1 212块股前外侧肌皮瓣在口腔颌面缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨游离股前外侧肌皮瓣在口腔颌面部修复重建的价值。方法 收集2002年2月-2013年6月间在中南大学湘雅二医院口腔颌面外科住院,进行了股前外侧肌皮瓣修复的患者1 185例（1 212块皮瓣）。记录并统计患者的基本资料、缺损部位、皮瓣的面积及类型、受区血管的处理方法、供区并发症、患者术后生存质量等情况。结果 1 212块皮瓣成活1 176块,坏死36块,成活率97.0%。皮瓣供区无严重并发症出现。股前外侧肌皮瓣重建口腔颌面部各个部位的缺损后,90%以上的患者得到了良好的功能恢复及美观效果。吻合1根静脉与吻合2根静脉相比,可以显著地缩短显微操作时间（P=0.000 3）。2组的静脉危象发生率、抢救成功率及静脉危象导致的皮瓣坏死率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 股前外侧肌皮瓣组织供应量大,可满足口腔颌面部各个部位缺损的修复要求。股前外侧肌皮瓣比其他游离皮瓣,更适合用于口腔颌面部缺损修复,应作为首选皮瓣。     

前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损的效果比较

目的 比较分析前臂皮瓣和股前外侧皮瓣修复重建口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的临床效果。方法 收集 54例行口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根除术并接受游离皮瓣修复术的患者资料,其中33例患者采用前臂皮瓣修复（A组）、21例采用股前外侧皮瓣修复（B组）。应用SPSS 19.0软件包分析2组患者的手术持续时间、皮瓣存活率、受区功能与外形恢复情况、供区恢复情况及患者满意度等。结果 A组手术时间为（41.6±8.9）min,B组为（47.2±10.2）min,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组皮瓣存活率（93.9%）高于B组（90.5%）,但差异无显著性（P>0.05）;受区功能与外形恢复情况2组基本相似;供区功能恢复B组优于A组,A组永久性功能障碍比率为24.2%,B组仅有暂时性功能障碍且比率为9.5%;A组供区色素沉着发生率显著高于B组（P<0.05）;B组的满意度显著优于A组（P<0.05）。结论 应用前臂皮瓣与股前外侧皮瓣修复,术后受区功能、外形恢复情况相似。前臂皮瓣成功率高,但需要植皮,且术后供区易形成永久性功能障碍;股前外侧皮瓣供区隐蔽,可以提供的组织量大,术后供区功能障碍很少,患者满意度高,但是手术难度大于前臂皮瓣,技术要求高。     

四种组织瓣移植修复颊部洞穿缺损的比较研究

目的：比较折叠双皮岛游离前臂皮瓣、腹直肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣和带蒂的胸大肌皮瓣移植修复颊部洞穿缺损的适应症和效果。方法：自2002年2月～2010年6月收治15例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者,肿瘤根治性切除后遗留的颊部洞穿缺损大小范围（包括皮肤和黏膜）：32-76 cm2。根据患者的年龄、性别、体型及缺损的部位和大小等情况,分别采用游离前臂皮瓣（3例）、腹直肌皮瓣（4例）、股前外侧皮瓣（2例）或带蒂胸大肌皮瓣（6例）折叠修复,分析和评价修复效果。结果：本组15例随访3个月～7年,除2例胸大肌皮瓣远端小部分坏死外,其余移植皮瓣均成活。面部外形恢复良好,张口不受限。结论：前臂皮瓣较薄,适于修复上颊部或前颊部洞穿缺损,腹直肌皮瓣和胸大肌皮瓣较厚,适于修复伴下颌骨缺损的下颊部和后颊部洞穿缺损,股前外侧皮瓣厚度中等,并可根据需要削薄,适于修复颊部任何区域的洞穿缺损。     

