血液透析患者动静脉内瘘血栓形成的相关因素

自体动静脉内瘘是终末期维持性血液透析患者重要的血管通路形式,内瘘血栓形成是导致内瘘失功的最重要原因,本文就内瘘血栓形成的相关临床因素进行综述.     

血液透析患者动－静脉内瘘血栓形成原因分析

本文对150例利用动－静脉内瘘行血液透析的慢性肾衰竭患者进行分析,报道如下。     

鼻咽壶部与前臂动静脉内瘘术的临床比较分析

目的：探讨动静脉内瘘术的理想部位。方法：对前臂A-V内瘘术与鼻咽壶部AV内瘘术进行比较。结果：报告了49例慢性肾功能衰竭者动静脉内瘘术,对24例采用前臂A-V内瘘术,25例采用鼻咽壶部A-V内瘘．取得了满意的效果。结论：鼻咽壶部A-V内瘘术组织层次浅,血管变异少,手术操作简单,切口小,内瘘成熟快．克服了前臂内瘘的弊端,如血栓形成,心脏负荷增加,内瘘成熟缓慢等不足之处,因此临床上在行动静脉内瘘术前,应先行鼻咽壶A-V内瘘术,后行前臂动静脉内瘘术,以减少对心脏的影响。同时切口小叮采用瞬康医用胶,无需缝合拆线,减少了缝线反应,使其切口美观、平整。     

血液透析患者动静脉内瘘血栓形成原因及防治进展

自体动静脉内瘘是目前临床上应用最广泛的血液透析血管通路,良好的血管通路是尿毒症患者的生命线,而血栓形成是导致动静脉内瘘阻塞最重要的原因.防治血栓形成,以保持内瘘的长期通畅对保证血液透析的效果、维持透析患者的远期生存有极为重要的意义,本文就自体动静脉内瘘血栓形成的原因及防治措施作一综述.     

动静脉内瘘术用于血液透析的临床研究

自１９８５年１月～１９９６年３月为１２５６例慢性透析患者建立动静脉内瘘并成功地进行了血液透析，其中自体血管内瘘１１０１例（鼻烟窝动静脉内瘘５２６例，前臂动静脉内瘘５１２例，上臂动静脉内瘘３６例，下肢动静脉内瘘２７例），大隐静脉搭桥１５例，聚四氟乙烯人造血管（ＰＴＦＥ）搭桥动静脉内瘘１８例，人尸动脉搭桥动静脉内瘘１２２例。手术成功率１００％，１年通畅率９５．３％，３年通畅率８２．５％，５年通畅率７１．２％，１０年通畅率为４８．６％。就制作动静脉内瘘以及对国内外开展各种制作内瘘方法的临床评价和经验进行比较。     

动静脉内瘘闭塞的原因探讨及防治

目的：探讨血液透析患者动静脉内瘘（AVF）闭塞的原因及如何预防、治疗。方法：对91例建立永久性AVF并行维持性血液透析患者进行回顾性分析。发生栓塞者分别行内瘘动脉端注入尿激酶或肝素及导管介入下溶栓。结果：发现21例AVF闭塞,其中原发病为糖尿病患者10例,穿刺不当及压迫时间过长者5例,低血压者4例,心动过缓1例,促红素未及时减量者1例。其中8例发现栓塞〈12 h,予溶栓治疗后5例再通。结论：AVF闭塞与糖尿病,瘘口压迫时间过长,内瘘穿刺不当,血液黏滞度增加,透析中低血压等因素有关,尽早发现内瘘闭塞及尽早行溶栓治疗是再通的关键。     

血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘早期血栓形成的危险因素为临床干预提供参考依据.方法 观察慢性血液透析患者104例,在首次使用自体动静脉内瘘后3个月内是否发生血栓形成.对患者年龄、性别、基础疾病是否为糖尿病、平均血压水平、发生血栓时单次超滤量、发生血栓时的血肌酐、尿酸、尿素、血白蛋白、血红蛋白、血小板、甲状旁腺素等指标量化后行多因素非条件logistic回归分析.结果 21例(20.1％)患者在血液透析后3个月内出现动静脉内瘘血栓形成,基础疾病为糖尿病、血肌酐、甲状旁腺素水平、血红蛋白为发生血栓形成的危险因素.血压、尿酸是动静脉内瘘形成的保护因素.结论 本研究进一步揭示基础疾病为糖尿病、血红蛋白、血液透析不充分、甲状旁腺激素异常升高为血液透析患者早期形成动静脉内瘘血栓的危险因素.     

