大鼠下丘脑视交叉上核及视上核内加压素神经元心理应激后的变化

为探讨心理因素对下丘脑精酸加压素(AVP)神经元的影响,采用心理应激动物模型,以免疫组织化学及微机图像分析等方法,检测大鼠下丘脑的视交叉上核(SCN)及视上核(SON)等AVP阳性细胞的总面积,将闪光间期长短不均加电刺激组(A组)和光、电刺激与A组相同但闪光间期衡定组(B组)及仅给同量闪光的对照组(C组)的AVP阳性物互相比较.结果,在SCN,A组>B组>C组的;在SON,则B组>A组>C组的.观测正中隆起(ME)外带的阳性纤维,A组的呈色深且面积大,B组和C组的呈色均较浅且面积小.此外,不论A组或B组,同一组的SCN及SON内AVP阳性物总面积的变化皆呈现负相关的增长关系,其相关系数(r)分别为-0.8024和-0.7679,t检验表明,其相关性有显著意义,据此,著者认为:SON及SCN的AVP神经元都与心理应激反应有关,但变化方向有所不同,其意义有待研究.     

中国树下丘脑视上核和室旁核内加压素能神经元的形态和神经纤维的分布

用抗加压素（VP）血清和免疫组化技术，观察了中国树下丘脑视上核（SON）和室旁核（PVN）内VP能种经元的形态和神经纤维的分布。VP能胞体的形态，在SON主部多呈梭形，少数呈多角形；在SON交叉后部，多是多角形，少数是梭形；在PVN，以多角形为主，少数为梭形．VP能纤维的分布：在PVN与SON生部之间，特别是与视交叉上区和现柬背内侧区之间，纤维细而直，多平行分布．在PVN后半外侧，可见部分纤维呈内侧-背外侧向分布；在SON交叉后部的背外侧，纤维是朝向正中隆起处汇集的趋势，其中部分纤维呈串珠状；在正中隆起内带，纤维呈西外侧-内侧向和吻-屠向密集分布，有少数大小不等的免疫反应阳性的聚集体；在正中隆起外带，特别在会体门脉毛细血管排周围，有致密的、成群分布的免疫反应阳性点状结构；在漏斗柄和垂体神经部，可见致密的免疫反应阳性纤维和Herring体，在神经部内的窦状毛细血管周围有致富的、大小不等的免疫反应阳性点状结构．     

加压素在自发性高血压大鼠与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核、室旁核神经元内表达

目的观察加压素(AVP)在自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)与正常大鼠下丘脑视上核(SON)、室旁核(PVN)内的分布。方法应用光镜和免疫细胞化学技术。结果SHR的AVP阳性细胞内分泌颗粒密集呈棕黄色,正常大鼠组则染色较浅。SHR大鼠SON内AVP阳性神经元百分数(69.30±18.10%)明显多于正常大鼠(59.53±16.97%,P<0.05),而两组大鼠PVN内AVP的表达无明显差异。结论AVP在下丘脑的血压调节活动中起着重要的介导作用,中枢AVP含量的异常增加可能与高血压的发病有关。     

视网膜节细胞与视交叉上核AVP神经元的联系 Ⅰ.CB-HRP顺行追踪与免疫组化双重标记(英文)

本文运用CB－HRP顺行追踪与免疫组化双重标记技术研究视网膜节细胞与视交叉上核内AVP神经元间的联系，结果：（1）AVP神经元主要聚集在视交叉上核背内侧，散在分布于腹内侧和背内腹外交界区域；（2）HRP标记的节细胞轴突除主要投射到腹外侧外，还少量投射到背内侧AVP神经元间；（3）标记终末形成的膨体有些与AVP神经元的突起（树突）密切接触，还有个别贴附在AVP神经元胞体上．提示：视网膜节细胞轴突终末与视交叉上核内AVP神经无间可能有突触联系．为昼夜节律机制的研究提供了一个全新认识的形态学资料。     