游离组织辦在口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤缺损修复中的应用:2549例临床分析

目的:探讨不同游离组织瓣在口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤缺损与修复中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析1979年1月～2006年12月间,我院口腔颌面外科所行血管化游离组织瓣移植患者2549例,共制备皮瓣2684块:软组织瓣包括前臂皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣、胸大肌皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣、肩胛皮瓣等;骨组织瓣包括腓骨肌皮瓣、髂骨肌皮瓣、肩胛骨肌皮瓣等。分别用于修复舌、腭、颊、口底、颌骨及面颈部大面积复合缺损。统计各年代游离组织瓣移植的成功率,分析失败原因。结果:游离组织瓣移植成功率从80年代初期(92%)至今(98.5%),呈逐年升高趋势,2684块皮瓣总成功率达96.80%。前臂皮瓣是最常用的游离组织瓣(64.12%),胸大肌皮瓣和背阔肌皮瓣在修复大面积复合缺损常被采用,各种骨肌(皮)瓣应用于颌骨缺损修复成为近年的热点。大范围复合组织缺损的救治性手术常需要多个游离组织瓣联合修复重建。结论:血管化游离组织瓣移植是口腔颌面-头颈肿瘤手术根治的保障,更是术后缺损修复的主要手段。前臂皮瓣是修复舌、颊、腭等软组织缺损的首选瓣,胸大肌与背阔肌(皮)瓣适合修复体积较大的缺损,腓骨、髂骨肌瓣是上、下颌骨缺损最常用的修复手段。其他不常用的组织瓣,应根据不同适应证进行选择。采用不同组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损,对患者术后外形及功能具有重要意义。     

应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤术后缺损

目的:探讨游离股前外侧皮瓣在口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术后缺损的修复重建中的应用价值。方法:2007年12月—2010年6月,采用股前外侧皮瓣游离移植修复76例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者接受根治术后的缺损,其中舌癌32例、颊癌16例、口底癌10例、牙龈癌9例、口咽癌8例、面部皮肤癌1例,评价移植修复成功率及术后效果。结果:76例皮瓣中,74例移植皮瓣成活,2例坏死,成活率为97.4%。成活皮瓣术后效果满意,供区无明显后遗症。结论:游离股前外侧皮瓣血运可靠,可切取面积大,对供区影响小,是修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flap for oral perforated defect reconstruction

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of oral perforated defect reconstruction with a double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flap through the modified lateral lip-submandibular approach.Materials and methodsFrom July 2010 to August 2013, eight patients with oral perforated defects secondary to oral cancer ablation involving the superior partial mandible or the posterior partial maxilla, with immediate reconstruction by double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flaps, were retrospectively enrolled into this study.ResultsAll double anterior flaps were musculocutaneous flaps. Seven double flaps resulted in good functional and aesthetic outcomes with complete flap survival. One patient required operative exploration in the postoperative period due to thrombosis in the external jugular vein. After the salvage, one of the double flaps in the intraoral region resulted in partial failure of the superficial skin of the flap. No functional impairment at the donor sites occurred in any of the cases.ConclusionThe double anterior (anterolateral and anteromedial) thigh flap is a feasible and acceptable technique for reconstruction of an oral perforated defect involving the mandible or the maxilla through the modified lateral lip-submandibular approach. It presents a very acceptable aesthetic and functional result with the additional advantage of low morbidity at the donor site.     

Application of a new classification of chimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps

BackgroundThe anterolateral thigh free flap is one of the most commonly used flaps in reconstructive procedures. The purpose of this study was to assess this new classification of chimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps.MethodsSixty-five patients underwent free anterolateral thigh chimeric free flap reconstruction of defects in the head and neck region. We summarized the anatomic features of perforators, including the number and origin of the perforators.ResultsSixty-five cases of femoral anterolateral double island flaps were divided into 3 types: trunk type (type I), 11 cases (16.9%), in which the perforators of two flaps originated in the descending branch and the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery; branch type (type II), 45 cases (69.3%), in which both the perforators originated in the descending branch or the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery; and bifurcation type (type III), 9 cases (13.8%), in which two perforators originated in the bifurcation of one perforator that originated in the descending branch or the transverse branch of the lateral femoral circumflex artery. All 65 flaps survived and none showed partial necrosis.ConclusionsThe anterolateral thigh chimeric flap can be divided into 3 types: trunk type (I type), branch type (II type) and bifurcation type (III type).     

口腔颌面缺损游离组织移植修复138例临床分析

目的探讨影响游离组织移植成功的因素,为各种游离组织瓣在口腔颌面头颈外科的应用提供临床参考。方法收集2005年1月～2008年6月进行游离移植的138例组织瓣,其中前臂皮瓣46例,游离背阔肌瓣10例,股前外侧皮瓣3例,足背皮瓣1例;腓骨肌瓣39例,腓骨肌瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣36例,髂骨肌瓣3例。修复良性肿瘤术后缺损者41例,恶性肿瘤术后缺损者96例,发育畸形1例。血管吻合采用改良的二定点吻合法。结果 138例游离移植的组织瓣的成功率为99%以上,有1例足背皮瓣在术后7天出现静脉危象,第8天皮瓣坏死。1例腓骨肌瓣联合小腿外侧皮瓣患者手术后12h出现动脉危象,经抢救成活。2例前臂皮瓣和1例腓骨瓣术后24小时内出现静脉危象,经过重新吻合后抢救成功;1例前臂皮瓣在术后第6天出现静脉危象,抢救成功。其它132例游离组织瓣均达到Ⅰ期临床愈合。结论影响游离组织瓣移植成活的因素很多,血管吻合技术以及吻合后血管蒂的摆放是成功的关键。为了防止术后静脉危象的出现,在可能的情况下尽量吻合2根静脉。     

