Toll样受体在泌尿系感染中的作用

Toll样受体(TLRs)是一类识别病原相关模式分子的模式识别受体,它在激活固有免疫、调控适应性免疫应答中发挥着苇要作用.新近发现,宿主TLRs的种类分布和功能表达与其识别尿路致病性大肠埃希菌等病原菌,泌尿系感染(UTI)发生、发展、治疗与转归密切相关.无症状菌尿患者TLR4表达下降,UTI患者TLR4基因突变率增加.     

泌尿系统感染细菌病原学临床监测分析

目的了解近4年泌尿系统感染(UTI)细菌构成比与耐药性变化。方法采用多平板不同条件接种UTI患者尿标本进行细菌培养,采用BioMerieux VITEK2型全自动微生物仪与ID卡进行菌种鉴定,采用双纸片表型确证扩散法进行产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌检测,采用Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感试验,采用WHONET5.3软件进行数据统计分析。结果检出细菌768株,分布为G+菌/G-菌=26.4%/73.6%,大肠埃希菌占比49.2%。其他优势菌Sa、Se、ET、Kp、Ec及Pa占比分别为7.6%、6.8%、5.2%、6.5%、5.7%及4.9%,耐药率增高/持平/降低的品种分别为9/4/3、7/7/2、8/4/4、11/4/3、12/5/1及12/4/2个。134个药敏试验组合中82个(61.2%)为耐药率增高。结论 UTI细菌构成比例与耐药性在不断变化中,主要菌种对常用抗菌药的耐药率超6成在增高。提高标本送检率,加强临床监测,对减缓细菌抗药性蔓延与恶化有积极意义。     

肿瘤患者泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解肿瘤患者泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床治疗泌尿系感染提供参考依据.方法 对医院2008年1月-2011年12月肿瘤患者尿标本中分离的病原菌,采用纸片扩散法K-B法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,以WHONET 5.4软件分析数据.结果 2008-2011年肿瘤住院患者尿标本中分离出病原菌359株,其中大肠埃希菌最多148株占41.2％,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌55株占15.3％,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌39株占10.9％,肠球菌属细菌31株占8.6％,酵母样真菌24株占6.7％和铜绿假单胞菌19株占5.3％;耐药性分析显示,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉两林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星的耐药率均＜20.0％;对呋喃妥因耐药率分别为8.8％和52.8％,对亚胺培南保持高度敏感;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和阿米卡星较敏感,粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林和呋喃妥因的耐药率均＜20.0％、屎肠球菌的耐药率均＞60.0％,凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌对呋喃妥因较敏感;除检出1株耐万占霉素母鸡肠球菌外,未检出糖肽类耐药的革兰阳性球菌.结论 革兰阴性杆菌为肿瘤患者泌尿系感染的主要病原菌,临床分离菌株对多数常用抗菌药物耐药率均呈上升趋势,重视病原菌的监测和合理用药具有重要意义.     

门诊泌尿系感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析门诊泌尿系感染(UTI)患者分离病原菌的分布及耐药性。方法收集门诊尿常规阳性的UTI患者的清洁中段尿标本,进行细菌培养,采用纸片扩散法进行体外药敏试验,用WHONET软件分析药敏结果。结果引起门诊UTI感染主要病原菌是大肠埃希菌占74.2%,大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高为69.6%,超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率为24.7%,未检测到对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药的菌株。结论了解门诊泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及耐药性至关重要,可以为临床医师提供经验治疗UTI的病原学依据。     

Trimethoprim susceptibility in E. coli community-acquired urinary tract infections in France

Objectives

Trimethoprim has been recently included in the French guidelines for the treatment of urinary tract infections, but no epidemiological data supports its use. We aimed to determine the trimethoprim susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates responsible for community-acquired urinary tract infections in women of childbearing age.

老年患者留置尿管致尿路感染的临床调查与分析

目的 探讨老年患者留置尿管致尿路感染的危险因素并提出预防措施.方法 利用前瞻性和回顾性调查的方法,对神经内科2008年1月-2010年12月440例留置尿管的老年患者进行统计分析.结果 440例留置尿管的患者发生尿路感染104例,其中≥60岁的老年患者238例,发生尿路感染83例、96例次,感染率为34.87％、例次感染率为40.37％;主要危险因素为年龄大、留置尿管时间长、不合理使用抗菌药物、基础疾病的影响等;最常见的病原菌是大肠埃希菌、粪肠球菌和真菌.结论 老年患者尿路感染发病率高,应引起医务人员的高度重视,针对危险因素,采取切实有效的预防感染措施,以降低老年患者尿管感染的发生.     

