新生儿泌尿系统感染41例临床分析

目的 探讨新生儿泌尿系感染的临床特点及其致病菌的分布和耐药情况，为临床诊断治疗提供依据。方法 对2002—2004年NICU收治的41例泌尿系感染新生儿的临床特点及其尿培养、药敏试验结果进行同顾性分析。结果 41例泌尿系感染新生儿中有泌尿道感染症状者4．9％（2例），黄疸60．1％（25例），发热53．7％（22例），腹泻26．8％（11例），体重不增9.8％（4例）。尿培养阳性73．2％（30例），其中大肠埃希菌14例，占46．7%；肺炎克雷伯菌7例，占23.3％；产气肠杆菌2例，占6．7％；阴沟杆菌1例，占3.3％；鹑鸡肠球菌2例，占6．7％；屎肠球菌1例，占3.3％；粪肠球菌1例，占3.3％；另有2例系大肠埃希菌分别并鹑鸡肠球菌和屎肠球菌混合感染。在全部16例大肠埃希菌中产超广谱13．内酰胺酶（ESBL）菌（＋）2例，占12．5％。药物敏感试验中，肠杆菌对美平、阿米卡星、环丙沙星、呋哺坦丁、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟钠敏感；肠球菌对万古霉素、利福平、环丙沙星、氯霉素、呋哺坦丁敏感；两者对氨苄青霉素均耐药。结论新生儿泌尿系感染临床表现不典型，多以全身症状为主，主要致病菌仍以大肠埃希菌为主，ESBL（＋）检出率有上升，主要致病菌对氨苄青霉素普遍耐药，经验用药不可取。     

泌尿系感染29例

泌尿系感染２９例江苏启东市人民医院（２２６２００）龙继凤，黄祖辉我们近８年共治疗小儿泌尿系感染２９例，现分析如下。临床资料一、一般资料男７例，女２２例，年龄６月～１２岁。二、临床表现发热２０例，呕吐１５例，腹泻６、例，有泌尿系感染症状８例，腹痛３例，...     

阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾干混悬剂口服治疗小儿泌尿系感染临床观察北大核心

目的评价阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾混悬剂口服治疗小儿泌尿系感染的安全性及有效性,为临床治疗提供依据。方法将第三军医大学新桥医院2008年3月至2009年1月确诊的泌尿系感染患儿68例随机分为治疗组(35例)和对照组(33例)。治疗组给予阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾干混悬剂口服,每次14.3mg/kg,2次/d,疗程10～14d;对照组给予阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾序贯治疗,先静脉滴注,每次50mg/kg,2次/d,2～3d后换用阿莫西林/克拉维酸干混悬剂口服(用法同治疗组),总疗程10～14d。比较两组有效率及细菌清除率。结果治疗组与对照组总有效率分别为91.4%和93.9%,细菌清除率分别为81.3%和85.7%,两组比较差异无统计学意见(P均>0.05)。结论阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾干混悬剂口服治疗小儿泌尿系感染安全、有效、经济,值得推广。     

泌尿系感染480例临床分析

为制订合理治疗方案,避免滥用抗生素。本文对480例泌尿系感染患儿进行细菌培养及药物敏感试验,现报告如下。 材料与方法 一、材料 1998年1月～2002年2月本院住院及门诊泌尿系感染患儿尿标本480例;年龄1～14岁,平均年龄7.5     

小儿单纯性血尿与泌尿系感染

泌尿系感染典型病例诊断并不困难,但仅有血尿症状者往往不易及时诊断。本文旨在通过对小儿单纯性血尿与泌尿系感染的关系的探讨,强调对单纯性血尿患儿应重视泌尿系感染的可能性。     

儿童泌尿系感染的诊断、治疗和管理

泌尿系感染(UTI)是儿科常见病,但是由于其临床特征的非特异性,使其诊断具有一定难度.急需完整具体的诊治指南为临床儿科医师服务.目前国内尚未发表儿童UTI的诊治指南.英国国家健康和临床优化研究所(NICE)在总结了大量临床资料的基础上制定了儿童UTI的诊治指南,是目前国际上该领域的最新指南.该指南对于儿童UTI的诊断、治疗和管理均给出了具体建议,较先前的诊治指南更加细化.现以最新的2007年NICE指南为基础,介绍儿童UTI的诊断、治疗和管理,希望能对广大儿科医师今后的临床工作有所帮助.     

