非洛地平-美托洛尔复方经皮给药系统的制备及其兔体内生物利用度

制备了非洛地平-美托洛尔复方经皮给药系统，并研究其药剂学性质及经兔皮肤给药的药代动力学和生物利用度。先建立了同时测定贴剂和经皮渗透液中非洛地平与美托洛尔含量的RP-HPLC方法，以考察贴剂的药物体外稳态透皮速率和经皮渗透机制，并进行质量控制和评价；再以高灵敏度的GC-ECD方法分别测定非洛地平和美托洛尔的血药浓度，研究贴剂经皮给药后在兔体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。结果显示，该给药系统的复方药物体外透皮转运具有零级动力学特征，其含量均匀度检查符合2005版中国药典规定，稳定性好；经皮给药的血药浓度明显较口服平稳，且波动性小，达峰时间推后，持效时间延长，非洛地平与美托洛尔的相对生物利用度分别为275.37%和189.76%。以上结果表明，非洛地平-美托洛尔复方经皮给药系统具有明显缓释特征，可较长时间维持稳定有效的血药浓度。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔复方经皮贴剂单次给药降压作用研究

目的评价非洛地平-关托洛尔复方经皮贴剂的降压作用。方法研制非洛地平-关托洛尔复方透皮给药系统，并将其应用于高血压大鼠，进行药效学评价。结果单次给药后，3个剂量组对收缩压、舒张压和心率的影响均呈剂量依赖性降低，分别与空白对照组和灌胃给药组比较，均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论非洛地平-美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂的降压效果确切，降压作用平稳，持续时间长；其降压作用强度和持续时间具有剂量依赖性，降压效果优于非洛地平和美托洛尔的口服给药。     

格列美脲凝胶骨架控释贴剂的制备及体内外评价

目的研究格列美脲凝胶骨架控释贴剂的药剂学性质及其经大鼠皮肤给药的药代动力学和相对于口服水溶液的生物利用度。方法建立格列美脲体外含量测定的HPLC方法，考察贴剂的体外透皮吸收速率和经皮渗透机制，并进行质量控制和评价；建立高灵敏度的HPLC柱前衍生化方法测定格列美脲血药浓度，研究贴剂经皮给药后在大鼠体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。结果该控释贴剂具零级动力学特征，其含量测定和重量差异检查符合2000年版中国药典规定，稳定性好；贴片给药的血药浓度明显较口服平稳，达峰时间推后，持效时间延长，相对生物利用度为20.3%。结论格列美脲凝胶骨架型贴剂经皮给药后，能使药物的吸收和消除较口服缓慢而持久，具明显的控释特征。     

α-细辛醚贴剂的家兔相对生物利用度研究

目的：测定α－细辛醚贴剂在家兔体内的相对生物利用度。方法：家兔口服和透皮贴剂交叉试验，分别测定血药浓度和AUC，采用3P97软件中的统计程序计算生物利用度。结果：家兔体内生物利用度试验表明，α－细辛醚贴剂的生物利用度明显高于胶囊剂，贴剂与胶囊剂相对生物利用度为1167．6％。结论：由于α－细辛醚的生物利用度很低，只有2．75－5％，因此，我们制备了α－细辛醚贴剂，实验结果表明，贴剂的生物利用度明显提高，α－细辛醚贴剂这一剂型对α－细辛醚的吸收和 利用都是较为有利的。     

非洛地平和美托洛尔联用大鼠经皮给药的协同降压作用

目的：研究非洛地平和美托洛尔联用经皮给药对自发性高血压大鼠的协同降压作用，为其复方经皮给药系统的研制提供药理学依据。方法：50只自发性高血压大鼠随机分为10组（均为单次给药）：空白对照组，非洛地平-美托洛尔剂量分别为1-10、3—30、9—90mg／kg的复方透皮贴剂治疗组，非洛地平剂量分别为1、3、9mg／kg和美托洛尔剂量分别为10、30、90mg／kg的单方透皮贴剂治疗组。以无创性尾套法测定给药后大鼠的血压和心率，评价两药联用的协同降压作用。结呆：非洛地平和美托洛尔联用经皮给药对收缩压和舒张压的降低作用均显著高于两药各自单用（P〈0．05），对心率有降低作用但显著低于单用美托洛尔（P〈0．05）。单方与复方药物经皮给药对血压及心率的作用强度和持续时间均具有剂量依赖性（P〈0．05）。结论：作用机制不同的非洛地平和美托洛尔联用，协同和互补作用明确，该透皮给药复方制剂可以提高血压控制率、治疗安全性和病人用药依从性。     