Benchmarking of urinary tract infection rates: experiences from the intensive care unit component of the German national nosocomial infections surveillance system

The aim of this study was to investigate whether surveillance of symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) in intensive care units (ICUs) leads to reduced CAUTI rates. Data from the German national nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS: Krankenhaus Infektions Surveillance Systems) from three starter periods were used for the analysis (1997-2000, 2001/2002, 2003 or later). For each period data from the first and third years of participation were compared. Pooled CAUTI rates were calculated by month of participation and a linear regression model was adapted. A total of 547 ICUs provided data to the KISS ICU component from January 1997 to June 2008. According to the study protocol 1966 symptomatic?CAUTI cases from 267 ICUs were included in the analysis. When comparing the symptomatic CAUTI rates in the third and first years, the overall relative risk was 0.86 (0.77-0.96). A much smaller surveillance effect for CAUTI was observed compared with similar data for ventilator-associated pneumonia and primary bloodstream infections. A lack of awareness by many intensivists for CAUTI compared with the other two infection types may be responsible. Reducing symptomatic CAUTI is also possible however and including CAUTI in the overall ICU surveillance activities does not create a significant additional?workload.     

148例儿童肠球菌性尿路感染临床特点与耐药性分析

目的 分析儿童肠球菌性尿路感染的临床特点,了解其病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床预防与治疗儿童肠球菌属感染提供依据.方法 对住院的肠球菌性尿路感染148例患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 病原菌以屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌为主,两者对抗菌药物均有比较高的耐药性,屎肠球菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌;屎肠球菌检出耐青霉素菌株68株,对青霉素耐药率为79.1％;检出对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药菌株分别为4、4、2株,耐药率分别为4.7％、4.7％、2.3％;多药耐药菌株检出率85.7％;粪肠球菌检出耐青霉素菌株10株,耐药率为1 6.7％;检出对呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺耐药菌各1株,耐药率为1.7％;未检出耐万古霉素粪肠球菌;粪肠球菌多药耐药菌株检出率67.2％;婴幼儿、肾脏疾病以及过度使用抗菌药物及免疫抑制剂是医院感染、主要易患因素.结论 肠球菌属是导致尿路感染的较常见致病菌,临床表现无明显特异性,耐万古霉素及耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属有增加趋势,多药耐药现象严重.     

儿童尿路感染的病原菌分布及耐药现状调查分析

目的 调查了解儿童尿路感染的常见病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学的参考依据.方法 对2008年1月-2010年12月医院患儿中段尿标本培养的病原菌药敏结果进行统计分析.结果 115株儿童尿路感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌和肠球菌属为主,分别占40.0％、17.4％；所有病原菌对常用抗菌药物均显示了不同程度的耐药性,革兰阴性杆菌仅对亚胺培南、美罗培南100.0％敏感,革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁100.0％敏感.结论 儿童尿路感染病原菌分布与成年人相似,耐药性呈上升趋势,应采取有效措施控制细菌耐药性的快速增长.     

Urinary tract infections in hospital pediatrics: Many previous antibiotherapy and antibiotics resistance,including fluoroquinolones

Objective

We studied antibiotic resistance in pediatric UTIs and we evaluated the impact of antibiotic exposure in the previous 12 months, very little French data being available for this population.

Methods

We conducted a multicenter prospective study including children consulting for, or admitted in 2 hospitals. Prior antibiotic exposure was documented from their health record.

Results

One hundred and ten patients (73 girls), 11 days to 12 years of age, were included in 10 months. Ninety-six percent presented with pyelonephritis, associated to uropathy for 25%. Escherichia coli was predominant (78%), followed by Proteus spp. and Enterococcus spp. The antibiotic resistance rate of E. coli was high and close to that reported for adults with complicated UTIs: amoxicillin 60%, amoxicillin-clavulanate 35%, cefotaxim 5%, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole 26%, nalidixic acid 9%, ciprofloxacin 7%, gentamycin 1%, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin 0%. The antibiotic exposure in the previous 12 months involved 62 children (56%) most frequently with β-lactams (89%) for a respiratory tract infection (56%). A clear relationship between exposure and resistance was observed for amoxicillin (71% vs. 46%), first generation (65% vs. 46%) and third generation (9% vs. 3%) cephalosporins, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (36% vs. 15%). However, antibiotic exposure could not account alone for the results, as suggested by the 7% of ciprofloxacin resistance, observed without any identified previous treatment.

Conclusion

Bacterial species and antibiotic resistance level in children are similar to those reported for adults. Antibiotic exposure in the previous 12 months increases the risk of resistance but other factors are involved (previous antibiotic therapies and fecal-oral or mother-to-child transmission).     

