鼻内窥镜手术失败的原因探讨（附4例分析）

报告为４例鼻内窥镜手术失败病例，分析其失败的原因，主要是由于不恰当的适应证和术后处理不当所致提示传统的鼻窦手术如上颌窦根治术和侧鼻切开术仍有实用价值，还不能完全被鼻内窥镜手术取     

Long-term results after endoscopic sinus surgery involving frontal recess dissection

OBJECTIVE: To assess long-term follow-up on a cohort of patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery with identification and preservation of the natural frontal outflow tract. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Retrospective chart review, telephone interview, and endoscopic evaluation on a previously studied cohort of patients at a university affiliated medical center. RESULTS: Two hundred patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery were previously studied and reported after short-term (mean = 12.2 mo) follow-up. One hundred fifty-two (76%) patients were available for long-term (mean 72.3 mo) follow-up and assessment of subjective symptoms. Fifty-seven of 152 (37.5%) patients also had nasal endoscopy for evaluation of objective findings. The percentage of patients responding to telephone interview reporting overall improvement after surgery was 92.4%. Endoscopic assessment revealed patency of the frontal sinus in 67.6% of the patients after initial surgery. Thirteen additional patients had patent sinuses after revision procedures, bringing overall patency rate to 71.1%. We found statistically significant correlation of asthma and smoking and poor subjective and objective outcome. CONCLUSION: Long-term assessment of subjective and objective findings in our previously reported cohort of patients who underwent frontal sinus surgery indicates that the frontal sinus, similar to any other sinus, can be successfully treated surgically by preserving the natural frontal sinus outflow tract.     

An anatomic approach to endoscopic intranasal ethmoidectomy

Objectives: To develop an anatomic and functionally based approach to endoscopic intranasal ethmoidectomy. To develop such an approach using the salient features of the anterior to posterior (AP) and posterior to anterior (PA) intranasal sinus operations. To assess the safety of this form of ethmoidectomy in a patient population. Study Design: Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing ethmoidectomy by author or by residents under his direct supervision. Setting: University teaching hospital. In the 509 patients meeting study criteria, 168 anterior ethmoidectomies, 586 total ethmoidectomies, 264 sphenoidotomies, 290 frontal sinusotomies, and 838 antrostomies were performed between April 1992 and August 1997. Results: A complication rate of 0.98% and revision rate 2.9% were observed. Conclusions: Combining an AP approach to conserve sinus anatomy with a PA approach to avoid surgery directed toward the skull base provides a functional and safe procedure as demonstrated by the reported results. Laryngoscope, 108:1628–1634, 1998     

Important clinical symptoms in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of individual Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RSTF) symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in 201 patients treated with FESS. The prevalence and severity of individual RSTF major and minor symptom scores graded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared. Correlation between absolute improvement in individual symptom scores at 1-year postoperative was performed. RESULTS: One-hundred fifty-eight of 201 patients met inclusion criteria giving a response rate of 78%. The average age was 49.4 (range 18-80) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1. The preoperative leading mean symptom scores were postnasal drip (5.8 +/- 0.3), nasal obstruction (5.7 +/- 0.3), and facial congestion (5.1 +/- 0.3). These symptoms were also the most prevalent with 82%, 84%, and 79% of patients reporting these symptoms, respectively. Postoperative symptom improvements were significant (P < .0001) across all RSTF domains except fever. The highest percentage improvement was seen with facial congestion (93%), nasal obstruction (92%), and postnasal drip (85%). Multivariate analysis revealed significant (P < .0001) high correlation between improvements of facial pain/pressure with facial congestion (R = 0.72), facial congestion with nasal obstruction (R = 0.65), and facial pain/pressure with headache (R = 0.72). CONCLUSION: The top three RSTF symptoms were postnasal drip, nasal obstruction, and facial congestion in terms of prevalence and severity. Symptom scores improved after FESS. Of these symptoms, the degree of improvement of facial pain/pressure, facial congestion, nasal obstruction, and headache are highly correlated.     

