硫化氢通过JAK2/STAT3通路抑制脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞M1型极化

目的观察硫化氢(H_2S)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小胶质细胞极化的影响并探讨JAK2/STAT3信号通路是否介导其作用。方法将培养的N9小胶质细胞随机分为对照组、LPS组、硫氢化钠(NaHS)组、LPS+NaHS组、蛋白酪氨酸激酶(JAK2)/信号转导和转录激活因子(STAT3)抑制剂α-氰基-(3,4-羟基)N-苄苯乙烯胺(AG-490)组、LPS+NaHS+AG-490组共6组,每组设3个复孔。采用MTT法检测各组细胞活力,采用ELISA法检测各组胶质细胞及培养上清液中白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-4 IL-10水平,采用Western-blot检测各组细胞精氨酸酶1(Arg1)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)和磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,LPS组细胞Arg1蛋白及IL-4和IL-10表达水平增加,而iNOS蛋白、IL-1β、IL-6、p-JAK2蛋白和p-STAT3蛋白表达降低,p-JAK2/t-JAK和p-STAT3/t-STAT3比值降低(均P0.05)。与LPS组比较,LPS+NaHS组细胞Arg1蛋白及IL-4和IL-10表达水平增加,而iNOS蛋白、IL-1β、IL-6、p-JAK2蛋白和p-STAT3蛋白表达降低,p-JAK2/t-JAK2和p-STAT3/t-STAT3比值降低(均P0.05)。JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制剂AG-490可减弱NaHS的作用。结论 H_2S可抑制LPS诱导的小胶质细胞M1型极化,其机制可能是通过JAK2/STAT3信号通路实现。     

特异性抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路对大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤后COX-2和VEGF表达水平的影响

目的 探讨特异性抑制蛋白酪氨酸激酶2/信号转导与激活子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路对急性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达水平的影响。方法 采用线栓法制备大鼠急性大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型; 大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和给药组; 给药组大鼠于再灌注前5 min腹腔注射JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制剂AG490(1 mg/kg),其余2组给予等量生理盐水; 再灌注24 h后各组行神经功能缺损评分,用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色法检测大鼠脑梗死体积,用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测脑组织中JAK2、STAT3、环氧合酶2(COX-2)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的mRNA相对表达水平,用蛋白印迹(Western blot)检测脑组织磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)、磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)、COX-2和VEGF的蛋白相对表达水平。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积、JAK2和STAT3的mRNA,p-JAK2和p-STAT3蛋白、COX-2的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05),VEGF的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平显著降低(P<0.05); 与模型组比较,给药组大鼠神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积、JAK2和STAT3的mRNA、p-JAK2和p-STAT3蛋白、COX-2的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05),VEGF的mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论 特异性抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路可能通过降低脑组织中COX-2表达和促进VEGF表达来保护大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

大鼠脑出血后活化星形胶质细胞EGFR-JAK1/STAT3表达及Genistein的抑制作用

目的探讨EGFR-JAK1/STAT3信号通路在大鼠脑出血后星形胶质细胞活化中的作用。方法 SD大鼠60只,随机分为ICH组、DMSO组、GST组,每组20只,Ⅶ型胶原酶注入苍白球进行脑出血造模。GST组在造模后每天腹腔注射Genistein溶液(50 mg/kg),DMSO组腹腔注射相同剂量DMSO溶液,一次/d。取术后1 d、7 d、14 d、28 d共4个时间点进行神经功能评分,各时间点每组随机取5只大鼠处死取脑,免疫组化检测EGFR、GFAP在星形胶质细胞中的表达变化,Western blot检测每各组p-JAK1、p-STAT3蛋白水平的表达。结果神经功能评分:GST组优于ICH组与DMSO组、ICH组与DMSO组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);免疫组化显示脑出血后EGFR、GFAP表达增高,给予GST干预后,GFAP、EGFR表达显著少于ICH组及DMSO组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);7 d时p-JAK1/p-STAT3蛋白表达显著上升,予GST干预后,p-JAK1/p-STAT3蛋白水平较ICH组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),DMSO组EGFR、GFAP及p-JAK1/p-STAT3蛋白表达水平,与ICH组比较,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑出血所致星形胶质细胞活化与EGFR表达上调有关,抑制EGFR表达,可使pJAK1/p-STAT3蛋白表达水平下调,提示EGFR-JAK1/STAT3信号通路可能与脑出血后星形胶质细胞活化相关。     