小儿支原体感染56例临床分析

我院1987～1990年收治符合袁氏诊断标准的小儿支原体感染108例,其中56例发生多系统损害,现报告分析如下。     

医院感染细菌L型败血症158例临床分析

医院感染性疾病较多,消毒、隔离困难,病人机体免疫功能差,容易感染,医院感染经常发生,但医院感染细菌L型败血症尚无专题报告。1986年6月～1992年8月,我们发现医院感染细菌L型败血症l58例,均经血培养证实,兹报告如下。 临床资料 一、一般资料 本组病例的诊断完全符合全国医院感染监控中心制订的医院感染的诊断标准。     

儿童泌尿系感染临床管理现状分析

目的初步了解儿童泌尿系感染临床管理现状,为今后制订适于我国实际的临床指南提供参考。方法对自1994年至2003年间入院诊断泌尿系感染(泌感)的患儿病史进行回顾性分析,通过电话回访了解出院后的随诊情况。结果74例入院诊断泌感的患儿,最终仅有20例(27.0%)符合严格的泌尿系感染诊断标准。仅有11例(14.9%)完成多项影像学检查(包括B超及膀胱输尿管反流筛查),膀胱输尿管反流阳性2例。回访成功41例,其中仅13例(31.7%)出院后在门诊定期随诊,8/13例仍有反复泌尿系感染。结论①按照严格的泌尿系感染诊断标准,许多入院时的泌感诊断不能成立,将被纠正;②寻找泌感潜在病因时影像学检查不够充分,这可能是膀胱输尿管反流诊断率相对低(2/20例,10.0%)的原因之一;③泌感患儿随诊率极低,有碍于控制泌感复发。今后确应重视小儿泌尿系感染的严格诊断程序、影像学检查及随诊管理。     

Imaging the urinary tract in children with urinary tract infection

Aim: To evaluate whether ultrasonography (US) alone is sufficient in imaging the urinary tract in 1185 children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: The reports on US and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) were reviewed. Results: Initial US was normal in 861/1185 patients (73%). VCUG revealed abnormal findings in 285/861 (33%), of which grade III–V vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) comprised 97 cases (11%). During follow‐up, VUR had resolved in 88/97 (91%) patients: in 50/57 (88%) patients without active treatment for VUR, in 27/29 (93%) with endoscopic and in 11/11 (100%) with open surgery for VUR. During follow‐up, 11/97 patients (11%) had developed new renal scarring detectable in US, but no renal impairment occurred. Except for VUR, VCUG showed nonobstructive urethral valves in two infant boys with normal initial US. Thus, in 861 children with normal initial US, 40 patients with grade III–V VUR and two patients with significant nonreflux pathology may have benefited from surgical treatment, giving the total number of possibly missed pathological finding in 42/861 (4.9%) cases if VCUG had not been performed. Conclusion: We suggest that children with UTI could be examined using US alone and to use VCUG only after additional indications.     

Risk of urinary tract infection in infants and children with acute bronchiolitis

OBJECTIVES:

To estimate the prevalence of urinary tract infection in infants and children with bronchiolitis.

METHODS:

A retrospective cross-sectional study involving patients zero to 24 months of age who were hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis was conducted.

RESULTS:

A total of 835 paediatric patients with acute bronchiolitis were admitted to the paediatric ward between January 2010 and December 2012. The mean (± SD) age at diagnosis was 3.47±2.99 months. There were 325 (39%) girls and 510 (61%) boys. For the purpose of data analysis, the patient population was divided into three groups: group 1 included children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis; group 2 included children hospitalized with clinical bronchiolitis with no virus detected; and group 3 included children hospitalized with clinical bronchiolitis due to a respiratory virus other than RSV. Results revealed that urinary tract infection was present in 10% of patients, and was most common in group 3 (13.4%) followed by group 2 (9.7%), and was least common in group 1 (6%) (P=0.030).

CONCLUSIONS:

The possibility of a urinary tract infection should be considered in a febrile child with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, particularly if the trigger is a respiratory virus other than RSV.     

Radiological evaluation of the urinary tract in children with urinary infection

Objective: This article in to study the association of structural abnormalities of the urinary tract in children with urinary tract infection (UTI) using ultrasound examination.Methods : 262 children with culture proven urinary tract infection were studied. Antibiotics were given as per sensitivity pattern. All children had an ultrasound of the abdomen done within 3 weeks. A micturating cystourethrogram (MCU) was done in those with abnormalities of the lower urinary tract detected on ultrasound, as well as in those who had recurrence of infection, after a normal ultrasound. IVU and renal isotope scans were done in selected cases.Result : All children were followed up until one year after the study period. Fifty-four patients had an underlying urinary tract anomaly; 42 were picked up by ultrasound and 12 by MCU. 22.9% of males and 15.9% of females had anomaly of the urinary tract. Children less than 2 years had the highest incidence of anomalies.Conclusion : Pelviureteric junction obstruction with hydronephrosis, vesicoureteric reflux and non-refluxing megaureter are the major anomalies picked up. 20% of children with urinary tract infections have an underlying structural abnormality of the urinary tract, three-fourth of which are picked up on ultrasound. An ultrasound abdomen is recommended in all children after the first UTI. In addition, an MCU is also indicated in all boys below 2 years with UTI, since one-third of anomalies will be missed if only ultrasound is done.     

Ultrasonography after the first febrile urinary tract infection in children

The importance of ultrasonography after the first febrile urinary tract infection has been recently challenged. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ultrasonography in detection of significant non-reflux abnormalities in the kidneys and the urinary tract, and to determine whether these findings influence treatment in these children. The clinical data and ultrasonography results of 155 children admitted to a university hospital with the first febrile urinary tract infection were analysed retrospectively. Renal ultrasonography was abnormal in 23 patients (14.8%). The major portion of these patients (81%) were younger than 2 years of age. Management of nine of these patients was changed based primarily on ultrasonography findings. Four of these patients were treated operatively. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that ultrasonography performed after the first urinary tract infection may offer clinically important information about non-reflux abnormalities in the kidneys and urinary tract that can affect the management of children with these complications.     

