阴道分娩和剖宫产对女性盆底功能的影响

盆底功能障碍性疾病(PFD)是临床症状表现为盆腔器官脱垂、尿失禁和粪失禁等症状的疾病,妊娠和分娩是产后PFD发生的主要因素.既往研究表明,产后PFD的发生与阴道分娩相关,而剖宫产可预防产后PFD的发生,但是阴道分娩和剖宫产对PFD发生的风险尚存争议.文章分析不同分娩方式对产后盆腔器官脱垂、尿失禁和粪失禁的影响,探讨分娩...     

分娩方式对产妇盆底支持组织功能的近期影响

目的 探讨不同分娩方式及产科相关因素对盆底支持组织功能的近期影响.方法 选取健康初产妇120例,其中阴道分娩72例(阴道分娩组),选择性剖宫产48例(剖宫产组),于分娩后6至8周间进行尿失禁问卷调查、盆底肌电图测定盆底肌肉收缩及舒张功能,并行相关性分析.结果 阴道分娩组与剖宫产组产妇分娩后SUI的发生率分别为21%(15/72)、10%(5/48).阴道分娩组盆底肌电图右侧活力值、功值分别为12.9±0.8和59±5,左右两侧平均功值为78±5;剖宫产组右侧活力值、功值分别为17.3±1.7和95±17,左右两侧平均功值109±15,两组各项值比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).产妇的年龄(P＜0.01)、分娩前体重指数(P＜0.01)、新生儿出生体重(P＜0.01)及第二产程时间(P=0.003)是产后发生SUI的高危因素;年龄、分娩前后体重指数差、第一产程时间、会阴侧切口长度和角度对盆底肌电图的部分测量值有影响.结论 阴道分娩后SUI发生率与选择性剖宫产相似;产科相关因素可以影响产后尿失禁的发生率及盆底肌肉收缩及舒张功能.     

Périnée et grossesse

Congenital factor, obesity, aging, pregnancy and childbirth are the main risk factors for female pelvic floor disorders (urinary incontinence, anal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, dyspareunia). Vaginal delivery may cause injury to the pudendal nerve, the anal sphincter, or the anal sphincter. However the link between these injuries and pelvic floor symptoms is not always determined and we still ignore what might be the ways of prevention. Of the many obstetrical methods proposed to prevent postpartum symptoms, episiotomy, delivery in vertical position, delayed pushing, perineal massage, warm pack, pelvic floor rehabilitation, results are disappointing or limited. Caesarean section is followed by less postnatal urinary incontinence than vaginal childbirth. However this difference tends to disappear with time and following childbirth. Limit the number of instrumental extractions and prefer the vacuum to forceps could reduce pelvic floor disorders after childbirth. Ultrasound examination of the anal sphincter after a second-degree perineal tear is useful to detect and repair infra-clinic anal sphincter lesions. Scientific data is insufficient to justify an elective cesarean section in order to avoid pelvic floor symptoms in a woman without previous disorders.     

Parity, mode of delivery, and pelvic floor disorders

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the associations between parity, mode of delivery, and pelvic floor disorders. METHODS: The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse, stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and anal incontinence was assessed in a random sample of women aged 25-84 years by using the validated Epidemiology of Prolapse and Incontinence Questionnaire. Women were categorized as nulliparous, vaginally parous, or only delivered by cesarean. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each disorder were calculated with logistic regression, controlling for age, body mass index, and parity. RESULTS: In the 4,458 respondents the prevalence of each disorder was as follows: 7% prolapse, 15% stress urinary incontinence, 13% overactive bladder, 25% anal incontinence, and 37% for any one or more pelvic floor disorders. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of disorders between the cesarean delivery and nulliparous groups. The adjusted odds of each disorder increased with vaginal parity compared with cesarean delivery: prolapse = 1.82 (95% CI 1.04-3.19), stress urinary incontinence = 1.81 (95% CI 1.25-2.61), overactive bladder = 1.53 (95% CI 1.02-2.29), anal incontinence = 1.72 (95% CI 1.27-2.35), and any one or more pelvic floor disorders = 1.85 (95% CI 1.42-2.41). Number-needed-to-treat analysis revealed that 7 women would have to deliver only by cesarean delivery to prevent one woman from having a pelvic floor disorder. CONCLUSION: The risk of pelvic floor disorders is independently associated with vaginal delivery but not with parity alone. Cesarean delivery has a protective effect, similar to nulliparity, on the development of pelvic floor disorders when compared with vaginal delivery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.     