蛋白激酶D1对Aβ诱导的SH-SY5Y神经细胞损伤的调节作用

目的探究蛋白激酶D1(PKD1)对β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)诱导的阿尔茨海默病(AD细胞模型的调节作用和分子机制。方法分别以0、10、20、30、40、50μmol·L~(-1)的Aβ25-35处理SHSY5Y细胞24 h,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,MTT检测细胞活力,蛋白印迹法(Western blotting)检测PKD1蛋白水平变化。在AD细胞模型中分别过表达和干扰PKD1,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和活性氧(ROS),Western blotting检测凋亡相关蛋白(B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)和B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-xl(Bcl-x L))、磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶(P-JNK)、磷酸化细胞外调节蛋白激酶(p-ERK 1/2)、磷酸化JAK激酶2(p-JAK2)、磷酸化信号传导及转录激活蛋白3(p-STAT3)及其下游靶基因c-Myc的蛋白水平变化。过表达PKD1同时添加10μmol·L~(-1) FLLL32(JAK2/STAT3通路抑制剂)处理AD细胞模型,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和ROS,Western blotting检测Bcl-2、Bcl-x L、P-JNK和P-ERK 1/2蛋白水平变化。结果 30μmol·L~(-1) Aβ25-35处理SH-SY5Y细胞,细胞存活率和凋亡率分别约为70%和20%(P0.05),为构建AD模型的最适浓度。过表达PKD1抑制Aβ25-35诱导的细胞凋亡增加、ROS升高、Bcl-2和Bcl-x L蛋白表达下调、P-JNK和P-ERK1/2蛋白表达上调;干扰PKD1,加剧Aβ25-35对细胞的毒性作用。过表达PKD1,P-JAK2、P-STAT3和C-Myc蛋白表达上调;干扰PKD1,p-JAK2、p-STAT3和c-Myc蛋白表达下调。FLLL32处理抑制PKD1对AD细胞模型的作用。结论 Aβ诱导SH-SY5Y神经细胞中P-JAK2、P-STAT3表达下调和P-JNK和P-ERK 1/2表达上调。过表达PKD1可通过上调p-JAK2、p-STAT3的表达抑制P-JNK和P-ERK 1/2表达,缓解Aβ对细胞的毒性作用。     

BMSCs介导STAT3对脑出血大鼠海马组织eIF2α、Glu表达水平的影响

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)移植对脑出血(ICH)大鼠海马组织真核细胞翻译起始因子2 α亚基(eIF2 α)、谷氨酸(Glu)表达水平的影响及其机制。方法 100只SD大鼠,随机选取10只分离BMSCs,剩余90只采用Ⅳ型胶原酶构建ICH模型。90只大鼠随机分为假手术组、ICH组和BMSCs移植组,每组30只。造模成功后24h,BMSCs移植组大鼠经尾静脉注入BMSCs,其余2组注入等体积0.9%氯化钠溶液。观察大鼠一般情况,评估神经功能,测定脑组织含水量。蛋白印迹测定海马组织内质网应激相关因子、eIF2α及JAK/STAT3通路蛋白水平,高效液相色谱法测定Glu浓度,TUNEL法分析细胞凋亡情况。结果 ICH组大鼠神经功能缺损评分(NSS)和脑组织含水量显著大于假手术组,海马组织葡萄糖调节蛋白78 (GRP78)蛋白相对表达量显著低于假手术组,CAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)和Caspase-12蛋白相对表达量显著高于假手术组,海马组织eIF2 α蛋白相对表达量和Glu水平显著高于假手术组,海马神经细胞凋亡率显著高于假手术组,海马组织JAK、p-JAK、STAT...     

