精准解剖性后腹腔镜技术在肾和肾上腺占位性病变中的应用

目的 探讨精准解剖性后腹腔镜技术在肾和肾上腺占位性疾病中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月—2016年12月蚌埠医学院第一附属医院泌尿外科收治的43例精准解剖性后腹腔镜手术治疗的肾和肾上腺占位性疾病患者临床资料,其中男23例、女20例,年龄(39.8±18.7)岁;肾上腺肿瘤16例,肾肿瘤19例,肾囊肿8例。患者均采用精准解剖性后腹腔镜技术行无血管层面准确分离及肾上腺肿瘤切除术或根治性肾切除术或肾囊肿去顶减压术。观察术中失血量、手术时间、手术并发症、术后引流管留置时间、住院时间及随访情况。结果 43例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,术中无明显并发症发生;术后无漏尿和腹膜后感染,无肠梗阻和肾功能不全,无围手术期死亡病例。肾上腺肿瘤切除手术时间、术中出血量、引流管留置时间和术后住院时间平均分别是35 min、15 mL、(3.2±0.6)d和(4.8±1.6)d,肾肿瘤根治切除术分别是72 min、90 mL、(3.8±0.7)d和(6.5±2.4)d,肾囊肿去顶减压术分别是25 min、10 mL、(2.5±0.5)d和(4.2±1.3)d。肾脏肿瘤术后病理肾嫌色细胞癌2例,肾乳头状细胞癌3例,肾透明细胞癌14例;肾上腺肿瘤术后病理均为良性腺瘤。所有患者术后随访12~30个月,未见肿瘤局部复发或远处转移。结论 精准解剖性后腹腔镜技术在治疗肾和肾上腺占位性病变中选择无血管解剖平面操作,出血少、视野清、创伤小,并发症少,有助于手术规范化、标准化,利于初学者学习和技术的快速推广。     

显微镜辅助下颈前路精细化减压治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床研究

目的 探讨显微镜下颈前路精细化减压治疗脊髓型颈椎病的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2017年5月中国科学技术大学附属第一医院脊柱外科行颈前路手术的70例脊髓型颈椎病患者的临床资料。其中男37例、女33例,年龄38~86(58.2±7.4)岁。根据手术方式分为两组,其中显微组35例行显微镜下减压内固定术,开放组35例行常规开放前路减压内固定术。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、引流管留置时间以及术后并发症发生情况,在术后1、3、6个月及1年比较两组患者的日本骨科学会(JOA)评分及其改善率,颈椎功能障碍指数评分以评价术后神经功能改善情况。结果 显微组和开放组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、引流管留置时间分别为(75.13±11.06)min、(26.14±16.36)mL、(26.42±15.37)mL、(1.09±0.60)d和(74.86±10.57)min、(45.36±18.05)mL、(51.23±16.42)mL、(1.11±0.58)d,显微组的术中出血量、术后引流量均低于开放组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。显微组术后1、3、6个月的神经功能JOA评分高于开放组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01),但在术前及术后1年差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。术后1、3个月显微组神经功能改善率高于开放组(P值均＜0.01),而术后6个月、1年时组间差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。显微组术后1、3个月颈椎功能障碍指数评分均低于开放组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01);但在术前、术后6个月及术后1年组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。结论 脊髓型颈椎病患者显微镜辅助下颈前路减压手术相比于传统颈前路开放手术,具有减压精准、创伤小、出血少、疼痛轻、术后恢复快等优势,能显著改善患者术后的神经功能,提高生活质量,疗效确切,值得国内脊柱外科医师在临床推广和应用。     

甲状腺被膜解剖技术在甲状腺肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 探讨甲状腺肿瘤切除术中甲状腺被膜解剖技术应用疗效及对喉上神经外支(EBSLN)的保护作用。方法 回顾分析2012年6月—2016年6月安阳市人民医院收治150 例甲状腺肿瘤切除术患者的临床资料,依据术中是否采用甲状腺被膜技术分为观察组和对照组,分析对比两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后24 h出血量以及对EBSLN损伤的影响。结果 患者均顺利完成手术。观察组与对照组比较,手术时间、术中出血量、术后24h出血量差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。术后150例均获随访,随访时间10～36个月,平均17个月。观察组EBSLN损伤发生率2.7%(2/75),明显低于对照组12.0%(9/75),差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.807,P＜0.05)。结论 在甲状腺肿瘤切除术中应用甲状腺被膜解剖技术可以有效降低EBSLN损伤的发生率,对EBSLN具有保护作用,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