产科因素对产后早期盆底功能障碍性疾病发生的影响

目的探讨不同产科因素对产后早期盆底功能障碍性疾病（PFD）发生的影响,旨在为其预防和治疗提供理论依据。方法对2008年1月至2009年12月406例单胎初产妇产前及产后6～8周进行问卷调查,同时行POPQ评分,分析产科相关因素与PFD发生的相关性。结果孕期压力性尿失禁（SUI）的发生率为28.33%（115/406）;产后SUI的发生率为18.47%（75/406）,其中58例孕妇SUI症状由分娩前持续至分娩后,占产后SUI的77.33%（58/75）;产后盆腔器官脱垂（POP）发生率为49.51%（201/406）。其中选择性剖宫产组SUI和POP的发生率为7.49%（27/227）和37.89%（86/227）,阴道分娩组为32.40%（58/179）和64.25%（115/179）,剖宫产组与阴道分娩组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,产后SUI的发生与妊娠期SUI、年龄、第二产程时间、会阴撕裂、产钳助产、新生儿出生体重和分娩前BMI有关（P〈0.05）。结论孕期SUI的发病率高于产后;选择性剖宫产可能对盆底功能具有保护作用,与产后早期PFD的发生降低有关;产时及其他相关因素可使产后早期PFD发生的风险增加。     

Fecal and urinary incontinence after delivery: risk factors and prevention

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to review the available data on urinary and fecal incontinence and their association with maternal as well as fetal per partum characteristics. METHOD: A Pubmed (Medline search performed between 1999 and 2003 using "urinary incontinence and delivery" and "fecal incontinence and delivery" identified 501 relevant papers. Most of them are retrospective analyses whereas few are randomized controlled trials (RCT). RESULTS: Two studies performed with computer-stored databases analyzed the risk factors of incontinence among 2,886,126 deliveries. Primiparity, birthweight over 4000 g and all types of assisted vaginal deliveries significantly increased the risk of anal sphincter damage. Results concerning the effect of episiotomy are conflicting. Controlled randomized trials have shown that pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy as well as planned cesarean section significantly and moderately decrease the risk of urinary incontinence. The only RCT available has shown that planned cesarean section did not reduce significantly incontinence of flatus. Finally the only trial that compare surgical techniques used to repair the anal sphincter did not show any significant difference. CONCLUSION: Risk factors for anal sphincter damage during delivery are well known. RCT focusing on how to prevent and how to cure fecal as well as urinary incontinence are urgently needed.     

产后盆底功能重建的研究进展

女性盆底功能障碍性疾病（PFD）包括盆腔器官脱垂（POP）、尿失禁（UI）和粪失禁（FI）,是妇女常见病,也是影响人类生活质量的五大疾病之一。PFD病因很多,流行病学调查显示,妊娠和分娩是PFD的独立危险因素。针对妊娠与分娩对盆底结构和功能影响、产后盆底功能障碍的发病机制、高危因素及其目前常用的康复技术,如盆底肌肉锻炼、电刺激和生物反馈等治疗方法、利弊、存在的问题及诊治进展等综述。     

Operative vaginal delivery and pelvic floor complications

Operative vaginal delivery (OVD) is associated with injury to the pelvic floor and compromise to the urinary, genital and gastrointestinal systems. There has been significant evolution in recent years in the practice of OVD (from the use of forceps to vacuum delivery), the conduct of delivery (from routine to selective episiotomy) and the recognition and management of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS). This review article considers a number of key questions from the perspective of the clinical practitioner: What effects does OVD have on the pelvic floor? How can the effects of OVD on the pelvic floor be reduced? When and how should episiotomy be performed during OVD? How should future pregnancies following OVD and OASIS be managed? The place of episiotomy during OVD, a much debated strategy to prevent injury to the obstetric anal sphincter during OVD, is considered.     