Inhibition of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injuryinduced apoptosis: nicotiflorin and JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Nicotiflorin is a flavonoid extracted from Carthamus tinctorius.Previous studies have shown its cerebral protective effect,but the mechanism is undefined.In this study,we aimed to determine whether nicotiflorin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.The cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion.Nicotiflorin(10 mg/kg) was administered by tail vein injection.Cell apoptosis in the ischemic cerebral cortex was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d UTP nick end labeling assay.Bcl-2 and Bax expression levels in ischemic cerebral cortex were examined by immunohistochemial staining.Additionally,p-JAK2,p-STAT3,Bcl-2,Bax,and caspase-3 levels in ischemic cerebral cortex were examined by western blot assay.Nicotiflorin altered the shape and structure of injured neurons,decreased the number of apoptotic cells,down-regulates expression of p-JAK2,p-STAT3,caspase-3,and Bax,decreased Bax immunoredactivity,and increased Bcl-2 protein expression and immunoreactivity.These results suggest that nicotiflorin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.     

Inhibition of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis:nicotilforin and JAK2/STAT3 pathway

Nicotilforin is a lfavonoid extracted from Carthamus tinctorius. Previous studies have shown its cerebral protective effect, but the mecha-nism is undeifned. In this study, we aimed to determine whether nicotilforin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. hTe cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion. Nicotilforin (10 mg/kg) was administered by tail vein injection. Cell apoptosis in the ischemic cerebral cortex was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay. Bcl-2 and Bax expres-sion levels in ischemic cerebral cortex were examined by immunohistochemial staining. Additionally, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 levels in ischemic cerebral cortex were examined by western blot assay. Nicotilforin altered the shape and structure of injured neurons, decreased the number of apoptotic cells, down-regulates expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, caspase-3, and Bax, decreased Bax immunoredactivity, and increased Bcl-2 protein expression and immunoreactivity. hTese results suggest that nicotilforin protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.     

二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷对实验性脑出血血肿周围脑组织含水量及水通道蛋白-9表达的影响

目的探讨二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(PDTC)对实验性脑出血血肿周围脑组织含水量和水通道蛋白9(AQP9)表达的影响。方法将128只SD大鼠随机分成正常组、对照组、脑出血组及PDTC组,建立脑出血模型;制模2 h予PDTC组腹腔注射PDTC;通过干湿法和SABC法检测各组大鼠各时点脑组织含水量、AQP9表达。结果(1)脑出血组脑组织含水量出血侧在制模后4 h开始升高,72 h达高峰,持续到120 h后下降;出血对侧在4 h也升高,48 h达高峰;脑组织含水量较对照组明显增加,出血侧更明显(均P<0.01)。(2)脑出血组AQP9表达制模后4 h开始升高,72 h表达最强,120 h降低,较对照组明显增加,出血侧较出血对侧增加更明显(均P<0.01)。(3)PDTC组脑组织含水量和AQP9表达在制模后24 h开始各时间点较脑出血组明显降低(均P<0.01)。结论脑出血后脑组织含水量和AQP9表达均呈平行增加,PDTC干预对出血后脑组织含水量和AQP9表达有平行抑制作用,提示AQP9参与了脑出血后脑水肿的形成。     