3种检测方法在女性尿路感染诊断中的应用比较

目的探讨H-500、UF-1000i、UF-100检测方法在女性尿路感染诊断中的应用,以增强女性尿路感染临床诊断的准确性和快速性。方法 300份女性疑似尿路感染患者的中段尿标本分别进行尿培养、H-500、UF-1000i、UF-100检测,比较各组检测所得结果。结果 300例样本中尿培养、H-500、UF-1000i、UF-100检测尿路感染真阳性率分别为100.0%、72.9%、80.0%、67.5%,真阴性率分别78.5%、62.7%、77.5%、70.0%,准确度分别为86.3%、66.3%、76.0%、68.7%。结论 UF-1000i辅助诊断女性尿路感染诊断的临床效能接近于尿培养,并具有快捷、价廉的应用优势,值得临床推广应用。     

Prediction of complicated urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes: a questionnaire study in primary care

Background Relatively few data are available to predict a complicated course of community-acquired complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients with diabetes type 2 (DM2). The aim of this study was to assess predictors for a complicated course of UTIs in DM2 patients in primary care. Method We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire study among DM2 patients aged over 45 years as part of an educational trial. The combined outcome measure was a complicated course of UTI, defined as a self-reported episode of acute pyelonephritis, prostatitis or recurrent cystitis in the 12 months before the trial. Patients with an outcome were all verified by review of medical records. A prediction model was derived with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 1151 trial participants, 94 (8%) had a self-reported community-acquired complicated course of UTIs and 62 (66%) of these were medically-attended. Independent predictors for a complicated course were age above 60 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99–3.03), chronic use of antibiotics (adjusted OR: 5.50; 95% CI: 2.31–13.08), more than 6 physician contacts in previous year (adjusted OR: 3.60; 95% CI: 2.00–6.49), hospitalization in previous year (adjusted OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.00–1.85), renal disease (adjusted OR: 4.92; 95% CI: 1.59–15.18) and incontinence of urine (adjusted OR: 3.78; 95% CI: 1.93–7.38). Area under the receiver-operating curve was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66–0.78). Analysis according to medically attended complicated UTIs did not change our findings. Conclusion Easily obtainable predictors from medical history can be used to accurately predict a complicated course of UTIs in DM2 patients.     

In vitro activity of temocillin against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from urinary tract infections in France

Objectives

Temocillin was introduced in 2015 in the French guidelines for the treatment of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infections. Little susceptibility data is available. We investigated the in vitro activity of temocillin against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from samples of cytobacteriological examinations of urine.

维生素A、D、E与儿童反复呼吸道感染相关性的病例对照研究

目的探讨血清维生素A、D、E水平与儿童反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)的相关性,为RRTI的防治提供更多理论依据。方法选择于2016年9月-2018年8月在哈尔滨市儿童医院呼吸内科/儿童保健门诊就诊的1 200名0.5～14岁儿童为研究对象,其中RRTI组600名儿童(就诊时存在呼吸道感染症状),对照组600名儿童按病例对照原则与RRTI组进行1∶1匹配。将儿童的一般资料和血液检查结果纳入logistic回归模型检验,探讨维生素A、D、E与RRTI的相关性,以ROC曲线确定最佳截断值。结果 RRTI组儿童的血清维生素A、E和25(OH)D水平低于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(t分别为6.85, 7.15和9.50,P均<0.001);在校正了性别、年龄、年龄别身高、年龄别体重、年龄别身体质量指数和血红蛋白后,VA不足(OR=1.669, 95%CI:1.032～2.700))、VA缺乏(OR=1.502, 95%CI:1.173～1.924)、VD缺乏(OR=2.356, 95%CI:1.798～3.088)、VD严重缺乏(OR=1.595, 95%CI:1.147～2.219)和VE...     

Impact of whole-cell bacterial immunoprophylaxis in the management of recurrent urinary tract infections in the frail elderly

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effectiveness of whole-cell bacterial immunotherapy, i.e. MV140 and autovaccines, in reducing the number of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in frail elderly patients with recurrent UTI (RUTI).MethodA prospective cohort observational study was performed including 200 frail elderly subjects suffering RUTI, both females and males, between 2016 and 2018. The effectiveness of autovaccines and the polybacterial formulation MV140 (Uromune®), consisting of whole-cell heat-inactivated Escherichia coli 25%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 25%, Proteus vulgaris 25% and Enterococcus faecalis 25% were evaluated. Subjects initiated a 3-month sublingually daily course with MV140 or autovaccine, either first treatment or a new course if they had been previously vaccinated prior to inclusion in the study. Number of UTIs and quality of life (QoL, SF-36 score) were measured in the different study groups.ResultsThe mean age for participants was 82.67 (SD, 7.12) for female and 80.23 (SD, 11.12) for male subjects. In all groups, 12 months following bacterial immunotherapy, the number of UTIs significantly decreased compared to before the treatment with autovaccine or MV140: the rate of reduction ranged between 7- and 40-fold. An increase in QoL scoring was also observed in any study group. When comparing medical interventions, MV140 conferred significantly higher benefit than autovaccines. For previously vaccinated individuals, a new 3-month course with MV140 or autovaccines provided further clinical improvement.ConclusionsMV140 and autovaccines emerge as valuable immunoprophylaxis for the management of RUTI in the frail elderly, contributing to an improvement in patient’s quality of life. Herein, MV140 has shown to confer a higher effectiveness compared to autovaccines, regardless sex or course of treatment.