中国树Qu下丘脑视上核和室旁核内加压素能神经元的形态和神 …

用抗加压素（ＶＰ）血清和免疫组化技术，观察了中国树Ｑｕ下丘脑视上核（ＳＯＮ）和室旁核（ＰＶＮ）内ＶＰ能神经元的形态和神经纤维的分布，ＶＰ能胞体的形态，在ＳＯＮ主部多呈梭形，少数呈多角形，在ＳＯＮ交叉后部，多呈多角形，少数呈梭形，在ＰＶＮ，以多角形为主，少数为梭形，ＶＰ能纤维的分布；在ＰＶＮ与ＳＯＮ主部之间，特别是与视交叉上区和视束背内侧区之间，纤维细而直，多平行分布。在ＰＶＮ后半外侧，可见部分纤维     

视网膜节细胞与视交叉上核AVP神经元联系的研究：Ⅱ.假狂犬病？…

为进一步揭示视网膜节细胞与视交叉上核精氨酸血管加压素神经元间有无直接的联系，本文将假狂犬病毒注入大鼠眼球内通过顺行追踪结合免疫荧光参重标记法观察到：（１）视交叉上核神经元被病毒感染的时间始于病毒注入后５６ｈ，并随存活时间的延长而增多；（２）呈绿色荧光的病毒感染神经元见于双侧视交叉上核，注射对双侧优于同侧，主要位于视交叉上核的腹外侧部和嘴侧份，个别散在于二者之外；（３）视交叉上核内个别病毒感染的神经     

黄眉wu上纹状体腹侧尾核的两条发声控制通路的探讨

用ＨＲＰ顺，逆行追踪方法，研究黄眉ｗｕ端脑新纹状体前部大细胞核外侧部（ＬＭＡＮ）及嗅叶Ｘ区的纤维联系，并ＨＲＰ溶液分别微电泳入端脑上纹状体腹侧尾核（ＨＶｃ）及古纹状体粗核（ＲＡ），观察其传出投射。结果发现：（１）ＩＭＡＮ接受丘脑背外侧核内侧部的传入投射，由ＩＭＡＮ发出的纤维投射至ＲＡ；（２）Ｘ区接受ＨＶｃ的传入投射，并发出纤维投射至丘脑背外侧核的内侧部；（３）ＨＶｃ发出两束纤维，分别投射至ＲＡ及Ｘ     

血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫阳性细胞和纤维在大鼠交叉上核的分布

用免疫组化技术观察了正常和秋水仙素预处理后的血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素免疫反应阳性胞体和纤维在ＳＤ大鼠交叉上核的分布。（１）血管活性肠肽：在交叉上核嘴侧部的腹外侧部有少量阳性胞体和纤维分布；在交叉上核中部，大量阳性胞体集中在腹外侧亚核，相当多的阳性纤维分布于整个核区；在交叉上核尾侧部可见少量阳性胞体和中等密度的阳性纤维。（２）加压素：在交叉上核嘴侧部和尾侧部可见中等密度的阳性胞体和纤维，以核的背内侧为多，大量阳性胞体和纤维见于交叉上核中部的背内侧亚核。（３）生长抑素：阳世胞体较少，散布于交叉上核的背内侧亚核，以核的中部为多，中等密度的阳性纤维遍及交叉上核全长。（４）双标显示血管活性肠肽、加压素和生长抑素存在于交叉上核的不同神经元之中，没有共存。     

老年大鼠下丘脑视上核和弓状核的超微结构变化

观察老年大鼠下丘脑视上核腹侧大细胞神经元和弓状核神经元的超微结构,结果显示:老年大鼠视上核腹侧血管加压素(VP)神经元的胞体较成年鼠大,胞质结构比较致密,内含许多核糖体颗粒,粗面内质网分散成小泡状,神经分泌颗粒增多,溶酶体、线粒体、高尔基氏复合体数量都较多.而弓状核内的暗细胞和亮细胞的核糖体减少,高尔基氏复合体和线粒体都变化,还有少数神经元固缩,细胞质内胞器明显减少,呈现变性现象.结果提示:老年期下丘脑视上核VP神经元机能增强;而弓状核内两种细胞都显示机能减弱的征象.老年时下丘脑各核团神经元的这种不协调性变化,可能是动物衰老的一种重要表现.     