Pelvic floor morbidity at 3 years after instrumental delivery and cesarean delivery in the second stage of labor and the impact of a subsequent delivery

OBJECTIVE: To compare pelvic floor symptoms at three years following instrumental delivery and cesarean section in the second stage of labor and to assess the impact of a subsequent delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 393 women with term, singleton, cephalic pregnancies who required instrumental vaginal delivery in theatre or cesarean section at full dilatation between February 1999 and February 2000. 283 women (72%) returned postal questionnaires at three years. RESULTS: Urinary incontinence at three years post delivery was greater in the instrumental delivery group as compared to the cesarean section group (10.5% vs 2.0%), OR 5.37 (95% CI, 1.7, 27.9). There were no significant differences in ano-rectal or sexual symptoms between the two groups. Pelvic floor symptoms were similar for women delivered by cesarean section after a failed trial of instrumental delivery compared to immediate cesarean section. A subsequent delivery did not increase the risk of pelvic floor symptoms at three years in either group. CONCLUSION: An increased risk of urinary incontinence persists up to three years following instrumental vaginal delivery compared to cesarean section in the second stage of labor. However, pelvic floor symptoms are not exacerbated by a subsequent delivery.     

Graphic integration of causal factors of pelvic floor disorders: an integrated life span model

There is growing interest in causal factors for pelvic floor disorders. These conditions include pelvic organ prolapse and urinary and fecal incontinence and are affected by a myriad of factors that increase occurrence of symptomatic disease. Unraveling the complex causal network of genetic factors, birth-induced injury, connective tissue aging, lifestyle and comorbid factors is challenging. We describe a graphical tool to integrate the factors affecting pelvic floor disorders. It plots pelvic floor function in 3 major life phases: (1) development of functional reserve during an individual's growth, (2) variations in the amount of injury and potential recovery that occur during and after vaginal birth, and (3) deterioration that occurs with advancing age. This graphical tool accounts for changes in different phases to be integrated to form a disease model to help assess the overlap of different causal factors.     

产后盆底肌力筛查及其临床意义

目的探讨产妇产后盆底肌力改变及其临床意义。方法选择2011年3月至2011年9月在北京大学第一医院产科分娩并于产后6～8周复查的产妇1008例,其中阴道分娩产妇551例（阴道分娩组）,剖宫产457例（剖宫产组）,分别对其进行盆底肌力筛查,观察各影响因素与盆底肌力的相关性。结果阴道分娩组与剖宫产组产妇I类肌纤维肌力异常率分别为36.3%（200/551）和39.4%（180/457）,Ⅱ类肌纤维肌力异常率分别为36.5%（201/551）和39.4%（180/457）,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;产妇分娩前体质指数是I类肌纤维肌力异常的相关因素（OR=-0.095,P〈0.05）;产妇年龄、新生儿出生体质量、第二产程时间、产次、产钳助产及会阴情况等与盆底肌力测量值无相关性（P〉0.05）;第二产程延长组及高龄组I类肌纤维肌力异常率分别为55.6%（5/9）和39.3%（57/145）,Ⅱ类肌纤维肌力异常率分别为55.6%（5/9）和38.6%（56/145）,两组I类、Ⅱ类肌纤维肌力异常率均有升高趋势;会阴裂伤组I类、Ⅱ类肌纤维肌力异常率分别为35.7%（15/42）和31.0%（13/42）,均较会阴侧切组和会阴侧切＋产钳组有下降趋势;进入产程剖宫产组I类肌纤维肌力异常率为44.1%（52/118）,Ⅱ类肌纤维肌力异常率为44.1%（52/118）,均较选择性剖宫产组有升高趋势,但差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论剖宫产对盆底组织无明显保护作用;分娩前体质指数过大是影响盆底功能的因素,应避免孕期体质量增长过多。     