保留棘突行全椎板截骨回植在胸腰椎管内原发肿瘤手术治疗中的应用

目的 探讨保留棘突行全椎板截骨回植在胸腰椎管内原发肿瘤手术治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法。纳入2013年7月—2017年7月山东大学齐鲁医院(青岛)骨肿瘤科胸腰椎管内肿瘤患者92例,男48例、女44例,年龄41~79(53.9±10.2)岁。均采用全椎板截骨、肿瘤切除、截骨块回植、椎弓根内固定术治疗。按是否保留棘突行椎板截骨分为保留棘突截骨组(34例)及不保留棘突截骨组(58例)。记录两组患者手术时间、出血量,随访观察肿瘤复发、回植骨块融合情况,术后功能以及并发症情况,比较两组患者术后3个月胸腰部疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及日本骨科协会(JOA)神经功能评分。结果 所有患者手术顺利,彻底切除病变。保留棘突截骨组手术时间(188±17) min、术中出血量(386±50) mL,不保留棘突截骨组手术时间(190±16) min、术中出血量(380±44) mL,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(t_时间=-0.564, t_出血量=0.604, P值均＞0.05)。术后3个月时,保留棘突截骨组VAS为(2.07±0.28)分、JOA评分为(15.6±1.8)分,不保留棘突截骨组VAS为(2.45±0.30)分,JOA评分为(13.8±2.0)分,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t_VAS=-5.881, t_JOA=4.374, P值均＜0.01);保留棘突截骨组术后骨性融合时间(4.0±0.6)个月与不保留棘突截骨组(4.4±0.7)个月比较,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.646, P＜0.01)。结论 保留棘突行全椎板截骨回植技术应用于胸腰椎管内原发肿瘤的手术治疗中,有利于脊柱的后方解剖结构恢复、促进功能康复及骨融合。     

经椎间孔椎体间融合术与后路椎体间融合术治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症的疗效比较

目的 比较经椎间孔椎体间植骨融合内固定术(TLIF)与后路椎体间融合内固定术(PLIF)治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析2013年1月—2014年6月第二军医大学附属长征医院脊柱外科,经手术治疗、术后随访时间超过1年的152例多节段腰椎管狭窄症患者的临床资料,按手术方式分为TLIF组(80例)和PLIF组(72例),比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量,并采用腰痛VAS和JOA评分标准进行疗效评定。结果 TLIF组和PLIF组术中出血量分别为(658±225)mL和(772±324)mL,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.534, P＜0.01);手术时间分别为(3.84±1.00)h和(3.94±0.99)h,差异无统计学意义(t=-0.596, P＞0.05)。两组患者术前及末次随访时腰痛VAS评分差异均无统计学意义(t=1.080、-0.770,P值均>0.05),但术后3个月时TLIF组VAS评分(3.6±1.4)分较PLIF组(4.3±1.1)分低,差异有统计学意义 (t=-3.351, P<0.05)。两组间JOA评分术前、术后3个月及末次随访时比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=-1.122、0.522、-1.070, P值均>0.05)。两组术后3个月和末次随访时腰痛VAS评分和JOA评分均较术前明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。结论 TLIF和PLIF治疗多节段腰椎管狭窄症均能取得满意的临床疗效,TLIF具有术中出血少、术后腰痛恢复更快的优点。     

神经内镜微创手术治疗基底核区高血压性脑出血的疗效观察

目的 探讨神经内镜微创手术治疗基底核区高血压性脑出血的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年6月—2016年10月阜阳市人民医院收治的60例基底核区高血压性脑出血患者的临床资料。依手术方式分为对照组和观察组,每组30例,分别实施常规开颅血肿清除手术和神经内镜微创手术,比较两组临床疗效及手术情况。结果 观察组与对照组手术时间分别为1.1(0.9,1.5)h和3.1(2.5,3.7)h,术中出血量分别为48(44,60)mL和300(298,326)mL,住院时间分别为(13.67±1.92)d和(20.53±2.03)d,血肿清除率分别为(92.27±4.28)%和(85.17±9.01)%,差异均有统计学意义(Z=-6.504、-6.681, t=3.871、-13.470, P值均<0.01)。观察组术后随访恢复良好率为83.33%(25/30),明显高于对照组的56.67%(17/30),差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.079, P<0.05)。结论 对基底核区高血压性脑出血患者手术治疗,神经内镜微创手术相比于常规开颅血肿清除术可缩短手术时间,减少术中出血量,提高血肿清除率,改善预后,可以在临床推广应用。     