黄眉鹀上纹状体腹侧尾核的两条发声控制通路的探讨

用ＨＲＰ顺、逆行追踪方法，研究黄眉（ＥｍｂｅｒｉｚａＣｈｒｙｓｏｐｈｒｙｓ）端脑新纹状体前部大细胞核外侧部（ＩＭＡＮ）及嗅叶Ｘ区的纤维联系；并将ＨＲＰ溶液分别微电泳入端脑上纹状体腹侧尾核（ＨＶｃ）及古纹状体粗核（ＲＡ），观察其传出投射。结果发现：（１）ＩＭＡＮ接受丘脑背外侧核内侧部的传入投射，由ＩＭＡＮ发出的纤维投射至ＲＡ；（２）Ｘ区接受ＨＶｃ的传入投射，并发出纤维投射至丘脑背外侧核的内侧部；（３）ＨＶｃ发出两束纤维，分别投射至ＲＡ及Ｘ区；（４）ＲＡ也发出两束纤维，分别投射至中脑背内侧核及延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部。因此ＨＶｃ可能通过两条路径控制发声行为：一条是ＨＶｃ直接投射至ＲＡ，再由ＲＡ支配延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部的直接通路；另一条是ＨＶｃ→嗅叶Ｘ区→丘脑背外侧核内侧部→ＩＭＡＮ→ＲＡ的间接通路。后者可能参与发声学习和记忆等高级机能。     

大鼠视交叉上核内VIP、AVP及SOM样神经元的相互关系──免疫组化双重反应法研究

视交叉上核具有生物钟功能已为很多实验研究所证实，但其功能机制尚在探索之中。本实验采用双重免疫组织化学反应技术对大鼠视交叉上核内ＶＩＰ、ＡＶＰ及ＳＯＭ样三大神经元群之间的相互联系进行了观察．结果表明：（１）ＶＩＰ样扣结广泛分布于ＡＶＰ样神经元周围，数量最多、密度最大；而ＳＯＭ样扣结贴附于ＶＩＰ及ＡＶＰ样神经元的数量次之；（２）ＡＶＰ样扣结与ＶＩＰ样神经元之间，ＶＩＰ样扣结与ＳＯＭ样神经元之间也形成联系．上述发现为视交叉上核功能机制的研究提供了进一步的形态学依据．     

摘除松果腺对大鼠视交叉上核节律性的影响

成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性大鼠２０只，实验组１０只，行松果腺摘除术；对照组１０只。术后３０ｄ将实验组、对照组动物各半数在０９：００～１０：００和１６：００～１７：００分别处死。用免疫组化ＡＢＣ法显示视交叉上核内含ＶＩＰ的神经元；微机图像分析仪上测量其光镜下的切面面积及平均免疫反应强度。结果：（１）对照组不同时间处死的动物ＶＩＰ样神经元切面面积０９：００～１０：００大于１６：００～１７：００，呈节律性变化。（２）摘除松果腺后各时间组间ＶＩＰ样神经元切面面积的差异无显著性，提示实验组动物视交叉上核的ＶＩＰ样神经元功能活动的日周节律已发生改变。（３）对照组和实验组动物的ＶＩＰ样神经元平均免疫反应强度在所测的两个时间中均未见明显差异。     

双侧眼球摘除对大鼠视交叉上核的影响──免疫组化及光电镜体视学研究

采用双侧眼球摘除大鼠模型，术后存活不同时间，用免疫组化法探讨视交叉上核内ＶＩＰ和ＡＶＰ免疫反应强度和面积的变化；对变化明显的２１ｄ组进一步用光镜和电镜体现学方法进行形态学研究。＜１＞免疫组化研究：ＶＩＤ免疫染色，２１ｄ组免疫反应强度和面积均比对照组降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），２ｄ和７ｄ组免疫反应强度和面积与对照组相比无显著差异。ＡＶＰ免疫染色，三个时间实验组免疫反应强度和面积均与对照组无明显差异。＜２＞体视学研究：实验组ＶＩＰ样神经元胞体体积、胞核体积、核仁平均直径均明显缩小，粗面内质网和高尔基复合体表面积密度明显下降。以上所见提示摘除眼球２ｌｄ时，视交叉上核内直接接受光信息的ＶＩＰ样神经元的免疫活性下降是因阻断光传入所造成的。光传入的阻断和视神经纤维的溃变使视交叉上核中ＶＩＰ样神经元的结构呈现功能性改变，推测这些变化将引起该神经元肽类物质含量的下降。     