游离股前外侧单叶(肌)皮瓣制备的外科技术

目的 探讨游离股前外侧单叶皮瓣制备的外科技术及方法 .方法 回顾分析中南大学湘雅第二医院口腔颌面外科244例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤患者采用245块游离股前外侧单叶肌皮瓣修复术后缺损.皮瓣制备方法 :在髂前上棘至髌骨外上缘的髂-髌连线内侧3 cm处,根据所需皮瓣的厚度在上、中、下不同区域设计切口.选取管径较粗、搏动有力的穿支血管制备皮瓣,携带肌肉组织充填死腔.制备皮瓣面积较大时,尽量带多个穿支血管.皮瓣面积(4 cm×4 cm)～(10 cm×25 cm).对18块皮下脂肪较厚的皮瓣削薄处理.结果 245块肌皮瓣,3块坏死,成功率98.8%.无一块因未找到合适的穿支血管而放弃.8块行皮下脂肪修剪的皮瓣术后出现水疱,但皮瓣血供良好,均成活.5块因取瓣面积较大供区创面行植皮术,所植皮片全部来源于切口的上份;其余供区均直接拉拢缝合.术后244例患者对外形及功能恢复均满意.结论 该制备肌皮瓣方法 有利于寻找穿支血管;切取皮瓣宽度＜8 cm,创面可直接拉拢缝合,≥8 cm时需要植皮,可选择切口上部为供皮区.     

Changes of perfusion of microvascular free flaps in the head and neck: a prospective clinical study

Reconstruction with a free flap is routine in head and neck surgery. However, reliable assessment of perfusion can be difficult, so we prospectively evaluated it in 4 types of microvascular free flaps in the oral cavity (n = 196) and assessed differences in blood flow by non-invasive monitoring with a laser Doppler flowmetry unit. We measured oxygen saturation, haemoglobin concentration, and velocity on the surface of the flap preoperatively at the donor site, and on the flap on the first, second, and seventh postoperative days, and after 4 weeks in 186/196 patients, mean (SD) age of 60 (13) years. We studied the radial forearm (n = 76, 41%), fibular (n = 45, 24%), anterolateral thigh (n = 53, 28%), and soleus perforator (n = 12, 7%) flaps. The values for the radial forearm flap differed significantly from the others. There were significant differences in haemoglobin concentrations between the fibular and soleus perforator flaps, and between the anterolateral thigh and soleus perforator flaps (p = 0.002 each). Free flaps are unique in the way that perfusion develops after microvascular anastomoses. Knowledge of how each flap is perfused may indicate different patterns of healing that could potentially influence long term rehabilitation and detection of future deficits in perfusion.     

显微修薄股前外侧皮瓣在口腔颌面软组织缺损中的临床应用

目的:探讨显微修薄股前外侧皮瓣在口腔颌面软组织缺损修复中的临床效果。方法:以2015年12月~2018年5月期间56例行股前外侧皮瓣修复手术的患者,术前常规行股前区CT血管造影,利用影像工作站(Philips Medical Systems)定位穿支血管出肌点的体表位置,以其为中心设计个性化皮瓣,模拟切取皮瓣,并对其周界脂肪厚度进行测量,对皮下脂肪较厚的15例患者,应用手术显微镜对皮瓣进行修薄后转移至受区进行外科修复。结果:显微修薄股外侧皮瓣14例完全存活,1例皮瓣远端出现坏死,经换药后愈合。切取皮瓣面积最大9 cm×5 cm,面积从最小6 cm×4 cm,供区无运动感觉功能障碍,并且避免二期去脂手术。结论:CT血管造影能够指导股前外侧皮瓣的制备,对于皮下脂肪较厚的患者,显微修薄股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面软组织缺损可以获得理想的临床效果。     

In vivo perfusion of free skin flaps using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