不同手术方式治疗醛固酮腺瘤患者的有效性及安全性探讨

目的 通过对比腹膜后腹腔镜下肾上腺全切术与腹膜后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术治疗醛固酮腺瘤患者的相关指标,为临床应用后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术治疗醛固酮腺瘤患者提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月~2018年9月重庆医科大学附属第一医院收治的103例醛固酮腺瘤患者的临床资料,32例行后腹腔镜下肾上腺全切术,71例行后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术。术后随访1~41个月,平均15.7个月。比较两组患者手术时间、术中术后并发症发生率,术后皮质醇不足发生率、引流管留置时间、术后住院时间,术后血压缓解率及复发率。结果 肾上腺全切组手术时间为（117.00±47.00）min,术中术后并发症发生率为9.37%,术后住院时间为（5.20±3.10）d,均高于肾上腺肿瘤切除组的（78.00±32.00）min、0、（4.00±1.10）d,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组患者术中出血量及引流管留置时间,术后皮质醇不足发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。全切组和肿瘤切除组术后血压缓解率分别为90.63%和81.69%,组间比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,全切组复发率为0,低于肿瘤切除组的4.23%,但二者间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 鉴于后腹腔镜下肾上腺肿瘤切除术的良好的手术效果,技术上安全可靠,虽然有较小概率复发可能,仍是醛固酮腺瘤患者的一个良好选择。     

缺血预处理减轻全膝关节置换术患者术后早期疼痛的临床研究

目的 评价缺血预处理(IPC)对全膝关节置换术患者术后早期疼痛的影响。方法 前瞻性随机对照试验。选择2015年10月—2016年4月安徽医科大学第一附属医院择期行全膝关节置换手术患者40例,年龄18~65岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级,按随机数字表法分为对照组及IPC组,每组20例。IPC组在手术完全阻断术侧下肢血供前,予以IPC,即止血带充气5 min、放气5 min,共2个循环。对照组在手术完全阻断术侧下肢血供前,仅缚上止血带而不进行充气或放气操作。记录并对比两组患者一般临床资料、手术期间止血带阻断时间和手术时间等手术基本信息,手术前、上止血带30 min后、手术结束时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO₂)。记录出恢复室时、术后6 h、术后24 h的静息疼痛评分(VAS),并记录术后24 h内疼痛补救例数。手术后24 h采集静脉血,检测血中肌酸激酶(CK)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平。结果 两组患者年龄、性别构成、体质量指数、术中止血带充气阻断时间以及手术时间比较,差异均无统计学差异(P值均>0.05)。两组患者在观察各时点MAP、HR、SpO₂比较,差异均无统计学差异(P值均＞0.05)。IPC组患者术后6 h VAS (3.10±1.02)分,明显低于对照组的(5.45±0.99)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=7.394, P＜0.01);出恢复室时、术后24 h VAS两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。IPC组和对照组术后24 h疼痛补救例数分别为2例和8例,差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.803, P＜0.05)。对照组和IPC组患者术后24 h血清CK分别为(9.24±4.97) ng/mL和(8.15±4.03) ng/mL,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);但IL-6水平IPC组为(50.11±20.39)pg/mL明显低于对照组(70.80±34.82)pg/mL,差异有统计学意义(t=6.628, P＜0.05)。结论 IPC能够减轻全膝关节置换术患者术后早期疼痛,减少镇痛剂的使用;其机制可能和IPC降低炎症反应有关。     

关节镜手术在顽固性跟痛症治疗中的应用

目的 探讨关节镜下跟骨骨刺切除、跖筋膜松解、射频消融及跟骨减压术治疗顽固性跟痛症的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年5月—2016年12月遂宁市中心医院关节外科手术治疗且有完整随访资料的47例(47足)顽固性跟痛症患者的临床资料。其中接受开放手术治疗21例21足(开放组),接受关节镜下骨刺切除、跖筋膜松解、射频消融及跟骨减压术治疗26例26足(关节镜组)。采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)和美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分对患者术前和术后1周及1、2、3、6个月疼痛和功能分别进行评估,同时观察围手术期并发症,术后半年根据患者在主观满意度评价疗效。结果 47例患者手术均顺利完成,随访时间6~18个月,平均11.2个月。开放组出现并发症8例(38.1%),其中皮瓣发黑、伤口延期愈合4例,足内侧或外侧麻木4例;关节镜组出现并发症3例(11.5%),均为足外侧麻木;两组并发症比较差异无统计学意义(χ²=3.209, P＞0.05)。开放组住院时间和住院费用分别为(15.0±4.9)d和(9 647.3±1 039.7)元,关节镜组分别为(9.3±2.2)d、(1 1557.6±1 099.6)元,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.944、6.066,P值均<0.01)。VAS:切开组患者术后1个月开始疼痛明显缓解(P＜0.05),关节镜组从术后1周开始疼痛明显缓解(P<0.05)、术后3个月达稳定状态,关节镜组术后1周达到切开组1个月时的疼痛缓解程度。AOFAS踝-后足功能评分:切开组术后3个月开始明显提高,关节镜组术后1个月开始明显提高(P<0.05)、3个月达稳定状态,关节镜组患者术后1个月达到切开组3个月功能改善程度。随访半年时,关节镜组VAS、AOFAS踝-后足功能评分仍优于开放组。切开组患者满意率为85.7%(18/21),关节镜组为96.2%(25/26),差异无统计学意义(Z=0.542, P>0.05)。结论 关节镜手术治疗顽固性跟痛症较开放手术而言,住院时间短、疼痛缓解快、功能恢复快,但仍存在部分患者术后患足麻木及疗效不佳的缺陷,需进一步研究局部神经解剖及支配,达到更好的临床疗效。     

