心房颤动射频消融治疗前后肺静脉形态结构CT成像改变的临床研究

目的:利用CT三维成像技术研究心房颤动(房颤)患者行环肺静脉电隔离术(CPVA)前后肺静脉的形态学变化。方法:房颤患者共28例,行CPVA术(6.5±3.9)个月后进行随访,根据术后有无复发分为成功组(22例)和复发组(6例)。应用64排螺旋CT测量CPVA术前、后肺静脉口的径线、截面积、左心房容积,研究射频消融术后肺静脉的形态学特点并与术前做对比分析。结果:成功组术后左心房容积、左上肺静脉口最大径、右上肺静脉口最大径、右上肺静脉口最小径、右下肺静脉口最大径、右下肺静脉口最小径、4个肺静脉口截面积较术前缩小(P<0.05)。复发组术后仅见右下肺静脉口最大径、左下肺静脉口及右下肺静脉口面积较术前减少(P<0.05)。CPVA术后肺静脉的最大径及最小径狭窄率小于50%者分别为61.6%及56.3%;狭窄率50%～70%者分别为3.6%和5.4%。结论:(1)CPVA成功后可逆转房颤患者的肺静脉和左心房重构,而复发组未出现明显逆重构。(2)CPVA术后可引起部分患者无症状性肺静脉狭窄。     

心房颤动病人行环肺静脉射频消融术的护理

心房颤动足一种常见的心律失常,在老年人中最常见,危险因素随年龄的增加而增加.心房颤动的治疗有电复律治疗、药物复律治疗、介入治疗.介入治疗最有效的方法是肺静脉电隔离术和环肺静脉消融术,而环肺静脉消融术的成功率较前者高.但与其他快速性心律失常的导管消融治疗比较,心房颤动消融术操作较为复杂,发生并发症的风险相对较高<'[1]>,病人的心理问题也影响其治疗和健康状况.我院2007年11月对58例心房颤动病人进行射频消融术,现将护理介绍如下.     

低管电压、低浓度碘对比剂联合多模型迭代重建在心房颤动射频消融术前左心房和肺静脉CT成像中的应用价值

目的  探讨低管电压、低浓度碘对比剂联合多模型迭代重建（ASIR-V）在心房颤动患者经导管射频消融术前左心房（LA）和肺静脉（PV）CT成像中的运用价值。方法  回顾性分析2019年1月~2021年6月在遂宁市中心医院确诊经导管射频消融的所有心房颤动患者,并按管电压分为实验组（A组）和对照组（B组）,143例/组。A组使用低管电压100 kVp,对比剂碘海醇300 mgI/mL,ASIR-V 10%~100%间隔10%重建;B组使用常规管电压120 kVp,对比剂碘帕醇370 mgI/mL,ASIR-V 50%重建。LA和PV图像质量客观评价采用信噪比和对比噪声比进行比较,主观评分采用双盲法以5分法评价。对患者一般临床资料、辐射剂量、碘摄入量、LA和PV解剖变异显示率及相关测量指标及图像质量进行评价。结果  A、B两组比较,LA和PV的CT值、解剖变异显示率以及相关测量指标差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。A组有效辐射剂量和碘摄入量分别较B组减少约37.4%、29.9%（P < 0.05）。随ASIR-V重建比例的增加,A组的SD值逐渐降低,而信噪比及对比噪声比逐渐升高（P < 0.05）;A组重建图像中,70%和80% ASIR-V的主观评分最高（P < 0.05）。结论  低管电压（100 kVp）、低浓度碘对比剂（300 mgI/mL）联合70%或80% ASIR-V扫描方案可用于心房颤动患者经导管射频消融术前对LA和PV解剖及相关指标的评价,在保证图像质量的前提下,可显著降低电离辐射并减少碘剂摄入量。     

