步行训练对外伤性脊髓损伤患者骨量丢失的影响

目的:通过观察骨密度和骨代谢相关指标的变化来评价步行训练防治外伤性脊髓损伤患者骨量丢失的临床疗效并探讨其作用机制。方法:选取23例外伤性脊髓损伤合并骨量丢失患者,随机分为观察组12例和对照组11例。2组均进行常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上进行步行训练。2组均每日治疗1次,连续治疗60d。治疗前、治疗1个月、治疗2个月分别测定患者的腰椎和股骨骨密度、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶5b(TRACP5b)、骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)、25羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]、血钙、血磷、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的变化情况。结果:治疗2个月后,观察组的TRACP5b治疗前后差异无统计学意义,对照组治疗2个月后TRACP5b值较治疗前明显升高(P0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗1及2个月后,2组患者的腰4椎体、腰1-腰4椎体骨密度均呈下降趋势,组内和组间比较,其差异并无统计学意义。治疗1及2个月后,2组患者的股骨颈、股骨全部骨密度均呈下降趋势(均P0.05),对照组治疗2个月后和治疗前相比明显下降(均P0.05)。治疗后1、2个月后,BALP、25(OH)D、血钙、血磷、ALP 5个指标组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义。结论:步行训练能减轻外伤性脊髓损伤患者股骨颈和股骨全部骨密度下降的程度,但对损伤平面以下不同部位骨密度的影响不同,其作用机制可能和抑制骨吸收有关。     

脊髓损伤患者骨量丢失的相关危险因素分析

目的:探讨影响脊髓损伤患者骨量丢失的相关危险因素。方法:回顾2000年5月—2002年12月290例脊髓损伤患者经双能X线骨密度仪测得的L4和股骨近端的骨密度资料,按各部位的骨密度值将患者分为骨量正常组(t值>-1.0标准差)及骨量丢失组(骨质疏松或骨量减少)(t值≤-1.0标准差),然后分别进行Logistic回归分析。结果:L4的骨量丢失只与性别(OR值为0.336,P<0.01)和体重指数(OR值为0.911,P<0.05)相关;与股骨近端(包括全部、股骨颈、Wards三角及股骨转子共4个部位)的骨量丢失相关的因素是:病程(4个部位,OR值为1.028—1.054,P<0.05或P<0.01)、ASIA残损分级(除股骨颈外的3个部位,OR值为0.682—0.764,P<0.05或P<0.01)、年龄(Wards三角,OR值为1.032,P<0.05),以及体重指数(股骨转子,OR值为0.898,P<0.01),而脊髓损伤平面和肢体痉挛程度与L4和股骨近端的骨量丢失无相关性(P>0.05)。结论:影响脊髓损伤患者L4和股骨近端骨量丢失的因素不同;病程和ASIA残损分级是脊髓损伤患者股骨近端骨量丢失的主要影响因素。     

Intravenous pamidronate attenuates bone density loss after acute spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a 6-month treatment with intravenous pamidronate (30-mg infusion once per month) to conventional rehabilitation without pamidronate on bone density of the spine and leg bones and on the excretion rate of N-telopeptide, a urinary marker of bone catabolism, in acutely spinal cord injured patients. DESIGN: A nonrandomized control trial in which 24 spinal cord injured subjects entered the study within 6 weeks of their injury. Fourteen subjects received pamidronate; 10 did not. OUTCOME MEASURES: Bone density measurements by dual x-ray absorptiometry were performed before the initial treatment (within 6 weeks of the injury) and at 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury and was the primary efficacy parameter. Urine for N-telopeptide levels was the secondary efficacy parameter. RESULTS: After acute spinal cord injury, patients treated with intravenous pamidronate had significantly less bone density loss compared with those who did not receive pamidronate (parametric ANOVA, p<.02). Also, ambulatory subjects had significantly less bone density loss over the study period (p<.05) than nonambulatory subjects. In general, a high excretion level of the urinary bone-breakdown product N-telopeptide was found before intravenous pamidronate treatment, followed by a dramatic reduction in excretion after pamidronate treatment. Ambulatory subjects excreted significantly less N-telopeptide than motor-complete subjects at all time points. CONCLUSION: Intravenous pamidronate treatment and ambulatory ability in the first 6 months after an acute spinal cord injury prevents bone density loss.     

