线粒体自噬对缺血性脑卒中的作用及其机制研究进展

线粒体自噬作为一种选择性自噬,是线粒体质量控制的关键机制之一。脑组织缺血可引发多种分子的级联反应,导致功能障碍线粒体的堆积。线粒体功能障碍可诱导线粒体自噬的激活,通过清除受损或去极化线粒体来维持神经元细胞的稳态。研究表明线粒体自噬与缺血性脑卒中的病理过程密切相关,但其具体机制及其作用一直备受争议。本文就线粒体自噬的发生机制及其在缺血脑组织中的作用进行综述,为临床治疗缺血性脑卒中提供新的思路。     

线粒体自噬在缺血性卒中的机制研究与展望

线粒体自噬是细胞通过自噬清除破坏的线粒体的过程,是线粒体质量控制的重要机制。 近年来研究表明,缺血性卒中后存在明显的线粒体自噬。因此在卒中过程当中,调节控制线粒体数量 和质量的线粒体自噬过程,可能对治疗卒中、延缓细胞死亡、保护神经元有十分关键的意义。本文主 要对线粒体自噬在缺血性卒中病理过程中的作用与机制,以及其目前的研究进展进行综述,并对线 粒体自噬对缺血性卒中的治疗作用进行展望。     

线粒体自噬在帕金森病中的研究进展

<正>帕金森病（Parkinson disease,PD）世界第二常见的神经系统退行性病变。随着人口老龄化进程的加快，PD的患病率和发病率正呈现逐步增高的趋势。线粒体自噬能有效地清除受损的线粒体，在线粒体和代谢的动态平衡、能量供应、神经元的生存和健康方面发挥着重要作用。线粒体自噬与帕金森病的关系密切，尤其是近几年来在帕金森病研究中发现线粒体自噬通路PINK1/Parkin对PD产生影响。     

阿尔茨海默病的线粒体功能紊乱机制

线粒体对于神经元的生存发挥关键作用,氧化应激引起细胞凋亡是AD早期的主要特征.线粒体形态结构发生改变和线粒体DNA突变都可以造成线粒体功能紊乱,表现为电子传递链的损伤如细胞色素氧化酶活性降低,线粒体动力学异常如线粒体自噬增加、分裂融合失衡、生物合成障碍、转运功能下降等,淀粉样蛋白生成进一步增加,最终导致不可逆的神经元损伤,散发性AD发生.针对线粒体损伤的治疗措施,为AD的治疗带来新的选择.     

基于线粒体的缺血性脑卒中病理机制研究进展

缺血性脑卒中严重危害人类健康,其病理机制日益受到人们的广泛关注。线粒体作为细胞中参与能量代谢的重要细胞器,参与调节细胞内环境与稳态,在缺血性脑卒中的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。本文从线粒体结构、功能、相关蛋白表达与活性出发,对其在缺血性脑卒中病理机制所涉及的能量障碍、氧化应激、神经炎症以及神经细胞死亡等四方面进行综述,为缺血性脑卒中的治疗策略提供潜在的帮助。     

线粒体自噬在褪黑素抗缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的初步探讨线粒体自体吞噬在褪黑素抗缺血再灌注损伤中的作用。方法体外培养N2a细胞,模拟缺血再灌注,加入褪黑素(melatonin,Mel),用DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Caspase3活性测定分析细胞凋亡情况,并采用激光共聚焦分析线粒体自噬现象。结果(1)Mel能抑制缺血再灌注介导的N2a细胞caspase3的活性,并减轻N2a细胞DNA的片段化;(2)N2a细胞缺血90min再灌注12h,未观察到线粒体自噬现象,而加入Mel的N2a有大量的线粒体自噬现象。结论线粒体自噬可能是褪黑素抗缺血再灌注损伤的机制之一。     

线粒体自噬在蛛网膜下腔出血中的研究进展

线粒体自噬为选择性自噬的一种，在生理状态下、各种急性应激及慢性疾病中，主要参与 了线粒体稳态的调节、受损线粒体的清除及避免细胞死亡等多种细胞内生理性反应过程。在多种神 经疾病过程中可见到线粒体自噬的参与，但关于线粒体自噬在蛛网膜下腔出血中的研究较少，本文 从线粒体自噬的经典通路、在蛛网膜下腔出血中的作用机制及对预后的影响等方面进行了综述。     

1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子调控线粒体自噬对线粒体氧化应激损伤的影响

目的 探讨1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP+)诱导线粒体自噬在帕金森病(PD)发病机制中的作用.方法 将细胞分为MPP+(0 mmol/L)对照组、MPP+(1 mmol/L)处理组和MPP+ (2 mmol/L)处理组,共同转染EGFP-LC3和RFP-MI-TO后加入MPP+处理48 h.Western blot检测细胞自噬水平的变化,甲丹磺酸尸胺(MDC)检测自噬空泡聚集,免疫荧光法检测EGFP-LC3和RFP-MITO亚细胞共定位,流式技术检测线粒体膜电位及活性氧.结果 MPP+1 mmol/L及MPP+2 mmol/L组LAMP2A、Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的灰度值与对照组相比均上调,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与对照组相比,MPP+处理组自噬水平增加,自噬空泡增加,外源性LC3表达上调,EGFP-LC3和RFP-MITO存在亚细胞共定位.MPP+1 mmol/L及MPP+2 mmol/L组线粒体膜电位较对照组降低;MPP+1 mmol/L及MPP+2 mmol/L组线粒体活性氧较对照组增加,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MPP+通过调控线粒体自噬水平致线粒体氧化应激损伤.     

线粒体自噬在抑郁障碍发生发展中的作用机制研究 进展

抑郁障碍以心境低落为主要特征，是一种严重危害身心健康的全球性疾病。目前常见抗 抑郁药物大多基于单胺假说，然而部分患者存在效果抵抗，治疗应答不佳。因此，需进一步探索抑郁障 碍新的发病机制以期用于指导临床诊疗。线粒体自噬是清除损伤线粒体的主要方法，与多种疾病相关。 近年研究表明线粒体自噬可能在抑郁障碍中发挥作用，具体过程和机制尚不明确。现就线粒体自噬参 与抑郁障碍的研究现状作一综述。     

线粒体功能障碍与帕金森病

帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）是一种以大脑黑质致密部（SNpc）多巴胺能神经元进行性丧失为主要特征的神经退行性疾病,好发于中老年人,以运动障碍和认知缺陷为主要临床症状。近年来,在关于帕金森病发病机制的探讨中,线粒体功能障碍一直被认为是多巴胺能神经元丢失的重要起始因素,目前认为是线粒体生物发生调控机制、基因突变等几种因素相互作用的结果 。本文总结了线粒体生物发生、线粒体动力学、线粒体自噬、线粒体基因突变等线粒体功能障碍在帕金森病中的作用,以期为帕金森病的线粒体靶向治疗提供参考。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Micro-affirmations and Recovery for Persons with Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Problems: User and Professional Experience-Based Practice and Knowledge

Recurrent factors contributing to a recovery process from co-occurring mental health and addiction problems mentioned by users and professionals have been analyzed as part of working alliances and helpful relationships. Still, we lack knowledge about how helpful relationships are developed in daily practice. In this article, we focus on the concrete construction of professional helpful relationships. Forty persons in recovery and fifteen professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis, resulting in three themes presented as paradoxes (1) My own decision, but with the help of others; (2) The need for structures and going beyond them; and (3) Small trivial things of great importance. Micro-affirmations have a central role in creating helpful relationships by confirming the individuals involved as more than solely users or professionals. More attention and appreciation should be paid to practices involving micro-affirmations.

     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.