左心房与肺静脉容积比预测导管消融术后心房颤动复发

目的 观察左心房容积(LAV)与肺静脉容积(PVV)比(LAV/PVV)预测导管消融术后心房颤动(AF)复发的价值。方法 纳入95例接受导管消融术治疗的AF患者，根据术后随访1年内有无AF复发将其分别归入复发组(n=23)与未复发组(n=72)。采用2种方法(方法1,对各支肺静脉均渲染至距肺静脉开口部后2 cm;方法2,对各支肺静脉均渲染至肺静脉分叉后1 cm)基于心脏CT血管成像(CTA)测量左肺上静脉容积(LSPVV)、左肺下静脉容积(LIPVV)、右肺上静脉容积(RSPVV)及右肺下静脉容积(RIPVV),计算LAV及PVV;比较2种方法测值，评估LAV/PVV预测导管消融术后AF复发的价值。结果 方法1、2所测LIPVV差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据单因素分析结果，性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、心力衰竭、LAV及LAV/PVV均为导管消融术后AF复发的危险因素；多因素分析结果显示，仅LAV/PVV为AF复发的危险因素。以8.27为方法1所获LAV/PVV的最佳截断值，其预测导管消融术后AF复发的曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度及特异度分别为0.774、78.26%...     

心房颤动患者射频消融术后肺静脉狭窄误诊分析

目的提高对心房颤动(房颤)射频消融术后肺静脉狭窄的认识,以早期识别并及时正确治疗。方法回顾性分析2例房颤射频消融术后肺静脉狭窄的临床资料。结果 2例因房颤在外院行射频消融术(肺静脉心房隔离术)。例1术后出现劳累后胸闷、气短,伴鼻分泌物及痰中少量血丝,停用华法林无效,后突然出现左侧胸部锐痛,误诊为胸膜炎;例2术后主要临床表现为咳嗽、胸痛,先后误诊为肺栓塞、肺部感染及真菌性肺炎。2例均经增强多层螺旋CT及心血管三维重建检查确诊肺静脉狭窄,行肺静脉支架置入术,但效果差。结论房颤射频消融术后6～12个月应行增强多层螺旋CT及心血管三维重建或肺通气/灌注扫描检查,以早期发现肺静脉狭窄,避免误诊误治。     

左心房肺静脉前庭电解剖隔离术治疗心房颤动患者的护理

目的 总结左心房肺静脉前庭电解剖隔离术治疗心房颤动的护理方法.方法 对20例行左心房肺静脉前庭电解剖隔离术的心房颤动患者在手术前后实施相关护理措施及出院健康教育,总结护理要点.结果 发生术后并发症6例,其中穿刺点血肿4例,尿路感染1例,心包积液1例.在治疗和精心护理后均治愈出院.结论 左心房肺静脉前庭电解剖隔离术手术方法复杂、并发症发生率较高且严重,围手术期需要密切护理、及时发现并协助处理各种并发症.     

增强MR血管造影在导管射频消融术治疗房颤中的应用

目的：评价MRI，特别是增强MR血管造影检查（CE-MRA）在导管射频消融术治疗房颤中的临床应用价值。方法：收集23例（男16例，女7例，年龄38~75岁，平均60.4岁）经导管射频消融术治疗的房颤病人的MR资料，进行回顾性分析，观察肺静脉及左心房的显示情况及肺静脉的变异程度。结果：所有MR影像资料均能清晰显示左心房及肺静脉，多数病人（19例，82%）属经典型（左心房两侧均有两个独立开口），4例（18%）病人有变异，其中3例（13%）左侧为共干（一个开口），1例（4%）左侧为三支肺静脉，3例左侧共干中1例右侧为三支肺静脉。CE-MRA序列显示肺静脉开口率（100%）要高于Double-IR序列（61.5%）和FIESTA序列（71.4%）。结论：在导管射频消融术治疗房颤中，MRI及CE-MRA是首选的影像学检查方法，可准确提供肺静脉解剖路线图和相关实用数据。     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者左心房-肺静脉增强CT结构特征与左心耳血栓形成的相关性

