纳米分子影像学

纳米科学与分子影像学的结合可形成纳米分子影像学(Nanomolecular imaging).纳米分子影像学从广义上是指在纳米转运体(纳米粒转运载体)介导下,应用分子影像学技术对活体生物化学过程进行细胞和分子水平上的定性和定量研究的一门科学,主要包括磁共振纳米分子影像学、光学纳米分子影像学、核医学纳米分子影像学和超声纳米分子影像学.本文主要阐述纳米分子影像学的理论基础、技术方法及潜在的应用价值.     

光学分子影像学及其应用

光学分子影像学是一种快速发展的生物医学影像技术,它可以利用生物自发光或荧光蛋白或荧光染料,在分子和细胞层面上对在体的特定生物过程进行定性和定量研究。光学分子影像学同磁共振、核素成像等技术相比,具有无创性、高敏感性、成像价格低、近红外荧光穿透力强等优点。光学对比剂,特别纳米颗粒、纳米壳和量子点发展迅速。近红外(NIR)荧光染料标记的探针在转化到人类临床应用方面有着巨大的潜力。本文综述了当前光学分子影像学的发展现状及其在生物学、医学和药学中的应用。     

磁共振成像用于分子影像学研究

分子影像学可广义定义为在活体内进行细胞和分子水平的生物过程描述和测量,而磁共振不仅具有非侵袭性,在活体成像中有着极精细的空间分辨率和极佳的组织分辨率,还可在活体器官的细胞或亚细胞水平定性与定量生物学过程。所以,磁共振技术在分子影像学研究中扮演了极其重要的角色。     

光学分子影像学技术在肿瘤中的应用进展

分子影像学技术是一种在活体状态下从微观上显示组织、细胞及亚细胞水平的影像技术,具有实时、无创、精准及灵敏等特点,可在细胞和分子水平进行肿瘤早期筛查和诊断。随着生物发光与荧光成像技术的进步,光学分子影像学技术快速发展。本文就光学分子影像学技术在肿瘤中的应用进展进行综述。     

在细胞生物学教学中引入超声分子影像学概念的思考

细胞生物学是医学影像专业的重要基础课程,与多学科相互融会贯通,在细胞生物学教学过程中,可以引入超声分子影像学概念,以加强基础学科与专业学科的联系,拓宽学生视野,锻炼学生创新思维,提升教学效果.     

分子水平磁共振影像学的研究及进展

随着病理学和生物学的高速发展，人类对疾病的认识已从细胞和大体组织水平深入到分子、基因水平，如基因诊断和基因治疗的突破性进展。近年来，计算机技术的日新月异又促进了影像医学的迅猛发避，人类已经能够使用磁共振成像无创伤性地任意角度、高清晰度地再现人体器官的形态学状况，因此，将临床医学、分子生物学、分子病理学等相关学科与影像医学，特别是影像医学的前沿分支——磁共振影像学紧密结合。     

分子影像学研究进展

分子影像学是指在人或者其他生物体内从分子及细胞水平上进行生物代谢的无创性显影及测量[1]。分子影像学源于靶向核素成像,而靶向成像的目的则是找出探针与靶目标之间的相互作用。因此分子影像成像最为关键的两个部分是成像技术及探针的选择。     

化学交换饱和转移技术原理及应用进展

许多生物大分子如蛋白质、糖胺聚糖、糖原等,由于其内均含有氢质子,因而在进行磁共振扫描时通过对其施加预报和脉冲使其氢质子得到饱和,饱和的氢质子与周围水中的氢质子进行化学交换,通过测定水分子信号的变化,可以间接反映这些分子在人体内含量,化学交换饱和转移技术就是在这一原理的基础上应运而生的。而由于这些物质的含量变化往往与肿瘤、卒中等疾病的发生相关,利用这一技术可以对这些疾病的诊断与治疗提供诸多有用信息,并因这一技术具有无辐射、非侵入性等优势,已成为时下研究的一大热点。本文就该技术的原理和应用进展作一综述。     

分子纳米技术在生物医学领域的应用

分子纳米技术是明天的主流技术,是一个能带来更美好生活、潜力巨大的新领域,已经成为世界各国高技术发展中战略竞争的热点。近年来,分子纳米科技快速向生物医学领域渗透,纳米生物医学正在迅速形成一个崭新的研究领域,该领域的进步与发展将为现代生物学和医学的研究提供全新的技术和视点。     

超声分子影像学--恶性肿瘤诊断及治疗的新途径

目的：恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类的健康。超声分子影像学的出现,可以从一个全新的角度为恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗提供更多的可能。新型造影剂的出现,在肿瘤早期诊断和治疗方面有其独特的优势,为肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供了新的思路和手段。本文就超声分子影像学在恶性肿瘤诊疗中的进展进行综述。     

Xenograft technology: a new frontier in medicine

The era of xenotransplantation is here and will certainly impact nursing. It is a 21st century answer to curing fatal diseases and prolonging life. Our society can no longer deny life-saving treatment to individuals simply because there are not enough human organs available. Xenotransplantation is a viable, exciting, and preferable option. The public will accept xenotransplantation better than the "presumed consent" system. Xenotransplantation may not fully replace human organs and tissue transplantation even with the recent successes of animal cloning. It can, however, serve as a back-up system for human graft donors. As nurses, we must be open to xenotransplantation as an alternative method that can eliminate the current human organ supply and demand problem.     