Asymmetric lower-limb bone loss after spinal cord injury: case report

Osteoporosis is a significant secondary condition that occurs acutely after spinal cord injury (SCI). This article reports on a patient with motor incomplete SCI and asymmetric lower-limb bone loss as it correlates with lower-limb motor function and gait characteristics. A 32-year-old Caucasian male completed a comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation program, including 3 months of robotic body-weight-supported treadmill training three times a week. Bone mineral density (BMD) was monitored up to 1.5 years post-SCI by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ground reaction forces were measured through an instrumented treadmill for bilateral weight-bearing comparison. At 1.5 years postinjury, neurological examination revealed thoracic 4 American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale D SCI with less strength, reduced weight bearing, and lower BMD in the more neurologically impaired leg. These results suggest that osteoporosis may vary according to severity of impairment within individuals and that monitoring lower-limb BMD is especially important for patients who ambulate.     

Characteristics and rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord stab injury

[Purpose] The objective of the study was to compare the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with spinal cord stab injury to those with the more common spinal cord contusion injury. [Subjects] Of patients hospitalized in China Rehabilitation Research Center from 1994 to 2014, 40 of those having a spinal cord stab injury and 50 with spinal cord contusion were selected. [Methods] The data of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. The cases were evaluated by collecting admission and discharge ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) and ADL (activity of daily living) scores. [Results] After a comprehensive rehabilitation program, ASIA and ADL scores of patients having both spinal cord stab injury and spinal cord contusion significantly increase. However, the increases were noted to be higher in patients having a spinal cord stab injury than those having spinal cord contusion. [Conclusion] Comprehensive rehabilitation is effective both for patients having spinal cord stab injury and those with spinal cord contusion injury. However, the prognosis of patients having spinal cord stab injury is better than that of patients with spinal cord contusion.Key words: Spinal cord injury, Stab injury, Rehabilitation     

Electrocardiographic findings in patients with chronic spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the prevalence and prognostic value of electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. METHODS: All electrocardiographs obtained in the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center since 1987 have been digitally recorded and stored in a computerized database. For this study, only the first electrocardiograph was considered for analysis. The subjects were divided according to age and level of spinal cord injury. The Social Security Death Index was used to ascertain vital status as of December 1999. RESULTS: Annual mortality was similar in those with chronic spinal cord injury and the able-bodied. However, individuals with a higher level of injury had a significantly higher death rate than those with a lower level of injury. The prognostic characteristics of electrocardiographic abnormalities were similar in both the able-bodied and those with spinal cord injury. CONCLUSION: In general, electrocardiographic abnormalities had the same prevalence in the spinal cord injury subjects as in the able-bodied ones. The prognostic value of electrocardiographic abnormalities in subjects with spinal cord injury is similar to that observed in able-bodied subjects.     

Predicting patient-specific rates of bone loss at fracture-prone sites after spinal cord injury

Purpose: People with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience bone loss and have an elevated rate of fracture in the paralysed limbs. The literature suggests an exponential time course of bone loss after SCI, but true rates may vary between patients. We propose systematic evaluation of bone status in the early stages of SCI to identify fast bone losers. Method: A case series of six patients with complete SCI were scanned using peripheral quantitative computed tomography within 5 weeks and at 4, 8 and 12 months post-injury. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured at fracture-prone sites in the tibia and femur. Patient-specific-predictions (PSP) of expected rates of bone loss were produced by individualising published model equations according to each patient’s measured values at baseline. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests were used to identify changes between time-points; chi-squared tests for differences between measured and PSP values. Results: In the lower limbs, mean values decreased significantly between baseline and 8 months post-injury, by 19–31% for trabecular BMD, 21–32% for total BMD, and 9–29% for BMC. Most subjects showed no significant differences between PSP and measured values, but individuals with significantly faster rates of bone loss than predicted should be investigated further. Conclusions: There was considerable intersubject variability in rates of bone loss after SCI. Patients showing the fastest bone loss could benefit from continued follow-up and possibly treatment.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to extensive muscle paralysis, and is often accompanied by significant bone loss and increased fracture risk.