Top 10 Reasons for Endoscopic Maxillary Sinus Surgery Failure

Objective/Hypothesis Endoscopic sinus surgery has enjoyed impressive success curing chronic disease in sinuses and has virtually replaced the Caldwell‐Luc procedure for correction of problems with the maxillary sinus. Unfortunately, a significant number of patients have persistent maxillary symptoms after one or more endoscopic sinus operations. Existing reviews of this issue have identified only a few general causes for surgical failure. Methods The records of 85 patients presenting to the author over a 5‐year period with persistent maxillary sinus symptoms were reviewed. Results In reviewing the causes of persistent disease requiring revision surgery, the author identified 10 categories of reasons for failure to improve. Many patients have multiple causes that could be individually or sequentially identified. Some problems associated with surgical failure were likely present at the time of initial presentation, whereas others were undoubtedly caused by the first surgical procedure. Ten reasons for maxillary sinus surgical failure identified were clustered into the following categories: 1) obstructed natural ostia, 2) disease in the anterior ethmoid or frontal sinus, 3) resistant organisms, 4) intrasinus foreign body, 5) incurable mucosal disease, 6) noncompliant patient, 7) wrong primary diagnosis, 8) maxillary osteitis, 9) mucus maltransport, and 10) fundamental immunodeficiency. Conclusions A careful assessment of each patient with persistent maxillary sinus disease is central to understanding each specific patient and should include a careful history, a detailed endoscopic examination, repeat computed tomography imaging, culture of secretions, and possible revision surgery.     

Surgical management of chronic sinusitis in children

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The objective was to compare three common surgical modalities in children for the treatment of chronic sinusitis that is refractory to medical management. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized study in a pediatric otolaryngology tertiary service. METHODS: Two hundred two children who satisfied criteria for surgery and were referred over a 10-year period were studied. Children were divided into three surgical groups. Group 1 had both endoscopic sinus surgery and adenoidectomy, group 2 had endoscopic sinus surgery alone, and group 3 had adenoidectomy. After a follow-up period of 12 months, improvement of symptoms was assessed. RESULTS: One hundred eighty-three children had adequate follow-up. Eighty seven percent of children in group 1 had improved symptoms, compared with 75% in group 2 and 52% in group 3 (P < .0001). Multivariate analysis showed that surgical procedure was a predictor of success. Asthma, smoke exposure, and age were independent predictors of success. CONCLUSION: Children who fail medical therapy benefit from surgery. Following certain criteria, one can chose between adenoidectomy alone or endoscopic sinus surgery with adenoidectomy to optimize surgical treatment of these children.     

孤立性蝶窦疾病18例临床分析

目的：探讨孤立性蝶窦疾病的诊断及合理的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析18例经鼻内镜手术治疗的孤立性蝶窦疾病患者的临床资料。结果：18例中，炎性疾病l5例(急性炎症2例，慢性炎症3例，囊肿8例，真菌病2例)，恶性肿瘤3例。经鼻内镜手术后随访3个月至半年，蝶窦前壁开窗通畅，窦腔各壁光滑，症状明显改善，无并发症发生。结论：头痛是孤立性蝶窦疾病的常见症状，另有视力损害、血性涕及其他脑神经麻痹症状，CT、MRI及鼻内镜检查为其诊断提供有力依据；鼻内镜手术治疗是一种安全、有效、简便的方法。     

Maxillary sinus mucoceles: clinical presentation and long-term results of endoscopic surgical treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation of maxillary sinus mucoceles, understand their pathogenesis, and determine the long-term efficacy of the endoscopic surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients who presented with maxillary sinus muco(pyo) celes were studied. Subjects with history of preceding sinus/nasal surgery or facial trauma were excluded. The presenting signs and symptoms, radiological findings, and surgical management were reviewed. RESULTS: There were six women and seven men with an age range of 31 to 71 years. Two patients had environmental allergies. Nine patients complained of cheek pressure or pain, six of nasal obstruction, and eight of nasal drainage. On endoscopic nasal examination, the medial wall of maxillary sinus was bulging with prolapsed middle meatal mucosa in 10; drainage was seen in 7, but none had polyps. The sinus involvement was limited to the maxillary sinus and the ipsilateral ethmoid on computed tomographic studies in 10 cases. Patients were treated with endoscopic ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, and marsupialization of the mucocele. Intraoperative cultures grew organisms in five patients. Postoperative follow-up ranged between 10 and 66 months. Two patients required lysis of adhesions in the middle meatus, and one, revision antrostomy. All patients had a patent middle meatal antrostomy and healthy maxillary sinus mucosa at latest follow-up. The presenting symptoms resolved or improved in 12 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of maxillary sinus mucoceles is not well understood. Mechanical obstruction or allergy or both do not seem to play an important role. An infectious origin is also not supported by the above data. Endoscopic sinus surgery is a reliable therapeutic measure with a favorable long-term outcome.     