非洛地平/美托洛尔复方贴剂体外透皮特性及皮肤刺激性考察

目的 制备非洛地平/美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂,考察其对离体兔皮的经皮渗透性及对家兔皮肤的刺激性.方法 采用改良的Franz透皮扩散装置,以离体兔皮为渗透屏障,NS-乙醇(6040)为接受液,用HPLC法同时测定经皮渗透液中两药浓度并计算其渗透动力学参数.通过皮肤刺激性试验法考察该贴剂对家兔皮肤的刺激性.结果 非洛地平/美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂中非洛地平和美托洛尔48h内均以零级动力学经兔皮转运,并具一定同步性;该贴剂对家兔皮肤无刺激性.结论 非洛地平/美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂缓释长效特征明显,药物体外经皮渗透性较好且稳定,符合经皮给药系统应对皮肤无刺激性的设计要求.     

单剂量口服法莫替丁缓释片的药代动力学

选择６名男性健康志愿者，通过ＨＰＬＣ法测定单剂量口服法莫替丁缓释片和普通市售片后的血药浓度，用３ｐ８７程序处理数据，研究该药缓释制剂的药代动力学和生物利用度，并考察了体内吸收率与体外溶出度的相关性．结果表明，两种剂型在体内血药浓度－时间曲线均符合一室模型．法莫替丁缓释片的主要药代动力学参数为：Ｔｍａｘ＝４．６ｈ，Ｃｍａｘ＝５０．９６μｇ／Ｌ，Ｔ１／２ｋｅ＝５．０４ｈ，ＡＵＣ＝６９６．８６μｇ·ｈ／Ｌ．其相对生物利用度为１１６％．     

复方丹参膜控缓释片与复方丹参片在Beagle犬体内的药动学及生物利用度的比较研究

目的了解复方丹参膜控缓释片在Beagle犬体内的药动学行为和生物等效性。方法以丹参酚酸B为指标性成分,比较复方丹参缓释片与复方丹参片单次给药及多次给药达稳态后在Beagle犬体内的药动学参数。结果 Beagle犬口服复方丹参膜控缓释片后,丹参酚酸B的体内动力学过程符合单室模型,与连续3次服用复方丹参片相比,Beagle犬单剂量口服复方丹参缓释片最大血药浓度由1.668μg/mL降至0.973μg/mL,达峰时间由29.428 min后移至81.179 min,消除半衰期从29.383 min延长至261.745 min;多次口服复方丹参膜控缓释片与复方丹参片达稳态后,两者最大血药浓度分别为2.108μg/mL与3.100μg/mL,达峰时间分别为83.080min与21.418 min,消除半衰期分别为219.625 min与21.802 min;Beagle犬单剂量口服复方丹参膜控缓释片的相对生物利用度为89.9%;而多次口服复方丹参膜控缓释片与复方丹参片达稳态后两者相对生物利用度为93.6%;结论本实验的复方丹参缓释片具有良好的缓释效果。     

非洛地平-美托洛尔复方贴剂经不同动物皮肤的药物渗透性

目的制备非洛地平-美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂并研究经不同动物皮肤的体外药物渗透特性。方法采用改良的Franz透皮扩散装置,分别以离体小鼠、大鼠和兔皮肤为渗透屏障,生理盐水-乙醇(60:40)为接受液,用HPLC同时测定经皮渗透液中两药物的浓度,并计算渗透动力学参数。结果贴剂中,非洛地平和美托洛尔48 h内均以零级动力学经不同动物皮肤转运,并具一定同步性,动物皮肤对药物渗透性依次为:小鼠>大鼠>兔。结论非洛地平-美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂缓释长效特征明显,药物体外经皮渗透性稳定,各指标均可满足治疗血药浓度的要求。     

酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:估算试验酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片(T)的药动学参数及相对生物利用度,并以相同规格的酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片作为参比制剂(R),判断2种缓释片是否具有生物等效性。方法:单剂量试验:20例健康志愿者单剂量口服酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片后24h内多点采集血样,采用HPLC法测定人血清中酒石酸美托洛尔的浓度。多剂量试验:20名健康志愿者口服酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片,达稳态后,末次服药后24h内多点采集血样,用HPLC法测定血清中药物浓度。两试验均采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计。血药浓度-时间数据经DAS软件处理后得药动学数据,并进行等效性检验。结果:2种酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片中酒石酸美托洛尔的血药浓度经时变化和药代动力学参数相近,以参比制剂做对照,单剂量组酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片的相对生物利用度F,F’分别为(93．19±25．55)%和(93．20±28．11)%,多剂量组酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片稳态时的相对生物利用度为(115．73±57．98)%,均符合生物等效性要求。结论:2种酒石酸美托洛尔缓释片的口服生物利用度具有生物等效性。     

每日1次美斯地浓缓释片体内药代动力学与生物等效性研究

目的研究美斯地浓缓释片在兔体内单剂量和多剂量的药代动力学和生物等效性,为临床研究提供参考和依据。方法 6只兔采用自身交叉给药方案,分别单剂量及多剂量口服美斯地浓缓释片和普通片后,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血浆中美斯地浓浓度。结果单次口服缓释片和普通片后主要药动学参数为:Tmax分别为(6±0)和(2±0)h;Cmax分别为(14.446±0.279)和(17.944±0.919)μg.L-1;T 12分别为(5.449±2.779)和(2.733±0.652)h;AUC0-t分别为(231.076±4.408)和(196.127±4.009)μg.h.L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(254.644±6.49)和(198.385±3.934)μg.h.L-1,相对生物利用度F为(117.3±11.0)%。多次口服缓释片和普通片达稳态后主要药动学参数:Cmax分别为(18.391±0.16)和(25.477±0.177)μg.L-1;Cmin分别为(3.421±0.186)和(6.612±0.254)μg.L-1;Cav分别为(12.99±0.055)和(16.088±0.132)μg.L-1;AUCss分别为(155.881±0.655)和(193.057±1.591)μg.h.L-1;DF分别为(1.152±0.012)和(1.173±0.019),相对生物利用度F为(106.7±6.4)%。结论美斯地浓缓释片与普通片两种制剂生物等效,且美斯地浓缓释片具有明显的缓释特征。     

丙戊酸钠缓释片的人体生物等效性研究

目的 评价两种丙戊酸钠缓释片的生物等效性.方法 采用开放,随机交叉试验设计,20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服丙戊酸钠缓释片参比制剂和受试制剂各1000mg,用高效液相-荧光色谱法测定不同时间血清中丙戊酸钠的浓度并计算其主要的药代动力学参数.结果 单剂量口服两种丙戊酸钠缓释片主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为115.34±12.24和109.34±11.84μg·mL-1;tmax分别为0.91±0.74和0.98±0.68h;AUC0-∞分别为1.92±0.58和1.91±0.64mg·h·mL-1;利用方差分析及双单侧t检验对两种丙戊酸钠缓释片的生物等效性进行评价.结论 两种厂家生产的丙戊酸钠缓释片具有生物等效性.     

盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片与常释片的生物利用度比较研究

目的：通过双交叉试验证明盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片有缓释作用。方法：用HPLC方法,测定血清中普萘洛尔浓度,进行盐酸普萘洛尔缓释片与常释片的生物利用度比较及峰谷浓度波动研究。结果：12位健康男性受试者一次交叉口服缓释片和常释片(均为40 mg)后的C_max分别为62.4±23.3和95.9±12.6 ng.mL^-1,AUC分别为360.2±80.6和383.5±74.2 ng.h.mL^-1,缓释片相对于常释片的相对生物利用度为95%;12位受试者连续服缓释片和常释片后平均稳态浓度分别为42.2±12.2和32.7±7.1 ng.mL^-1,波动度(DF)分别为0.90±0.35和2.09±0.34。结论：两种制剂具生物等效性,且缓释片比常释片有峰谷浓度差异小、血药浓度波动幅度小的特点。     

Enhanced bioavailability of atenolol by transdermal administration of the ethylene-vinyl acetate matrix in rabbits.

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of atenolol, a antihypertensive, were studied to determine the feasibility of enhanced transdermal delivery of atenolol from the ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix system containing polyoxyethylene-2-oleyl ether as an enhancer in rabbits. The atenolol-EVA matrix (20 mg/kg) was applied to abdominal skin of rabbits. Blood samples were collected via the femoral artery for 32 h and the plasma concentrations of atenolol were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters was calculated using Lagran computer program. The area under the curve (AUC) was significantly higher in the enhancer group (12,402+/-3061 ng/ml.h) than that in the control group (8507+/-2092 ng/ml.h), showing about 46% increased bioavailability (P<0.05). The average C(max) was increased in the enhancer group (1361+/-340 ng/ml) compared with the control group (1168+/-293 ng/ml), but not significantly. The T(max) was significantly decreased in the enhancer group (1.3+/-0.36 h) compared with the control group (2.0+/-0.51 h). The elimination time (t(1/2)) and mean residence time were significantly increased in the transdermal group compared with the IV group. The absolute bioavailability was 19.7% in the control group, 28.6% in the enhancer group and 77.4% in the oral administration group compared with IV the group. As the atenolol-EVA matrix containing polyoxyethylene-2-oleyl ether as an enhancer and tributyl citrate as a plasticizer was administered to rabbits via the transdermal routes, the relative AUC% increased about 1.46-fold compared to the control group, showing a relatively constant, sustained blood concentration with minimal fluctuation. The results of this study show that atenolol-EVA matrix could be developed as a transdermal delivery system providing sustained plasma concentration.     

非洛地平与美托洛尔复方透皮贴剂的药代动力学和生物利用度评价

目的研究非洛地平(Fel)与美托洛尔(Met)复方透皮贴剂(Fel+Met-P)在兔体内的药代动力学和生物利用度。方法6只健康新西兰白兔分2次实验,先后分别随机交叉单次给予Fel+Met-P(1+10),(3+30)和(9+90)mg.kg-1,和随机交叉单次给予Fel+Met静脉注射液〔Fel+Met-I,(0.2+2)mg.kg-1〕、口服混悬液〔Fel+Met-S,(1+10)mg.kg-1〕及2药市售缓释片〔Fel+Met-T,(1+10)mg.kg-1〕,气相色谱-电子捕获法分别测定血浆中Fel和Met浓度,DAS软件计算药代动力学参数并进行生物利用度评价。结果Fel+Met-P血药浓度可平稳维持2～3d。在Fel+Met-P不同剂量组,Fel和Met的血药峰浓度(cmax)、血药-时曲线下面积(AUC)(0→60)和AUC(0→∞)分别随Fel+Met-P剂量增加而增大,且均与剂量(D)呈良好线性关系,Fel的回归方程为cmax=6.6342D+4.355(r=0.9969)和AUC(0→∞)=295.08D+92.322(r=0.9963),Met为cmax=8.4628D+51.528(r=0.9957)和AUC(0→∞)=315.14D+1474.8(r=0.9993);不同剂量组之间Fel和Met的达峰时间(tmax)、平均吸收时间(MAT)、平均驻留时间〔MRT(0→60)和MRT(0→∞)〕及各自绝对生物利用度均无显著性差异。与Fel+Met-S和Fel+Met-T比较,Fel+Met-P3个剂量组Fel和Met的tmax和MRT(0→∞)均延长,tmax分别为(21.5±8.1)～(27.0±12.3)和(25.3±14.4)～(37.5±10.0)h,MRT(0→∞)分别为(28.5±2.7)～(31.8±0.8)和(28.1±4.4)～(31.8±1.3)h;与Fel+Met-S比较,Fel的绝对生物利用度分别为Fel+Met-S的2.25,2.75和2.28倍,Met分别为Fel+Met-S的2.10,1.90和1.64倍;与Fel+Met-T比较,Fel的绝对生物利用度无明显变化,Met分别为Fel+Met-T的2.13,1.93和1.67倍。结论Fel+Met-P在兔体内具有缓释长效药代动力学特征,达到了提高药物生物利用度、延长药物体内驻留时间、维持平稳血药浓度和方便用药新剂型的设计目的。     