目的 探讨左心房-肺静脉CT增强结构特征对非瓣膜性心房颤动（NVAF）患者左心耳血栓形成的风险预测价值。方法 回顾性收集2013年9月—2021年6月103例NVAF患者肺静脉CT增强检查和临床资料,根据经食管超声心动图（TEE）是否存在左心耳血栓,将患者分为血栓组53例与无血栓组50例。分析两组肺静脉CT增强结构特征,包括肺静脉开口直径、同侧上下肺静脉间夹角,左心房左右径、前后径及上下高径、左心耳的开口长径及深度,左心房中部CT值、左心耳开口处及最深部CT值及其相应的信噪比（SNR）及对比噪声比（CNR）,并记录每位患者D-二聚体指标。采用t检验、单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析以上因素诊断左心耳血栓的价值。结果 103例NVAF患者中,男62例,女41例,平均（67.17±5.32）岁。血栓组较无血栓组左侧肺静脉夹角较小（P=0.047）,左心房各径线（左右径、上下径及前后径）（P=0.042、0.024、0.001）及左心耳开口长径较大（P<0.001）;左心房中部SNR(P=0.003)、左心耳开口处及深部的CT值及SNR(P=0.053、0.006、0.01、0....     

心房颤动经导管射频消融术后并发肺静脉狭窄2例并文献复习

心房颤动(房颤)是临床上最常见的心律失常,发病率随年龄的增加而增加,有较高的死亡率.近年来,经导管射频消融术已经成为房颤的一线治疗手段[1-2].其严重并发症的发生率约为1％ ～8％.肺静脉狭窄(pulmonary vein stenosis,PVS)是射频消融术后不常见的严重并发症之一,缺乏特异性,临床表现不明显,容...     

心房颤动病人行环肺静脉射频消融术的护理

心房颤动是一种常见的心律失常，在老年人中最常见．危险闵素随年龄的增加而增加。心房颤动的治疗有电复律治疗、药物复律治疗、介入治疗。介入治疗最有效的方法是肺静脉电隔离术和环肺静脉消融术，而环肺静脉消融术的成功率较前者高。但与其他快速性心律失常的导管消融治疗比较，心房颤动消融术操作较为复杂，发生并发症的风险相对较高。，病人的心理问题也影响其治疗和健康状况。我院2007年11月对58例心房颤动病人进行射频消融术，现将护理介绍如下。     

阵发性房颤环肺静脉电隔离术前后左房结构和功能的研究

目的经胸超声心动图(TTE)和经食道超声心动图(TEE)联合应用对阵发性房颤患者肺静脉前庭电隔离术前后左房、左心耳结构和功能的评价。方法46例阵发性房颤患者和16例正常对照组接受TTE和TEE检查,测量左房内径指数(LADI)、左房面积指数(LAAI)、左房容积指数(LAVI)、左房射血力(LA-EF)、左心耳内径指数(LAADI)、左心耳最大面积指数(LAAmaxI)、左心耳最小面积指数(LAAminI)、左心耳射血分数(LAA-EF)、左心耳最大排空血流速度(LAA-P)和左心耳最大充盈血流速度(LAA-F)及有无血栓征象。41例确诊无左心房及左心耳血栓的患者行肺静脉前庭电隔离术。术后6个月以上对其中39例患者随访行TTE和TEE复查。结果肺静脉前庭电隔离术组、术后随访组与正常对照组间左房结构、功能均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。三组间左心耳的结构和功能亦均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。阵发性房颤患者左房、左心耳结构与其功能的变化呈线性负相关。结论TTE和TEE联合应用为评价阵发性房颤患者左房的结构、功能以及肺静脉前庭电隔离术前病例的筛选、术后疗效的评估提供重要信息。     

Dilatation of the pulmonary veins in atrial fibrillation: a transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation

Ectopic beats originating from sleeves of atrial tissue within the pulmonary veins (PVs) can induce and sustain paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Left atrial stretch and dilatation favors the development of atrial ectopy and AF. Similarly, PV dilatation, if present, might trigger PV ectopy in patients with AF. This study was designed to evaluate whether PV dilatation is present in patients with nonfocal AF and whether the PV diameter correlates to the left atrial diameter (LAD). The diameters of the right superior (RSPV) and left superior PV (LSPV) were measured at the ostium and at a depth of 1 cm in 170 patients (AF, n = 75; sinus rhythm [SR], n = 95) using transesophageal echocardiography. The LAD was determined by transthoracic echocardiography. The diameters of the PVs were significantly larger in patients with AF than in patients with SR (LSPV(ostium): AF 13.6 +/- 3.5 mm vs SR 10.6 +/- 2.7 mm, P < 0.001; LSVP(1cm): AF 12.5 +/- 2.9 mm vs SR 10.2 +/- 2.5 mm, P < 0.001; RSPV(ostium): AF 13.9 +/- 3.5 mm vs SR 11.7 +/- 2.9 mm, P < 0.001; RSVP(1cm): AF 12.8 +/- 2.8 mm vs SR 10.6 +/- 2.6 mm, P < 0.05). Similarly, LAD was larger in patients with AF (44.7 +/- 7.7 mm) as compared to patients with SR (38.8 +/- 6.8 mm, P < 0.001). Neither for the SR nor the AF group did the PV size correlate to the LAD. AF is associated with a significant enlargement of the RSPV, LSPV, and LAD. There is no correlation between LAD and PV diameters. This raises the question whether PV dilatation in patients with AF is a cause or a consequence of AF and whether it may contribute to the development and perpetuation of AF.     

Magnetic resonance angiography of pulmonary veins: implications for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) requires exact anatomical information about pulmonary venous (PV) ostia. In this study, anatomy of pulmonary veins (PVs) was assessed using three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). METHODS AND RESULTS: Contrast-enhanced MRA of the PVs was performed in 40 patients (mean age 53 +/- 9 years) with paroxysmal (30 patients) or persistent (10 patients) AF, scheduled for circumferential ablation around PV ostia. PV ostial anatomy and diameters were evaluated from multiplanar reconstructions and compared with 3D reconstructions. Thirty (75%) patients presented with a common left-sided antrum (21 short and 9 long trunk), while additional PVs were found on right side in 23%. PV ostia were oblong in shape (mean diameters 17.0 +/- 4.3 vs 10.5 +/- 2.5 mm by two-dimensional (2D) measurements, and 20.8 +/- 7.6 mm vs 12.9 +/- 3.3 mm by 3D reconstruction, in long and short axis, respectively). There was a correlation between measurements obtained from 2D and 3D images, although 3D imaging provided slightly larger diameters. CONCLUSIONS: MRA with 3D reconstructions is an important technique for preprocedural assessment of PVs that allows full understanding of their anatomy and size. This information may be important for selection of appropriate tools.     

Pulmonary vein internal electrical activity does not contribute to the maintenance of atrial fibrillation