鼻内窥镜下蝶筛区域手术51例临床分析

目的:探讨蝶筛区域病变的特点,提高对本病的诊断及治疗水平。方法:经鼻内窥镜行蝶筛区域手术51例,41例蝶筛窦同时受累者采用经筛窦进路,10例孤立性蝶窦病变采用经鼻腔进路。结果:均无大量出血及其它严重并发症。随访6～36个月,48例痊愈,3例复发,经再次手术后痊愈。结论:蝶筛区域位置隐蔽,早期无特征性症状,易被临床医师忽视。CT检查对本病有较大价值,且对手术具有指导作用;经鼻内窥镜对蝶筛区域病变进行手术治疗,具有创伤少,痛苦小,面部不遗留瘢痕的优点。     

Anatomical Changes of the Ethmoid Cavity After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

Objective: Alteration of the bony architecture of the sinus cavities has been observed in chronic sinusitis. Plasticity of the ethmoid sinus framework after endoscopic surgery, however, is a newly described entity. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and extent of changes in ethmoid size after ethmoidectomy. Study Design: Retrospective review performed at an academic medical center. Methods: Computed tomography scans performed from 2006 through 2007 at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (n = 5,131) were reviewed to identify 100 consecutive patients who underwent sinus surgery and met inclusion criteria. Seven dimensions were measured for each pre‐ and postoperative scan (n = 200) using Voxar 3D software. Results: Computed tomography scans performed before and 2 to 37 months after ethmoidectomy demonstrated a decrease of 1.1 ± 1.6 mm in mean ethmoid cavity width at the level of the cribriform plate and posterior globe after surgery (P < .0001). Twenty‐five patients (25%) had >1 mm decrease in mean ethmoid width, and six patients (6%) had a decrease of >2 mm (mean 3.1 ± 0.9 mm). These findings seemed to be the result of postoperative bowing of the medial ethmoid walls with a corresponding increase in orbital volume. These volumetric changes resulted in a postoperative subclinical retrodisplacement (enophthalmos) of the globes (mean 0.2 ± 0.8 mm, P = .008). The extent of surgery, including performance of frontal recess dissection (P = .007) and total ethmoidectomy (P = .021) were found to be independent predictors of the observed changes in sinus dimensions. Conclusions: Postsurgical plasticity of the ethmoid cavity is a new concept supported by observed changes in sinus dimensions after ethmoidectomy. These changes may reflect a loss of internal structural support and forces of contracture during the postoperative healing period.     

The effect of maxillary sinus surgery on its development

Conclusion. The study showed that surgery in the maxillary sinus can affect its development. Objective. To quantitatively evaluate the long-term impact of sinus surgery on its development in the rabbit. Materials and methods. This was an experimental study performed at an academic tertiary medical center using 20 4-week-old New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits underwent unilateral right maxillary sinus surgery. The contralateral maxillary sinus used as a control did not undergo the operation. The maxillary sinus ostium was enlarged on the operated side. Volumetric analysis of the maxillary sinus was performed 1 year post-surgery. The maxillary sinus volumes of both sides were calculated using Multidedector CT and the volumetric measurements of the operated side were compared with the non-operated side. Results. Maxillary sinus development was significantly reduced on the surgical side. Maxillary sinus growth on the surgical side was determined as 87% compared with the non-surgical side.     

鼻内镜治疗额、筛窦囊肿的临床分析

目的比较鼻内镜手术和鼻内镜与鼻外联合进路手术治疗额、筛窦黏液囊肿的疗效。方法37例鼻内镜手术和鼻内镜与鼻外联合进路治疗额、筛窦黏液囊肿患者及随访14个月～3年，比较两种术式的治疗效果。结果26例采用鼻内镜手术，11例采用鼻内镜与鼻外联合进路，均能够较好暴露术野，术后囊腔得到充分引流；34例获得满意疗效，无严重并发症发生。结论鼻内镜手术是治疗额、筛窦黏液囊肿安全的有效方法。     

Isolated sphenoid sinus pathology: spectrum of diagnostic and treatment modalities

Objective

Isolated sphenoid sinus pathology is a relatively uncommon entity. The present study is a retrospective review of 40 patients with isolated sphenoid sinus pathology who were treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Alexandria University between July 2002 and December 2005. Special emphasis will be given to the role of various endoscopic approaches in the surgical management of isolated sphenoid sinus pathology. Factors that govern the selection of each approach will be discussed.