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of acyclovir sustained-release tablets in dogs.

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of acyclovir sustained-release tablets in dogs were investigated. Blood concentrations of acyclovir were determined by RP-HPLC after a single oral dose of two kinds of acyclovir tablets given separately to 6 beagle dogs. The main pharmacokinetics parameters of the acyclovir sustained-release tablet were as follows: T1/2, Tmax and Cmax were 4.10 +/- 0.20 h, 4.05 +/- 0.54 h and 6.90 +/- 0.68 [microg x ml(-1), respectively. MRT was 9.02 +/- 0.44 h. Using acyclovir standard tablet as control, relative bioavailability of the acyclovir sustained-release tablet was 152.2 +/- 49.90%. According to the two-tailed t-test, there was a distinct difference in the data for Tmax, Cmax and AUC between acyclovir sustained-release tablets and acyclovir standard tablets, and the absorbability of acyclovir sustained-release tablets was much better than that of the acyclovir standard tablets.     

Succinylated whey protein isolate as a sustained-release excipient of puerarin derivative oral tablets: Preparation,optimization and pharmacokinetics

This work was done to investigate succinylated commercial whey protein isolate (S-WPI) as an oral sustained-release delivery carrier for puerarin 5 (PR-5). The succinylation conditions were established for S-WPIs by optimization of single factor study and Box–Beehnken design. The effect of succinylation degree on S-WPIs solubility was evaluated. Physicochemical properties of S-WPIs dried by different three methods on their flow ability, particle size, morphology and in vitro release behavior were studied. After preparing PR-5 sustained release protein tablets with S-WPIs as the carrier by direct powder compression method, the drug release were studied in vitro and the oral pharmacokinetics and bioavailability was evaluated using in vivo dog model. It was observed that concentration of substrate has a significant effect on succinylation. Release behavior in vitro showed spry dried S-WPIs with 100% succinylation rate and 30% drug loading would be applied to the preparation of PR-5 sustained-release protein tablets based on the swelling mechanism (protein loss). Compared with PR-5 conventional tablet with oral administration, T_max value of PR-5 sustained-release protein tablets was approximately 1.58 fold greater than those of the conventional tablets as further evidenced by the significantly prolonged MRT and T_1/2. The findings demonstrated that spray-dried S-WPIs has potential as a promising functional excipient for the design of PR-5 oral sustained-release tablets which can fully improve sustained-release effect and oral bioavailability.     

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Hydromorphone: Effect of Various Routes of Administration

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of hydromorphone following various routes of administration, i.e., intravenous, oral, intranasal, and transdermal, were investigated in rabbits. Hydromorphone plasma concentrations were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HLPC). Comparison of area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) between intravenous and oral administrations showed a low bioavailability of hydromorphone after oral administration. The nasal absorption of hydromorphone was studied by the in situ nasal recirculation technique, and the results showed that hydromorphone is well absorbed from the nasal mucosa. The transdermal permeation of hydromorphone was also evaluated for 24 hr and a steady-state plasma concentration (0.135 µg/ml) was achieved during the 6- to 24-hr periods following the application of a transdermal patch on the inner pinna of the rabbit's ear.