BackgroundThe vessel-depleted, irradiated, and frozen neck, as well as severe atherosclerosis of recipient vessels represent challenging problems in free flap transfer. Extracorporeal free flap perfusion theoretically allows free flap reconstructions in the absence of local donor vessels, but is associated with a number of technical issues. In this study, a novel technique is presented using a commercially available system for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), modified for small blood volumes.MethodsAfter preclinical testing, an ECMO system certified for lung support was used to establish blood flow through the flap's artery with oxygenation, decarboxylation and warming of diluted packed blood cells. Venous blood was allowed to flow passively into a separate container. Perfusion was performed for 15 min at intervals of 4 h over 4–6 days.ResultsFive patients with soft tissue defects requiring free flap reconstruction were included. Either primarily thinned anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps (n = 3) or radial forearm flaps (n = 2) were used. We observed infection of the perfusate, with consequent subtotal flap loss, in one patient, complete epithelial loss in two patients, venous congestion in one case, and almost uneventful healing in the fifth patient. With conservative wound care and a split thickness skin graft in one case, stable wound coverage was achieved in all patients except one, who had secondary healing. None of the patients required a second flap for sufficient coverage.ConclusionsThe technique described is associated with the risks of infection, flap congestion, nutritive hypoperfusion, and consequent tissue loss. Nevertheless, stable defect closure seems to be achievable even in patients with depleted recipient vessels.     

股前外侧肌皮瓣修复颊癌术后缺损23例临床分析

目的:探讨股前外侧肌皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损的效果.方法:2013年5月-2015年5月以股前外侧肌皮瓣修复颊癌术后缺损患者23例.设计并制备股前外侧肌皮瓣单岛或者多岛,修复颊癌术后组织缺损.术后观察口腔颌面部及供区形态和功能,总结皮瓣制取及修复经验.结果:23例股前外侧皮瓣全部成活,其中3例术后24 h内出现血管危象,经抢救后皮瓣成活,成活率100％.随访1～3 a,口腔颌面部及供区形态、功能恢复良好,1例出现颊部积液并感染,经冲洗引流处理后恢复良好;2例术后复发、死亡.结论:股前外侧肌皮瓣修复颊癌术后软组织缺损效果良好,值得临床推广应用.     

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??The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps include anterolateral thigh perforator flap supplied by the lateral descending branch and oblique branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??anteromedial thigh perforator flap supplied by the medial descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery??and tensor fascia lata perforator flap by the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery. The advantages of these flaps include the low donor site morbidity?? the convenient donor site??the good vascular quality??the large soft tissue volume??the ability to be harvested as a chimeric flap with multiple various tissue components??and being far from the head and neck region which is fit for two-team approach. The lateral femoral circumflex artery system perforator flaps can be flexibly chosen according to the different defects??so as to obtain the best effect in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction.     

Use of free flaps with supermicrosurgery for oncological reconstruction of the maxillofacial region

Supermicrosurgery involves the dissection and anastomosis of vessels<0.8 mm in diameter with minimal donor site morbidity. This study evaluated the feasibility and outcomes of free flaps using supermicrosurgery to repair oncological defects in the maxillofacial region. Forty-two patients were treated with supermicrosurgery to repair oncological defects in the maxillofacial region between December 2015 and February 2021. The supermicrosurgery technique was used for different types of free flap, including 24 superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flaps, seven anterolateral thigh flaps, three peroneal artery perforator flaps, five medial femoral condyle osteo-adipofascial flaps, and three profunda artery perforator flaps. An artery-to-artery approach was used in 38 patients; venous grafts for anastomosis were used in four patients to resolve an arterial discrepancy. Forty-one flaps (97.6%) survived. Thirty-six patients (85.7%) healed without any complications; three flaps required revision surgery including one lost, one demonstrated wound dehiscence, and two demonstrated wound infection. Supermicrosurgery is a useful complement to conventional microsurgery in head and neck reconstruction.     