Methods

Extracted data included patient demographics, clinical presentation, imaging studies, treatment modalities and complications. Sphenoid sinus was approached through one of the following three approaches: (1) endoscopic transnasal approach, (2) endoscopic transseptal approach and (3) endoscopic transpterygoid approach. Outcome measures were based on assessment of patients’ symptoms and confirmation of a patent sphenoid sinus by office endoscopy.

Results

The pathology spectrum was rather wide and included 26 (65%) inflammatory conditions (acute/chronic sphenoiditis, mucoceles, and fungal sinusitis), 7 (17.5%) neoplasms and 7 (17.5%) miscellaneous conditions (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, sphenochoanal polyp, and fibrous dysplasia). The most common initial symptom was headache (50%) followed by ophthalmological symptoms (22.5%). Other presenting symptoms included CSF leak in five patients, epistaxis in four patients and nasal obstruction and/or rhinorrhea in two patients. Radiological workup included computed tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 21 patients (52.5%). The most common indication was a sphenoid mass based on endoscopic and CT findings. Four patients with acute/chronic sphenoiditis were successfully treated with medical therapy. One patient with fibrous dysplasia did not require any definitive treatment. Thirty-five patients underwent endoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia. An adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy was utilized in two patients.

Conclusions

A high index of clinical suspicion, routine office nasal endoscopy and radiological imaging are central to making an accurate and timely diagnosis of isolated sphenoid sinus pathology. Surgical treatment of sphenoid pathology can be safely and successfully performed through a variety of endoscopic approaches. Selection of the most appropriate endoscopic approach is governed by the nature and location of sphenoid pathology as well as the anatomical configuration of the sphenoid sinus.     

The contemporary practice of functional endoscopic sinus surgery: a nationwide survey

Recent years have seen a rapid growth in the practice of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Its introduction into clinical practice has, however, been conspicuous by an absence of good scientific evidence that it is superior to previous techniques. This postal questionnaire survey aimed to identify the diversity in the practice of FESS at a national level and, as a result, highlights areas of patient management requiring standardization. All full members of the British Association of Otolaryngologists—Head and Neck Surgeons (BAO-HNS) were contacted, 64% responded: 14% of surgeons do not always perform preoperative computerized tomography (CT) scanning; only 25% use grading systems for symptoms and/or CT assessment; a wide variety of topical agents are used both before and after operation; nearly half (47%) no longer operate principally under endoscopic vision but via TV monitors; and the majority of surgeons review patients more than 1 week after surgery with a minority advocating earlier postoperative assessment.     

鼻内镜下筛窦骨瘤切除15例临床分析

目的 报告鼻内镜下筛窦骨瘤切除15例，探讨鼻内镜下筛窦骨瘤切除的手术方法及治疗效果，总结鼻窦骨瘤的手术经验。方法 回顾性分析武汉市第一医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2018年6月—2022年4月行鼻内镜下筛窦骨瘤切除术的15例患者的临床资料，所有患者术前均行鼻窦CT检查、鼻内镜检查、鼻阻力检查及眼科相关检查。手术均于全身麻醉鼻内镜下完成，根据CT确定筛窦骨瘤的位置和范围后确定具体的手术方式，完整切除筛窦骨瘤，术后门诊定期复诊，复查鼻窦CT、鼻内镜。结果 15例患者术后病理均证实为筛窦骨瘤，鼻窦CT显示筛窦骨瘤均彻底切除，随访5~48个月，患者术后鼻塞、面部胀痛、头痛、流脓涕、嗅觉减退等症状较术前减轻或消失，未发生明显眶内、颅内并发症，未见骨瘤复发。结论 术前鼻窦CT可确定骨瘤位置及范围，为鼻内镜手术提供良好保障，鼻内镜下筛窦骨瘤切除有效、安全、微创，预后良好，值得临床推广应用。