Whether the electrical activity generated in the pulmonary veins (PVs) during atrial fibrillation (AF) contributes to the maintenance of arrhythmia is not known. The study population consisted of 22 patients (mean age 58 +/- 9.5 years, 16 men) with persistent (12 patients) or intermittent (10 patients) AF. Mapping of the left atrium (LA) was performed with a 64-electrode basket catheter. PVs were mapped simultaneously with the LA with a quadripolar catheter. PV were defined as arrhythmogenic (if frequent ectopic activity induced AF) or nonarrhythmogenic (if no ectopic activity was observed during the procedure). AF cycle lengths in arrhythmogenic and nonarrhythmogenic PV were 130 +/- 50 ms and 152 +/- 42 ms, respectively (P < 0.001). Both were significantly longer than simultaneous AF activity recorded from the posterior wall of the LA (116 +/- 49 ms, P < 0.001). AF cycle lengths in arrhythmogenic PVs as compared to nonarrhythmogenic PVs were: right superior PV 125 +/- 49 ms versus 148 +/- 51 ms; left superior PV 140 +/- 52 ms versus 161 +/- 30 ms; left inferior PV 127 +/- 48 ms versus 147 +/- 45 ms; and right inferior PV 129 +/- 38 versus 152 +/- 44 ms (P < 0.001 for all four comparisons). AF activity in the PV was more organized than in the posterior wall of the LA and the veins were activated in a proximal-to-distal direction during sustained AF episodes. In patients with AF not related to rheumatic heart disease, the posterior wall of the LA has faster activity than the PVs. The AF activity generated inside the PV during sustained AF episodes originates from the posterior wall of the LA rather than from focal firing.     

Electrophysiological properties of the left atrium evaluated by coronary sinus pacing in patients with atrial fibrillation

Repetitive atrial firing (RAF), marked fragmentation of atrial activity (FAA), and interatrial conduction delay (CD) have been shown to be electrophysiological features of the atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Moreover, it has been observed that atrial extrastimuli are more likely to induce AF when delivered from the right atrial appendage (RAA) than from the distal coronary sinus (CSd). We examined the electrophysiological properties of the atrial muscle by CS and RAA stimulation in patients with paroxysmal AF. Patients were divided into two groups: group I, consisting of 18 patients with clinical paroxysmal AF; and group II, consisting of 22 patients with various cardiac arrhythmias in which the substrate does not exist in the atrium. In group I, the following values of electrophysiological parameters of the atrium indicated that AF was more likely to be induced during RAA pacing than CSd pacing: atrial effective refractory period (RAA vs CSd: 201 +/- 28 ms vs 240 +/- 35 ms, P < 0.001), RAF zone (16 +/- 25 ms vs 0 +/- 0 ms, P < 0.03), FAA zone (38 +/- 37 ms vs 5 +/- 19 ms, P < 0.01), maximum interatrial conduction time (144 +/- 19 ms vs 93 +/- 19 ms, P < 0.0001) and CD zone (53 +/- 21 ms vs 9 +/- 18 ms, P < 0.0001). The values of the electrophysiological parameters of the atrium evaluated by CSd pacing in group I patients were not significantly different from those in group II patients. In conclusion, when coronary sinus stimulation is performed, electrophysiological properties of the atrium in patients with AF show a significant decrease in atrial vulnerability compared to stimulation from RAA and also show similar values to those in patients without AF. It might be suggested that the left posterior or posterolateral atrium is electrophysiologically stable even in patients with paroxysmal AF.     

经胸二维及三维超声心动图观察心房颤动患者左心房及肺静脉结构改变

目的 应用经胸二维及三维超声心动图观察心房颤动(房颤)患者左心房及肺静脉结构改变.方法 对126例患者进行检查,其中窦性心律(窦律)组64例,房颤组62例,房颤组依据病史进一步分为阵发房颤组及非阵发房颤组.首先进行二维超声检查,测量并计算左心房前后径(LAD)、左心房面积(LAA)、左心房容积(LAV).应用三维全容积显像测量肺静脉直径.结果 房颤组4支肺静脉直径较窦律组明显增宽,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在房颤患者中,非阵发房颤组4支肺静脉直径显著大于阵发房颤组(P＜0.05).窦律组、阵发房颤组、非阵发房颤组组内各支肺静脉比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).房颤组与窦律组比较、非阵发房颤组与阵发房颤组比较,LAD、LAA、LAV明显增大(P＜0.05).结论 房颤患者心房增大,肺静脉增宽,非阵发房颤患者肺静脉增宽更明显.经胸二维及三维超声心动图町以无创观察房颤患者左心房及肺静脉结构改变.