• Repeat bone scans within months of injury can be used to “red-flag” patients who are losing bone faster than predicted.

• A patient-specific approach to osteoporosis management will facilitate targeted treatment aimed at those who need it most, in SCI and other patient groups.

     

脊髓损伤患者中骨代谢生化标志物变化的回顾性研究

目的:观察脊髓损伤患者骨代谢生化标志物的变化与病程及美国脊髓损伤学会残损分级(American spinal injury association impairment scale,AIS)等临床特点的相关性。方法:脊髓损伤后1周—20个月患者共73例,年龄13—89岁,评定患者AIS,检测患者血25-OH维生素D(25-hydroxy vitamin D,25(OH)D)、Ⅰ型前胶原N端前肽(N-terminal propeptide of type 1 precollagen,P1NP)和羧基端肽(collagen type I C-terminal telopeptide,CTX)。进行年龄、病程、AIS与25(OH)D、P1NP和CTX的相关性分析。结果:在我们观察的脊髓损伤患者中,Vit D缺乏和不足的比例占98.6%。未发现维生素D与年龄、病程、AIS的相关性。P1NP与AIS负相关(R=-0.235,P0.05),与病程正相关(R=0.442,P0.01)。CTX与AIS、年龄负相关(R为-0.232和-0.296,P0.05)。在AIS C、D的四肢瘫与截瘫患者中,25(OH)D、P1NP和CTX无差异(P0.05)。创伤性脊髓损伤患者的CTX明显高于非创伤性脊髓损伤的患者(Z为-2.086,P0.05)。结论:脊髓损伤患者中,Vit D缺乏有着极高的比例。AIS越低的患者骨转化指标中的P1NP和CTX升高越明显,即骨丢失越严重。年轻脊髓损伤患者和创伤性脊髓损伤患者骨丢失速度更快。     

老年男性慢性阻塞性肺疾病骨密度及骨显像改变的初步研究

目的了解骨密度(BMD)改变与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的关系,并探讨结合核素影像分析的诊断意义。方法对男性COPD患者47例和对照组30例分别以双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)测定BMD值,并行放射性核素骨显像。结果老年COPD组的L2～4、股骨颈、Ward's区、大转子骨密度均较对照组明显减低,两组股骨颈、Ward's区骨质疏松的发生率比较有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。26例患者全身骨显像呈弥漫性骨放射性分布减低。6例近期压缩性骨折患者见胸椎或腰椎异常放射性分布浓聚。结论老年COPD患者骨质疏松的发生率高于同龄对照组,应预防和治疗骨质疏松;骨显像可反映骨代谢的情况,对压缩性骨折的检出及新旧压缩性骨折的区分有帮助。     

脊髓损伤患者自主神经功能障碍的临床研究

目的:通过检测健康人群和不同节段脊髓损伤患者心率变异性（HRV），探讨脊髓损伤患者是否存在自主神经的功能障碍，以及不同节段脊髓损伤患者的自主神经的功能障碍程度是否相同。方法:依据脊髓损伤节段的不同将截瘫患者分为颈段及T1-5节段脊髓损伤组11例，T6-12脊髓损伤组7例， 腰髓损伤6例； 健康体检人群19例作为正常对照组。采用短程动态记录安静状态下心电图并进行HRV分析。结果:颈段及T1-5脊髓损伤组代表交感和迷走神经张力总合的低频检测结果301.41±358.60ms2较正常人群的620.19±333.36 ms2明显降低（P＜0.05），而且所有脊髓损伤组的低频/高频比值在C1-T5为1.66±1.00、T6-12为4.03±2.66、腰髓及以下为3.35±1.89，较正常人群的2.29±0.58明显异常（P＜0.05），同时不同脊髓损伤组之间的检测结果不存在显著性差异（P＞0.05）。结论:脊髓损伤患者存在自主神经的功能障碍，但不同节段脊髓损伤组之间的自主神经功能障碍不存在显著性差异。     