Clinical predictors of positive urine cultures in young children at risk for urinary tract infection

BACKGROUND:

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common source of bacterial infection among young febrile children. The diagnosis of UTI is challenging because the clinical presentation is not specific.

OBJECTIVE:

To describe clinical predictors to identify young children needing urine culture for evaluation of UTI.

METHODS:

Retrospective cohort study of all children younger than two years of age (719 hospital visits for 545 patients) suspected of having a UTI during a 12-month period. The outcome was UTI, defined as a catheterized urine culture with pure growth of 10⁴ colonies/mL or greater, or suprapubic aspiration culture with 10³ colonies/mL or greater. Candidate predictors included demographic, historical and physical examination variables.

RESULTS:

The medical records of 545 children younger than two years of age were reviewed. Forty-six per cent were girls. Mean age was 9.1 months (SD 7 months). Four variables were found to predict UTI: absence of another source of fever on examination (odds ratio [OR]=41.6 [95% CI, 8.8 to 197.4]), foul smelling urine (OR=19.7 [95% CI, 5.7 to 68.2]), white blood cell count greater than 15,000/mm³ (OR=4.3 [95% CI, 2.0 to 9.3]), younger than six months old (OR=3.1 [95% CI, 1.3 to 7.1]). The sensitivity of an abnormal urine analysis was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.88) and the specificity was 0.31 (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.42).

CONCLUSION:

An incremental increase in risk for UTI is associated with younger age (younger than six months), having a white blood cell count higher than 15,000/mm³, parental report of malodorous or foul smelling urine and the absence of an alternative source of fever. In the present patient population, obtaining a urine culture from children with at least one of these clinical predictors would have resulted in missing one UTI (2%), and 111 negative cultures (20%) would have been avoided.     

Uncomplicated duplex kidney and DMSA scintigraphy in children with urinary tract infection

Background Renal duplication is the most common malformation of the urinary tract and is frequently seen among children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Objective To evaluate problems in the interpretation of dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy and to establish the range of relative function in uncomplicated unilateral duplication. Materials and methods Retrospective analysis of 303 children less than 2 years of age with first time non-obstructive urinary tract infection investigated by both urography and DMSA scintigraphy. At DMSA scintigraphy, renal lesions and/or relative function below 45% was considered abnormal. Urography was used as reference for the diagnosis of duplication. Results Duplex kidneys were found in 22 of 303 patients (7%). Of the 16 children with unilateral duplication, 10 had bilaterally undamaged kidneys with a range of relative function varying between 51% and 57% in the duplex kidney. In two of the children with unilateral duplication the imaging results were discordant. Conclusion There was risk of underdiagnosis as well as overdiagnosis of renal damage at scintigraphy. Although it is important to be aware of this risk, the rate of misinterpretation was low. A range of 51% to 57% can be used as the limit for normality of the relative function of a unilateral duplex kidney.     

小儿尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨小儿尿路感染的常见病原菌并分析其耐药情况。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至12月我院收治的108例尿培养阳性的尿路感染患儿的临床资料,分析其病原菌及抗菌药物耐药情况,并将患儿分为单纯尿路感染组(29例)和复杂尿路感染组(79例),对比两组革兰阴性菌耐药情况。结果共检出116株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌90株(77.59%),革兰阳性菌26株(22.41%)。其中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、屎肠球菌为主要病原菌。革兰阴性菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率最低,在10%左右;对呋喃妥因、喹诺酮类药物耐药率在20%左右;对三、四代头孢菌素及其含酶抑制剂耐药率在30%~40%;未发现对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药的革兰阳性菌。革兰阳性菌对链霉素、呋喃妥因耐药率在0~20%。单纯尿路感染组与复杂尿路感染组中的革兰阴性菌对常见抗生素耐药率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论革兰阴性菌是尿路感染的主要病原菌,随着耐药情况的改变,可能需要改变经验性抗感染药物,呋喃妥因可以作为轻症患儿经验性应用的推荐,既往可能低估了单纯尿路感染病原耐药情况,需进一步研究。     

儿童泌尿系统感染诊治进展

泌尿系统感染(UTI)是儿科最常见的细菌感染性疾病之一,约30%的婴幼儿在初次感染6~12个月反复发作。而在有泌尿系统发育畸形的儿童中,约30%的患儿以UTI为首发表现,故UTI可能是潜在肾脏结构异常的前哨事件。婴幼儿UTI常并膀胱输尿管反流等先天性尿路畸形,对于反复感染的高危患儿,易出现肾脏损害及肾瘢痕,进而导致终末期肾病。因此,早期识别、及时治疗和合理管理对改善预后十分重要。现总结近年来国内外相关文献,以期为儿童UTI的诊治提供临床参考。