进展期胃癌腹腔镜辅助与开腹D2根治术中淋巴结清扫效果的对照研究

目的 探讨进展期胃癌腹腔镜辅助与开腹D2根治术两种术式中对淋巴结清扫的临床效果。方法 选取平煤神马集团总医院肿瘤科2013年3月—2016年3月行根治术的98例进展期胃癌患者资料进行回顾性研究。根据手术方式分为两组:腹腔镜组50例,其中男23例、女27例,年龄32~56岁;开腹组48例,男22例、女26例,年龄33~56岁;分别行腹腔镜辅助和开腹进展期胃癌D2根治术。比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数目,术后排气、恢复进食和住院时间。结果 与开腹组比较,腹腔镜组患者手术时间长,术中出血量少,术后排气时间、进食时间、住院时间均短,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.01)。腹腔镜组和开腹组淋巴结清扫总数分别为(19.32±1.42)枚和(20.01±3.22)枚,第一站淋巴结清扫数量分别为(15.82±8.23)枚和(16.93±9.12)枚,第二站淋巴结清扫数量分别为(4.83±0.23)枚和(4.92±0.63)枚,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。结论 腹腔镜辅助与开腹进展期胃癌D2根治术,两种术式的腹腔淋巴结清扫效果基本无差异;但腹腔镜辅助手术损伤小,患者术后恢复更快,值得临床推广应用。     

Innervation of human adrenal gland and adrenal cortical lesions

The innervation of the human adrenal gland and of cortical lesions was studied in sections of cortical tissue (n=10), hyperplastic cortical tissue (n=3), and tissue from cortical adenomas (n=5) and carcinomas (n=6). The presence and distribution of nerve structures containing neuronal markers indicating sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation were studied by immunohistochemistry and the co-existence and co-localization patterns of the different markers by immunofluorescence. The cortex and hyperplastic cortical tissue had a moderate to rich supply of nerve structures containing the typical neuronal markers: protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), small vesicle synaptic protein type 2 (SV2), and nerves showing immunoreactivity to the adrenergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). All these immunoreactive nerves were located predominantly adjacent to blood vessels, but also among parenchymal cells. The cortex showed numerous nerve structures containing the neuropeptide substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal protein (VIP), but few nerves containing these peptides were seen in hyperplastic cortical tissue. Typical markers were occasionally observed in cortical adenomas but were not found in carcinomas, except in a few cases where PGP 9.5 and NSE were present, but only adjacent to necrotic areas. Nerves containing NPY and VIP occurred in varying numbers in both adenomas and carcinomas. NPY- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve structures were seen mostly alongside blood vessels. There were several types of co-existence. For instance, NSE/VIP-, TH/VIP- and TH/NPY-immunoreactive nerve structures were often seen in the same trunk, but were only partly co-localized. Received: 19 January 1999 / Accepted: 18 May 1999     

Cytomegalic adrenal hypoplasia with pituitary cytomegaly

Summary A case of cytomegalic congenital adrenal hypoplasia (C.C.A.H.) is reported with similar cytomegalic changes in the hypophysis. In this case the pituitary gland was small as were the thyroid and testes. The various groups of patients with C.A.H. are presented. Associated pituitary cytomegaly does not appear to have been previously described, and this association between the adrenal and pituitary changes is discussed. It is suggested that the adrenal cytomegaly is the result of overstimulation by the pituitary and the similar change in the latter may be the result of overstimulation of a hypoplastic organ.     

Primary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the adrenal gland

Summary The first case of a sarcomatoid carcinoma of the adrenal gland is reported. The patient, a 68-year old woman, developed a recurrence two months after presentation and died of the disease 7 months later with multiple metastases. The differential diagnosis of this entity is discussed and its aggressive behaviour is emphasized.     