Longitudinal study of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine, the forearm and the lower extremities after spinal cord injury

Bone mineral content (BMC) of the lumbar spine, femoral neck and shaft, and proximal tibia was measured by dual photon absorptiometry in six men and two women after traumatic spinal cord injuries. In six of these patients, BMC of the distal forearm was measured as well. The patients were 18-49 years old at injury and had complete motor lesions from C7 to L1. All but one had some spasticity, and they all used a wheelchair. The initial BMC measurements were carried out from 9-167 days (median 43) post-injury and followed up by 5-13 (median 8) measurements up to 31-53 months (median 41) after the injury. BMC of the lumbar spine and distal forearm remained nearly unchanged in the whole period, and the measurements were within the normal range, except for the lumbar spine when Harrington rods in the scanned area induced high BMC values. In the lower extremities the BMC decreased after injury. New steady-state levels for BMC were reached at 2 years post-injury for the proximal tibia and the femoral neck at 40-50% and 60-70% respectively of normal values. For the femoral shaft the decrease in BMC was more slow and it seems that a steady-state was not reached within our observation period for several of the patients. This longitudinal study indicates, in agreement with a previous cross-sectional study, that normal muscle function and load bearing is necessary to prevent bone loss.     

脊髓慢性压迫损伤动物模型实验研究

目的：建立一种理想、实用的慢性脊髓压迫模型,为进一步研究慢性压迫性脊髓损伤的病理生理机制奠定基础。方法利用自行设计一种脊髓压迫装置制作大鼠慢性压迫模型,通过术后大鼠后肢运动功能BBB评分、X线片、脊髓HE染色评价该模型的可靠性。结果 X线片示1周脊髓受压程度约21%,3周后脊髓受压程度58%。脊髓功能受损存在一定的隐匿性,3周压迫组 BBB评分与对照组无明显差异（P＝0.193）,6、9周压迫组BBB评分持续降低,3个压迫组间存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。HE染色示受压脊髓灰质神经元丢失,白质脱髓鞘改变,病变随受压时间的延长逐渐加重,3组间脊髓前角神经元密度存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。结论此装置较好地模拟了慢性脊髓压迫症的临床特征,具有取材方便,方法简单、科学、重复性强的优点。     

Effect of a vitamin D analog on leg bone mineral density in patients with chronic spinal cord injury

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed to determine the effect of a vitamin D analog (1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D(2) [1-alpha D(2)]) on the bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Forty subjects with chronic complete motor SCI were enrolled. The mean plus or minus standard deviation age and duration of injury were 42 plus or minus 12 yr and 11 plus or minus 10 yr, respectively. Either 4 micrograms 1-alpha D(2) (n = 19) or placebo (n = 21) was administered daily for 24 mo. Metabolic markers of bone resorption and formation were obtained. Regional lower-limb dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed at baseline and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo. Leg BMD and percent change from baseline significantly increased at 6 (percent change only), 12, 18, and 24 mo in the treatment group, but not in the placebo group. Urinary N-telopeptide, a marker of bone resorption, was significantly reduced during treatment with 1-alpha D(2), but markers of bone formation were not changed.     

Closed head injury in spinal cord injured patients: retrospective study of loss of consciousness and post-traumatic amnesia

Previous studies of trauma-related spinal cord injured patients suggest that 25% to 50% of these patients sustain a concomitant cranio-cerebral trauma. A loss of consciousness (LOC) of 20 minutes' duration or a post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) lasting 24 hours has been associated with deficits in concentration, attention, memory, and higher-level cognitive functions. These may present as significant factors influencing learning and adaptation during and after the formal rehabilitation process. A systematic review was performed of the medical records of 101 trauma-related spinal cord injured patients who were admitted to Northwestern Memorial Hospital and the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago within seven days of injury. The reported incidence of LOC and PTA in spinal cord injured patients was evaluated, and these data were compared with the level and etiology of injury, and with radiographic work-up, if any, for head injury. Eighty-seven percent of all emergency room admissions and 67% of all rehabilitation admissions were assessed for LOC. Fewer than 25% of all patients in both settings were assessed for PTA. Forty-two percent of all patients reported LOC, PTA, or both occurring simultaneously with the spinal cord injury. Assessment and incidence were unrelated to level of injury but were influenced by etiology. One-third of the patients who reported LOC, PTA, or both underwent further evaluation with computed tomographic (CT) scan or radiography of the skull. Assessment of LOC is conducted more consistently in the ER than in the rehabilitation setting. Assessment of PTA is performed infrequently despite its relevance to the rehabilitation process. Head injury may frequently be associated with traumatic spinal cord injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Longitudinal changes in adjustment after spinal cord injury: a 15-year study.