自体动静脉内瘘成熟不良影响因素的研究进展

自体动静脉内瘘（autogenous arteriovenous fistula,AVF）是维持性血液透析患者的生命线,然而,由于受到各种因素的影响,新建立的内瘘会出现成熟不良,影响患者的透析效果及增加住院率。AVF的成熟是临床关注的重要问题,明确AVF成熟不良的影响因素至关重要。本文就AVF成熟不良的危险因素进行综述。     

维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成危险因素及列线图的应用价值

目的:通过分析维持性血液透析(MHD)患者动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成的影响因素,创建一个有效预测MHD患者动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成风险的列线图模型。方法:选取2014年01月—2018年12月间于我院住院的884例MHD患者为研究对象,并根据是否形成内瘘急性血栓分为急性血栓形成组(n=64)和正常组(n=820)。应用单因素及多因素Logistic回归筛选维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成的影响因素,利用R软件建立预测维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成的列线图模型。结果:多因素Logistic回归分析显示合并糖尿病、内瘘透析次数>8次、发生低血压以及钙磷乘积>55 mg²/dl²,是MHD患者动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成的危险因素;连续使用左卡尼汀1个月以上,是MHD患者动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成的保护因素。模型评价显示,该列线图起始Cindex为0.895,采用重复Bootstrap自抽样方法进行1 000次内部验证后Cindex为0.897,校正曲线提示在观察值与预测值之间有良好的一致性,模型区分度及一致性良好。结论:基于上述5个...     

血液透析患者前臂动静脉内瘘的临床应用研究

目的:探讨前臂自体动静脉内瘘在血液透析中的临床应用.方法:对采用前臂腕部自体动静脉内瘘术建立血管通路的112例慢性肾衰竭血液透析患者,进行回顾性分析探讨,建立前臂内瘘的血管条件、手术方式、近远期通畅率、并发症及临床处理原则等.结果:112例患者中,111例手术成功建立血管内瘘,手术一次成功率99.1%(111/112).4周内内瘘栓堵者5例,内瘘初级通畅率94.6%(106/112).其中1例通过药物溶栓获得再通,4例通过原切口行内瘘重建获得再通,累计次级通畅率为99.1%(111/112).动静脉吻合口狭窄致血栓形成是内瘘闭塞最常见因素,感染居其次.内瘘使用后0.5年和1年通畅率分别为97.3%(109/112)和95.5%(107/112).结论:前臂腕部自体动静脉内瘘术制作简便,远期通畅率高,且最大限度地保留了上肢的血管储备,是血液透析血管通路的首选.良好的血管条件和熟练的血管吻合技术是保证内瘘成功和长期通畅的关键因素.     

Comparison of outcomes of arteriovenous grafts and fistulas at a single Veterans' Affairs medical center

BACKGROUND: Before 2003, almost all dialysis access procedures performed at the G.V. Montgomery Veterans' Affairs Medical Center were arteriovenous grafts. In mid-2003, it was decided to place fistulas in most patients. This study compared the patency rates and frequency of interventions to maintain function between the 2 procedures. METHODS: Patency rates for 64 grafts and 50 fistulas were computed using Kaplan-Meier life-tables and compared using the Cox-Mantel log- rank test. The frequency of interventions to maintain function was compared using a Poisson model. RESULTS: Primary patency of grafts at 1 and 2 years was 39% and 26%, and that of fistulas was 44% and 37%. Secondary patency of grafts at 1 and 2 years was 71% and 63%, and that of fistulas was 75% and 72%. Neither difference reached significance. The difference in interventions also was insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Switching from grafts to fistulas did not significantly improve the patency and frequency of interventions.     

早期干预性手术和肠内外营养治疗肠外瘘的疗效评价（24例报告）

目的 评估早期应用“干预性手术”和肠内外营养治疗复杂性肠外瘘的临床意义及疗效。方法依据早期“干预性手术和肠内外营养”与全程完全保守措施的不同治疗方法,对24例肠外瘘病例资料分组研究,比较两组患者治疗后临床指标的差别。结果干预性手术和肠内外营养组瘘口治愈率明显高于完全保守治疗组（87．50％VS37．50％）;第4周肝功能损害率、瘘口平均愈合时间、平均住院时间、平均住院费用与后者比较均有显著下降（P〈0．01）;两组间肺部感染、败血症、切口疝、粘连性肠梗阻等近、远期并发症发生率和死亡率、再人院率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论复杂性肠外瘘早期实施积极的“干预性手术”和肠内外营养治疗是肠外瘘外科治疗观念的重要转变,有利于提高肠外瘘的治愈率。     

头静脉-桡动脉内瘘手术32例治疗体会

目的总结头静脉-桡动脉内瘘手术治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析2000年-2009年32例尿毒症患者动静脉瘘手术的临床资料。结果首次手术后成功的动静脉瘘30例，失败2例，其中1例无法完成手术，另1例因血管栓塞而失败。结论完善的围手术期准备，熟练的手术技巧，良好的术后护理可以减少动静脉瘘术后并发症及延长其使用时效。     