Immunohistochemical localization of endothelin-1 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic adrenal gland tissue

Endothelin (ET)-1 is a 21-amino acid peptide with potent vasopressor and vasocontrictive properties. Biochemical studies suggest that this peptide occurs in adrenal glands, where it influences steroid hormone production. However, we have found no report of the topographical distribution of this peptide. The localization of ET-1 immunoreactivity in non-neoplastic (37 cases) and neoplastic adrenal glands (48 cases) was investigated with a sensitive immunohistochemical technique applied to routinely processed tissue specimens. ET-1 immunoreactivity was regularly seen in the cortex, especially in the zona fasciculata and to a varying extent also in the other two zones, but not in the medulla. The immunoreactive material appeared in the cytoplasm mostly in the form of vacuolar structures but also as grains. Focally, the cell membrane also showed immunoreactive staining. In the zona reticularis the immunoreactivity appeared mainly as cytoplasmic grains. Most cortical adenomas displayed numerous immunoreactive cells. The immunoreactivity in the tumour tissue appeared in the same forms as in normal cortex, but the reactive products were generally fewer in number. No obvious differences in immunostaining were seen between the aldosterone- and cortisol-producing adenomas or the non-functioning ones. Three of the ten carcinomas contained immunoreactive cells, but they were few, appearing focally and the ET-1 immunoreactive structures were seen as dust-like material. The difference in immunoreactivity between the benign and the malignant cortical neoplasms may be of diagnostic value. Functionally our results support a relationship between ET-1 and steroid regulation in non-neoplastic cortical tissue.     

Assessment of malignancy in adrenal cortical tumors

The roles of the pathologist in assessing adrenal cortical tumors are, first, to differentiate adenoma from carcinoma, and, second, to assess prognosis when the diagnosis of malignancy is made. How easy is it to achieve these goals with standard histology and immunohistochemistry, and to what extent can molecular analysis help?     

Mature cystic teratoma involving adrenal gland

A mature cystic teratoma presented as an adrenal mass in a 57-yr-old woman. The tumor was found to be predominantly paraadrenal but focally interrupted the adrenal cortex so that an intraadrenal origin could not be ruled out. Similar lesions have been reported extremely rarely and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hormonally silent adrenal tumors. The findings of rimlike calcification and fatty density on computed tomography may be helpful diagnostically.     

Fine structure of adrenal adenomata causing Cushing's syndrome

Summary Adenomata taken from nine patients with Cushing's syndrome were observed by electron microscopy. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum was prominently developed in all cases, occasionally fine dotty granules were observed in the tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum.Mitochondria showed a wide variety of changes in size, shape and internal structure, and somtimes contained electron dense droplets in their matrix. Mitochondria resembling those in the normal zona fasciculata intermingled with pathologically altered ones, suggesting that the adenomata which caused Cushing's syndrome were derived from the zona fasciculata.Fibrous structures were seen in the cytoplasm in one case. It is proposed that all of the changes in cellular organelles of the adenoma cells are correlated with increased secretory activity.     

先天性肾上腺皮质增生症并肾上腺危象患儿九例临床分析

目的分析先天性肾上腺皮质增生症（CAH）并肾上腺危象的临床特征。方法回顾性分析9例CAH并肾上腺危象的临床资料,并总结其临床特征。结果 9例中体重增长缓慢或不增6例、呕吐或腹泻8例、精神萎靡或抽搐5例,有家族遗传史3例,均伴有低血压、中度或重度脱水,血生化示低钠、低氯、高钾及代谢性酸中毒,促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、睾酮（T）、孕酮（P）水平均升高,经补充电解质、糖皮质激素,纠正酸中毒,8例病情明显好转,1例抢救无效死亡。结论儿科医生应提高对CAH并肾上腺危象的诊治水平,避免漏诊、误诊。     

大鼠双侧肾切除后肾上腺皮质球状带细胞苯二氮受体的量变

用选择性作用于外周型苯二氮(艹卓)受体的标记配体[~3H]PK11195检测了Wistar大鼠分离的肾上腺皮质球状带细胞上苯二氮(艹卓)受体的结合动力学参数,结果表明Wistar大鼠在双侧肾切除后36小时、其球状带细胞苯二氮(艹卓)受体结合[~3H]PK11195的最大容量(B_(max))显著高于假手术组和正常对照组的相应数值,三组的B_(max)分别为12.1±1.1、6.6±1.3和5.6±1.8(pmol/10~6cells),三组的K_D值则无显著差异。