. Coaches and players should be concerned about the players' fat weight and equipment weight because they contribute to slower performance times.