Research on changes in adjustment after spinal cord injury (SCI) has produced mixed results. Whereas cross-sectional research has suggested that adjustment declines with increasing age, but improves with greater time since injury, longitudinal research has suggested that some limited positive changes in adjustment occur over an 11-year period. The purpose of the current study was to identify the stability of adjustment over a 15-year period after SCI. One hundred thirty-five participants with SCI completed Life Situation Questionnaires (LSQ) in both 1974 and 1989. T-test comparisons were made on five adjustment scales and 15 individual items. The results suggested several positive changes in adjustment during the 15 years including increased sitting tolerance, more years of education, greater satisfaction with finances and employment, and a higher percentage of persons working. Decreases were noted in the number of hospitalizations and the number of days hospitalized. Given the average number of years since injury (9.3 years in 1974; 24.3 years in 1989), the results suggest that adjustment will at worst be stable, and at best will improve significantly with time.     

Longitudinal patterns of functional recovery in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury receiving activity-based rehabilitation

Lorenz DJ, Datta S, Harkema SJ. Longitudinal patterns of functional recovery in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury receiving activity-based rehabilitation.ObjectiveTo model the progression of 3 functional outcome measures from patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) receiving standardized locomotor training.DesignObservational cohort.SettingThe NeuroRecovery Network (NRN), a specialized network of treatment centers providing standardized, activity-based therapy for SCI patients.ParticipantsPatients (N=337) with incomplete SCI (grade C or D on the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury scale) who were enrolled in the NRN between February 2008 and March 2011.InterventionAll enrolled patients received standardized locomotor training sessions, as established by NRN protocol, and were evaluated monthly for progress.Main Outcome MeasuresBerg Balance Scale, 6-minute walk test, and 10-meter walk test. Progression over time was analyzed via the fitting of linear mixed effects models.ResultsThere was significant improvement on each outcome measure and significant attenuation of improvement over time. Patients varied significantly across groups defined by recovery status and American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade at enrollment with respect to baseline performance and rates of change over time. Time since SCI was a significant determinant of the rate of recovery for all measures.ConclusionsLocomotor training, as implemented in the NRN, results in significant improvement in functional outcome measures as treatment sessions accumulate. Variability in patterns of recovery over time suggest that time since SCI and patient functional status at enrollment, as measured by the Neuromuscular Recovery Scale, are important predictors of performance and recovery as measured by the targeted outcome measures.     

脊髓损伤患者站立活动量与骨密度的变化

背景:脊髓损伤后的骨质疏松,可造成患者持重能力下降,严重影响其生活质量。目的:分析脊髓损伤后患者的活动情况与骨密度变化的情况。方法:根据脊髓损伤患者每天的站立活动情况,分为3组:充分活动组每天站立活动1h以上;限制活动组每天站立活动不足1h;无活动组无站立活动。结果与结论:通过双能X射线骨密度仪对患者腰椎及股骨部进行骨密度检查后显示,充分活动组与限制活动组的腰椎(L2~4)、股骨颈、股骨转子和Ward’s三角区骨密度水平高于无活动组(P<0.05),充分活动组的骨密度水平较限制活动组有显著提高(P<0.05)。结果证实,相对于脊髓损伤后的相对制动,适当的站立活动在一定程度上有助于减少患者的骨质丢失,缓解骨质疏松的发展,提高骨密度水平。