Molecular diagnostics: a new frontier in cancer prevention

The promise of molecular diagnostics for cancer prevention in terms of early detection rests on two premises: assays can be developed to measure proteins, DNA, RNA or metabolites that accurately and reproducibly detect incipient neoplasias; and that this early detection will eventually result in a decrease in morbidity and mortality and therefore benefit patients. Novel molecular technologies, including laser capture microdissection, time-of-flight mass spectrometry, DNA microarrays, tissue arrays, protein microarrays and antibody microarrays, are being developed to investigate the molecular differences between disease and normal cells and detect cancer-specific alterations in proteins, DNA and RNA in body fluids. Although literally hundreds of articles are published each year describing alterations in genes or proteins that are associated with cancer, very few result in useful molecular diagnostics for early cancer detection. Thus, there remains a critical need for new biomarkers for use in early detection and for assay methods that allow the translation of these biomarkers from the laboratory to the clinic.     

影像学三维重建技术在乳房整形中的应用

乳房形态学以及体积的测量可以帮助整形外科医生在乳房整形术前制定合理的手术方案,帮助假体型号的确定以及自体肌皮瓣切口的设计,有利于乳房整形外科朝着更便利、更精确、术后对称性更佳的方向发展。现代影像学三维重建技术的飞速发展,使得乳房形态学和体积的测量更为便捷和准确。本文对各类影像学测量手段进行系统性回顾,并分析其利弊与适用范围。     

喉癌SCT成像技术及其临床应用

目的:探讨SCT成像技术及其在喉癌临床应用价值。材料与方法:对53例喉癌进行了二维(2D)、多层面重建(MPR)和仿真内窥镜(CTVE)的研究,均与手术和纤维内窥镜对比。结果:2D,MPR,CTVE均能明显显示喉癌的病变大小、部位、形态,与纤维喉镜基本相一致。结论:SCT在喉癌诊断中具有重要价值。     

Handheld computing: the next technology frontier for school nurses.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential utilization of handheld personal digital assistants for school nurses. Handheld devices and their general uses are described. Clinical programs available through downloading and Web sites with handheld resources are included. Finally, specific handheld computer applications that can be adapted for school nurses are discussed.     

Response to xenograft technology: a new frontier in medicine. Xenograft technology: proceed with caution

Many Americans do not deal well with aging or preparing for death as a natural part of life. One indication of this is that only about 15% of the population have completed advance directives. Growing old gracefully and dying with dignity are not foremost considerations in our culture. We ask our government and private industry to spend billions of health care dollars to prolong our lives at all costs. Organ xenotransplantation has the potential of being a very complex, high tech, and expensive way of saving lives from the jaws of death--for a few more months or years. Derenge and Bartucci (1999) pointedly ask, "...should we instead be providing support and comfort to those who are dying and not intervene?" (p. 432). Finally, Dr. Margaret Somerville from the McGill Centre of Medicine, Ethics, and Law reminds us of the importance of addressing ethical issues early during the research process. Somerville (1998) states, "It is not enough to do ethics as an add-on at the end of having done your science." Science, medicine, and ethics, in the case of xenotransplantation, must progress together. Leaders in social policy should address the issues presented here before xenotransplantation is undertaken in the United States.     

磁共振BLADE技术在肝脏成像中的临床应用

目的：探讨肝脏成像中磁共振BLADE技术的临床应用价值。方法：2012年5月-2013年5月期间共90例志愿者,采用数字抽取法随机分为三组,扫描序列分别是：A组：T2WI＋FS＋Trigger,K空间填充100％;B组：T2WI＋FS＋Trigger＋BLADE,K空间填充100％;C组：T2WI＋FS＋Trigger＋BLADE,K空间填充200％。对不同序列图像伪影评分及正常肝脏实质信噪比（SNR）进行统计学分析。结果：正常肝脏三组伪影评分有明显统计学差异（F=11．037,P〈0．001）,A组伪影统计学上多于B组及C组（P值分别为0．003及0．0012）;正常肝脏三组SNR有明显统计学差异（F=11．037,P〈0．001）,A组统计学上明显低于B组及C组（P值分别为0．031及0．023）。结论：BLADE技术的应用,可减少肝脏MRI影像伪影,提高影像质量。     

Hepatic perfusion imaging: concepts and application

Hepatic perfusion imaging with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is an emerging technique for quantitative assessment of diffuse hepatic disease and hepatic lesion blood flow. The principal method that has been used is based on T1 dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Perfusion imaging shows promise in the assessment of tumor therapy response, staging of liver fibrosis, and evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma. The future standardization of imaging protocols and MR imaging pulse sequences will allow for broader clinical applications.