VIP样神经元在大鼠丘脑下部的定位—PAP法研究

本文用免疫组化PAP法,观察了经秋水仙碱预处理,在正午和午夜取材的大鼠丘脑下部血管活性肠多肽(vasoactiVe intestinal polypeptide, VIP)样神经元。为比较VIP神经元与加压素神经元的关系,对相应应部位的加压素神经元也做了免疫组化染色。结果,许多VIP样神经元形成密集的细胞群位于视交叉上核腹侧半,许多加压素样神经元形成的密集细胞群位于视交叉上核背内侧份。由于所在部位的不同,可以推测含VIP的神经元与含加压素的神经元不是同一种细胞。光镜下,对比正午和午夜取材的标本,看不出视交叉上核中含VIP的神经元有明显的差异。VIP样神经元也出理于前连合核,此发现尚未见报道。前连合核内含VIP的神经元与含加压素的神经元同样也似非同一种细胞。另外,在视上核内见到了VIP样神经纤维。     

Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus based on the distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) immunoreactive fibers in the hypothalamus of Sapajus apella

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is considered to be the master circadian clock in mammals, establishes biological rhythms of approximately 24 h that several organs exhibit. One aspect relevant to the study of the neurofunctional features of biological rhythmicity is the identification of communication pathways between the SCN and other brain areas. As a result, SCN efferent projections have been investigated in several species, including rodents and a few primates. The fibers originating from the two main intrinsic fiber subpopulations, one producing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the other producing arginine vasopressin (AVP), exhibit morphological traits that distinguish them from fibers that originate from other brain areas. This distinction provides a parameter to study SCN efferent projections. In this study, we mapped VIP (VIP-ir) and AVP (AVP-ir) immunoreactive (ir) fibers and endings in the hypothalamus of the primate Sapajus apella via immunohistochemical and morphologic study. Regarding the fiber distribution pattern, AVP-ir and VIP-ir fibers were identified in regions of the tuberal hypothalamic area, retrochiasmatic area, lateral hypothalamic area, and anterior hypothalamic area. VIP-ir and AVP-ir fibers coexisted in several hypothalamic areas; however, AVP-ir fibers were predominant over VIP-ir fibers in the posterior hypothalamus and medial periventricular area. This distribution pattern and the receiving hypothalamic areas of the VIP-ir and AVP-ir fibers, which shared similar morphological features with those found in SCN, were similar to the patterns observed in diurnal and nocturnal animals. This finding supports the conservative nature of this feature among different species. Morphometric analysis of SCN intrinsic neurons indicated homogeneity in the size of VIP-ir neurons in the SCN ventral portion and heterogeneity in the size of two subpopulations of AVP-ir neurons in the SCN dorsal portion. The distribution of fibers and morphometric features of these neuronal populations are described and compared with those of other species in the present study.     

Light stimulation of the hypothalamic neuroendocrine system.

This paper demonstrates that, in the mediation of light, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functionally associates with the anterior periventricular and parvocellular paraventricular neuron systems in rats. Intact rats (group 1) and rats undergoing a hemicomplete cutting of the SCN (group 2) were housed in a dark room (2-3 weeks) and killed after an exposure to light for 10, 30 or 60 min. Other intact animals (group 3) kept in a dark room (2 weeks) were exposed to light for 10 min, then stored 60 min in the dark room, and killed in darkness. The SCN, anterior periventricular nucleus, and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus were examined immunohistochemically using antisera for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), arginine vasopressin, somatostatin, rat corticotropin releasing factor (rCRF), and c-fos protein. In comparison with animals kept in darkness, animals exposed for 10 and 30 min to light indicated a remarkable reduction of VIP immunoreactivity in the SCN and some increase of CRF immunoreactivity in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus. The diminution of VIP immunoreactivity did not occur in the isolated SCN of group 2 animals. In group 3, a 10 min-light exposure induced a remarkable enhancement of nuclear c-fos immunoreactivity in neurons in the ventrolateral region of the SCN, in the anterior periventricular nucleus, and in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus, most strongly in the SCN. Double immunolabeling methods have shown that VIP, somatostatin, and CRF neurons in the respective nuclei were c-fos positive.     