Plastic surgical techniques in the repair of vesicovaginal fistulas: A review

A variety of plastic surgical techniques may be used in the repair of vesicovaginal fistulas. The indication for their use include: (a) diameter greater than 4 cm; (b) involvement of the bladder neck/proximal urethra; (c) radiation-induced fistulas; and (d) previous failed repair(s). In the developing world the vast majority of complex fistulas are caused by obstetric trauma; elsewhere they occur mainly following radiotherapy or radical surgery for gynecologic malignancy. The majority of complex fistulas requiring tissue donation may be effectively treated using a vaginal approach and a modified Martius graft. There is probably little or no advantage in encorporating bulbocavernosus muscle fibers in this graft. Although some concern exists regarding the long-term viability of these grafts in radiation-induced fistulas, in view of the relatively simple operative technique, together with the low associated morbidity, modified Martius grafts may be deemed suitable for first-time repairs. The gracilis muscle graft should be considered next in cases of exclusive transvaginal repair. The omental graft is undoubtedly the most versatile: it can be used in both abdominal and combined abdominovaginal procedures. The recently described posterosuperior sliding bladder flaps warrant further evaluation. For most fistulas involving the bladder neck/proximal urethra, there is no clear advantage in bladder flap reconstruction over vaginal flap reconstruction, the latter being augmented by an anti-stress incontinence procedure were appropriate. When continent urinary diversion is required, the Indiana pouch appears preferable to the Kock pouch; ureterosigmoidostomy is, however, technically and culturally more acceptable in these circumstances in the developing world.     

On the haemodynamics of arteriovenous fistulas in the rat

Summary Direct and indirect arteriovenous fistulas were applied to the cervical vessels of 19 rats in order to study the haemodynamic parameters of angioma-like, rapid blood flow in small vessels. Flow was measured electromagnetically and intraoperatively using the Doppler sonography, and both methods were compared. Resultant alterations in vessel walls were examined under the electron microscope. Following fistula application, the flow rates increased by a factor often. At the same time, the flow pattern profile and stream resistance also changed. At present, the Doppler sonography device employed here is the only one commercially available, yet it could not detect rapid flow rates (greater than 85 cm/sec). The abnormal haemodynamic strain on the venous walls led to morphologically and angiographically detectable alterations.     

甲状腺癌术中喉返神经损伤发生的原因及预防措施探讨

目的　探讨甲状腺癌手术过程中发生喉返神经损伤的原因及预防措施。 方法　对我院10年间187例甲状腺癌手术的临床资料进行回顾性分析,主要分析喉返神经损伤与术式、喉返神经在术中是否被分离保护的关系。结果　本组患者甲状腺切除术喉返神经损伤10例,发生率约为5.3%。所有病例术后均有声嘶,间接喉镜检查证实有单侧声带运动障碍。经严密观察随访,15例3月后发音恢复正常,间接喉镜检查声带运动正常,喉返神经暂时性损伤率为80%;3例严密观察随访6个月仍声带麻痹、声音嘶哑,间接喉镜检查声带运动障碍,喉返神经永久性性损伤率为20%。结论　甲状腺癌术后喉返神经损伤的发生主要与术式有关,多为暂时性损伤。手术者的经验和手术技巧是防止此类损伤的关键,术中明确找到喉返神经并加以保护,将会降低喉返神经损伤率,但并不能完全避免喉返神经损伤的发生。     

近期移植肾输尿管狭窄的原因探讨及防治

目的：探讨肾移植术后近期移植肾输尿管狭窄的原因及其防治。方法：收治肾移植术后近期输尿管狭窄患者8例，通过B超及手术探查了解狭窄梗阻的发生部位，并根据狭窄周围探查情况，推断造成狭窄的原因。结果：经手术探查发现，造成狭窄的原因多样，且多与手术操作不当有关。8例患者经手术重建输尿管膀胱通道，病情改善，移植肾功能恢复。术后观察10个月无复发。结论：肾移植术后近期移植肾输尿管狭窄的原因多与术中操作不当有关；若在输尿管膀胱吻合术中注意某些环节，则可减少部分输尿管狭窄的发生。     

Adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder with tumor thrombus in left portal trunk

We report a surgically resected case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder accompanied by portal tumor thrombosis, which is regarded as a rare complication. A 73-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of epigastralgia. Preoperative examinations led to a diagnosis of advanced gallbladder carcinoma with liver metastasis, and operation was performed. Since intraoperative ultrasonography showed a tumor thrombus in the left main portal trunk originating from the metastatic lesion in the left medial segment of the liver, extended left lobectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection and lymph node dissection was performed, instead of right trisegmentectomy, as proposed preoperatively. Histological examination revealed adenosquamous carcinoma of the gallbladder with medullary growth that was similar to the hepatocellular carcinoma, most notably in the metastatic lesion of the liver and in the portal tumor thrombus. We discuss the relation between portal tumor thrombosis and medullary tumors, and note the atypical operative method employed.