游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部组织缺损18例报告

目的：探讨游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣在口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复重建中的应用价值及效果。方法：分析并评价应用游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣转移修复18例口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤根治术后及颌面部外伤引起的软组织大面积缺损病例的成功率及术后效果。结果：18例皮瓣中,1例术中皮瓣危象抢救成功,1例术后皮瓣危象抢救成功,全部皮瓣成活,成活率为100％。成活皮瓣术后修复效果满意,腿部供区无明显后遗症。结论：游离股前外侧皮瓣血供系统恒定,游离移植皮瓣成功率高,供皮面积大,组织量丰富,对供区影响小,皮瓣大小厚薄具备可控性,是修复口腔颌面部组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

应用血管化游离组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损168例临床分析

目的:总结提高显微外科皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损成功率的经验。方法:2006年至2010年中国医科大学口腔医学院口腔颌面外科共行显微外科游离皮瓣移植修复口腔颌面部缺损168例,其中前臂游离皮瓣90例,股前外侧游离皮瓣39例,腓骨肌皮瓣31例,背阔肌皮瓣8例。术后观察皮瓣成活率和并发症。结果:皮瓣成活164例(97.6%),失败4例,11例患者出现术后早期局部并发症(6.5%);术后皮瓣危象发生率为5.4%(9/168),其中静脉血栓形成6例(66.7%),手术探查抢救成功率55.6%(5/9);前臂桡侧皮瓣成活率97.8%(88/90),股前外侧皮瓣成活率97.4%(38/39),腓骨肌皮瓣成活率96.8%(30/31),背阔肌皮瓣8例全部成活。随访2～2.5a,93%的患者面部外形对称,开口度及咬合关系正常,舌体运动及吞咽功能良好。结论:显微外科游离皮瓣移植的成活率高,保证动脉血供和静脉回流是移植成功的关键,术后5d内要密切观察皮瓣情况,一旦出现危象,应在6h内进行积极手术探查。及时手术探查是提高皮瓣抢救成功率的关键。     

Use of lateral circumflex femoral artery system free flaps in skull base reconstruction

We present a 10-year retrospective study at a tertiary center designed to evaluate the advantages, complications, and comparative results using lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) system free flaps for cranial base reconstruction. In this study, a cranial base defect refers to exposed intracranial contents to the skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, or oral cavity. These defects resulted from resections of primary or recurrent neoplasms or from secondary problems after cranial base surgery. We performed 20 flaps in 20 patients. The selection of flap was as follows: 8 combinations of anterolateral/anteromedial thigh flaps with vastus lateralis muscle or tensor fascia lata flaps, 6 ALT fasciocutaneous flaps, and 6 muscle/myocutaneous flaps. The flap's success rate was 95% (19/20). Early major complications included 1 perioperative death, and there was 1 myocardial infarction. Minor complications included 1 partial (12%) flap loss, 2 temporal cerebrospinal fluid leak, 2 donor-site hematoma, 2 minor wound breakdown, 3 facial nerve weakness, and 4 donor-site numbness. Among 20 patients undergoing LCFA system flap reconstruction, 12 are alive and disease free. Local recurrence occurred in 1 patient. She underwent ablative surgery and a new successful free flap (forearm flap); after 2 years, the patient is disease free. The LCFA system flaps in skull base reconstruction provide versatility in flap design and availability of adequate tissues to fill dead space, and it offers vascularized fascia to augment dural repairs. It also provides a very long pedicle and allows simultaneous flap harvest with low donor-site morbidity.     

股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面肿瘤术后缺损

目的探讨游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后软组织复杂缺损的效果。方法选择2011年1月至2014年7月以游离股前外侧穿支皮瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损患者39例。术前以彩色多普勒探测并标记供区血管,结合术中探查设计并制备嵌合皮瓣,并以此嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损,术后观察口腔颌面部及供区形态和功能。结果 39例游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣全部成活,其中3例术后24 h内出现血管危象,经处理后皮瓣逐渐恢复正常。随访1~4年,口腔颌面部及供区形态及功能良好,6例患者术后3年内复发、死亡,其余患者均无复发。结论游离股前外侧穿支嵌合皮瓣修复口腔颌面肿瘤术后软组织复杂缺损效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损

目的 探讨舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的特点.方法 2001年12月～2006年11月住院的口腔癌初诊患者10例,均经病理确诊.其中男8例,女2例,年龄31～60岁,平均47岁,中位年龄50岁.舌癌1例, 颊癌2例, 口底癌4例,牙龈癌3例.均采用舌骨下肌皮瓣修复术后所致软组织缺损.供区皮肤直接拉拢缝合,无继发畸形.结果 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,10例舌骨下肌皮瓣全部成活,无1例发生全部或部分皮瓣坏死,移植成活率100%.患者获得满意的外观和功能.经过6个月～5年的随访,无一例肿瘤复发或远处转移.结论 舌骨下肌皮瓣制备较简单,效果可靠,且成活率高.可用于口腔颌面部软组织缺损的修复.