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neuron changes in the senile rat suprachiasmatic nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is thought to be the main neuronal oscillator underlying circadian rhythmicity of different biological phenomena such as sleep-wakefulness and body temperature. Although numerous studies in old rats showed that circadian organization is clearly disturbed in senescence, no decrease in total SCN cell number has been observed. However, in an earlier study we found a significant decrease of approximately 30% in the number of immunocytochemically-stained vasopressin (VP) neurons in the SCN of the old rat. The aim of the present study was to examine whether another group of SCN neurons, i.e., the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) cells, shows age-related changes parallel with disturbances found in sleep/wake parameters. Immunocytochemical staining with antiVIP followed by morphometric analysis revealed a 36% decrease in the number of immunoreactive VIP neurons in the SCN of old rats as compared to young ones. The average size of the remaining VIP cells increased in aged rats. The rapid-eye-movement (REM)-sleep time was negatively correlated with the immunoreactive VIP cell number in the old animals. VP and VIP alterations in the SCN may constitute an anatomical substrate for the circadian disturbances observed in senescence.     

The effects of nerve growth factor upon the neuropeptide content of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats withdrawn from ethanol are mediated by the nucleus basalis magnocellularis

It has been previously shown that withdrawal from alcohol decreases the synthesis and expression of vasopressin (VP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and that the infusion of NGF over 1 month completely restores these changes. Because SCN neurons do not express TrkA, NGF might have exerted its effects either through direct signalling of the neurons via p75^NTR or by enhancing the activity of the cholinergic afferents to the SCN, which arise from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). The observation that the infusion of NT-3 to withdrawn rats does not elicit any change in neuropeptide expression in the SCN suggests that ACh might be implicated in this process, a hypothesis that we have attempted to clarify in this study. For this purpose we destroyed, with quinolinic acid, the NBM of rats withdrawn from ethanol and later infused them with NGF over a period of 13 days. The total number and the somatic volume of SCN neurons immunoreactive for VP and VIP were stereologically estimated. No differences were found in the total number of neurons between quinolinic-injected NGF-treated withdrawn animals and intact withdrawn rats. However, the somatic volume of SCN neurons from quinolinic-injected animals was significantly reduced relative to control and withdrawn rats. The present results unequivocally demonstrate that the trophic effects exerted by NGF upon SCN neurons do not depend on direct neuronal signalling. Instead, they are indirect and, according to our results, NBM neurons, whose axons give rise to a cholinergic projection to the SCN, seem to be essential for eliciting those effects.     

后叶加压素在下丘脑的分布和释放途径及失水对正中隆起中后叶加压素的影响

我们用免疫细胞化学方法(ICC)对大白鼠下丘脑中加压素(VP)免疫反应阳性的神经元作了较详细研究。观察到VP阳性神经元存在于下丘脑室旁核(PVN)各亚核、视上核(SON)、交叉上核(SCN)、室周核(PN)及一些附属核团,包括环状核(CN)、交叉后核(RCN)、下丘脑外侧核(HLN)、穹窿周围核(PFN)。且发现一特殊的VP阳性胞体聚集区—很可能是多巴胺神经元聚集区A_(14)中的细胞,位于第三脑室侧壁中1/3段两侧,腹内侧核背侧。本文首次观察到在PVN和SON之间有VP阳性的神经纤维相联系。ICC和免疫电镜研究进一步证明在正中隆起外带存在VP阳性纤维,含大颗粒囊泡的VP末梢紧邻门脉毛细血管。将HRP注入第四脑室用HRP逆行追踪与ICC方法相结合,在PVN中观察到双标细胞,与直接用ICC法所见VP阳性轴突伸入第三脑室腔的结果一致。说明PVN中存在接触脑脊液神经元。干渴动物正中隆起的内、外带中的VP免疫反应明显减弱。