STIP1对胶质瘤U251细胞增殖、侵袭和凋亡的影响

目的 探讨下调磷酸化应激诱导蛋白1（STIP1）表达对胶质瘤U251细胞增殖、侵袭和凋亡的影响,及其对JAK2/STAT3信号通路的调控作用。方法 免疫印迹法检测体外培养的正常胶质细胞（SVG）和人胶质瘤细胞（U251、U87和U37）STIP1蛋白表达水平。NC-siRNA或STIP1-siRNA质粒转染U251细胞,CCK-8法检测U251细胞增殖;Transwell实验检测U251细胞侵袭能力;流式细胞术检测U251细胞凋亡率;免疫印迹法检测JAK2/STAT3信号通路蛋白表达水平。结果 与正常胶质细胞SVG比较,胶质瘤细胞U251、U87和U373的STIP1蛋白表达水平均明显增高（P<0.05）。与NC-siRNA组比较,STIP1-siRNA组STIP1蛋白表达水平、细胞增殖活力和细胞侵袭力明显明显降低（P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率明显增高（P<0.05）,而且,p-JAK2和p-STAT3蛋白表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）。结论 STIP1在胶质瘤细胞中呈高表达,抑制STIP1表达可以抑制胶质瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭、促进凋亡,机制可能与抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。     

CpG-ODN对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨CpG-ODN对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 将54只大鼠随机分为假手术组、脑I/R模型组、CpG-ODN组,每组18只。采用大脑中动脉线栓法构建大鼠脑I/R模型。CpG-ODN组造模前1 h腹腔注射CpG-ODN（10 μg/25 g）,脑I/R模型组注射等量生理盐水。再灌注12 h采用Longa 5分评分法评估神经功能。再灌注24 h采用TTC染色测定脑梗死体积,HE染色观察组织结构,TUNEL染色分析细胞凋亡,PCR检测酪氨酸激酶（JAK）、信号转导和转录激活因子（STAT）mRNA表达水平,免疫印迹法分析Caspase3、Caspase7、JAK、p-JAK、STAT和p-STAT蛋白水平。结果 与假手术组比较,脑I/R模型组神经功能障碍严重,脑梗死体积显著增大,脑组织发生水肿、坏死等病变;与脑I/R模型组比较,CpG-ODN组明显改善。与假手术组比较,脑I/R模型组脑组织细胞凋亡率和Caspase3、Caspase7蛋白水平明显升高（P<0.05）,脑I/R模型组JAK、STAT mRNA水平和蛋白磷酸化程度显著上调（P<0.05）;与脑I/R模型组比较,CpG-ODN组细胞凋亡率和Caspase3、Caspase7蛋白水平明显降低（P<0.05）,JAK、STAT mRNA和蛋白磷酸化程度均明显下降（P<0.05）。结论 CpG-ODN能有效保护大鼠脑I/R损伤,其机制可能与影响JAK、STAT蛋白磷酸化抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

Anti-neuroinflammation effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation against depression-like behaviors via hypothalamic α7nAchR/JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress

Background

Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a vital neuromodulation for the treatment of depression, but its antidepressant molecular mechanism is unclear. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR) is a key mediator of the vagus nerve that mediates its anti-inflammatory efficacy. Here, we investigated whether the antidepressant effect of taVNS in chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS)-exposed rats works through the α7nAchR/JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB pathway.

Methods

The depression model was established by CUMS for continuous 6 weeks in rats. From the 4th week of the experiment, CUMS-exposed rats were subjected to taVNS for 3 weeks. To clarify the role of α7nAchR in the antidepressant effect of taVNS, we used α7nAchR^−/− gene knockout rats. The sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), and forced swimming test (FST) were used to evaluate depression-like behaviors of rats. Immunofluorescent staining was used to observe the morphology of microglia in the hypothalamus. Western blot was used to examine the protein expression of α7nAchR, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, IL-1β, NF-κB p65, and p-NF-κB p65 in the hypothalamus.

Results

Depression-like behaviors in CUMS-exposed rats were manifested by decreased SPT ratio, increased FST immobility time, decreased total distance, vertical movement score, and activity time of OFT. Hypothalamic neuroinflammation in CUMS-exposed rats was manifested by an amoebic-like activated state of microglia, downregulated expression of α7nAchR, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, and upregulated expression of NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, and IL-1β. TaVNS could significantly reverse the above-mentioned phenomena, but had a poor improvement effect for CUMS-exposed α7nAchR^−/− rats.

Conclusion

The hypothalamic α7nAchR/JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway may play an important role in the antidepressant-like behavior of taVNS.