Obstetric antecedents for postpartum pelvic floor dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the association between selected obstetric antecedents and symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction in primiparous women up to 7 months after childbirth. STUDY DESIGN: All nulliparous women who were delivered between June 1, 2000, and August 31, 2002, were eligible for a postpartum interview regarding symptoms of persistent pelvic floor dysfunction. Responses from all women who completed a survey at or before their 6-month contraceptive follow-up visit were analyzed. Obstetric antecedents to stress, urge, and anal incontinence were identified, and attributable risks for each factor were calculated. RESULTS: During the study period, 3887 of 10,643 primiparous women (37%) returned within 219 days of delivery. Symptoms of stress and urge urinary incontinence, were significantly reduced (P < .01) in women who underwent a cesarean delivery. Symptoms of urge urinary incontinence doubled in women who underwent a forceps delivery (P = .04). Symptoms of anal incontinence were increased in women who were delivered of an infant who weighed >4000 g (P = .006) and more than doubled in those women who received oxytocin and had an episiotomy performed (P = .01). CONCLUSION: The likelihood of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction up to 7 months after delivery was greater in women who received oxytocin, who underwent a forceps delivery, who were delivered of an infant who weighed >4000 g, or who had an episiotomy performed. Women who underwent a cesarean delivery had fewer symptoms of urge and stress urinary incontinence.     

产后盆底肌肉训练对改善盆底功能的作用分析

目的评价产后盆底肌肉训练对盆底肌肉张力的影响及对盆底功能的作用。方法选择中山大学附属第二医院2007年1~3月收治的165例住院分娩产后6周的产妇进入研究,随机分成两组。锻炼组81例于产后6周进行1疗程盆底肌肉训练(包括生物反馈及电刺激)。对照组84例进行一般的产后健康教育。两组均于产后3个月进行一般情况问卷及国际尿失禁咨询委员会尿失禁问卷表简表(ICIQ-SF)调查,并进行盆底肌肉张力测定。产后12个月进行问卷调查及盆底肌肉张力测定和POP-Q分度,评价盆底肌肉训练的效果。结果锻炼组产后3个月、产后12个月盆底肌肉张力高于对照组。锻炼组及对照组产后3个月压力性尿失禁发生率分别为2.5%(2/81)和11.9%(10/81),两组比较P<0.05;锻炼组及对照组产后12个月压力性尿失禁发生率分别为3.7%(3/81)和11.9%(10/81),两组比较P<0.05。锻炼组及对照组产后12个月POP-QⅠ度脱垂发生率分别为33.3%(27/81)和48.8%(41/84),两组比较P<0.05。结论产后盆底肌肉训练能提高盆底肌肉张力,降低尿失禁发生率,改善阴道前壁脱垂。     

广西地区壮族女性盆底功能障碍性疾病状况调查

目的调查广西地区壮族女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的患病率、患病相关因素及其症状表现。方法采用整群分层随机抽样的方法,抽取年龄≥18岁的广西地区壮族女性3000名,进行现场问卷调查和妇科检查。结果共2938名妇女有效填写了问卷,占97.9%。结果显示女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的患病率为22.6%（663/2938）,其中压力性尿失禁患病率14.6%（428/2938）,盆腔器官脱垂患病率9.3%（273/2938）,联合患病率1.3%（38/2938）。结论广西地区壮族女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的患病率与国内其他地区相比偏低。高龄、多次分娩、阴道分娩、干重体力活、慢性肺部疾病、高体重指数是女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的高危因素。     

盆底重建术后失败及复发的认识和处理

盆腔器官脱垂患者术后复发率与手术方式、手术操作技巧及网片材料的选择密切相关.盆腔器官脱垂术后复发的处理方法多种,可采用阴道骶骨固定术、骶棘韧带固定等手术治疗或使用子宫托治疗.如发生网片排异,需修剪及清除小面积裸露的网片,严重者需选择组织再生材料如SIS网片修补缺损阴道黏膜.压力性尿失禁无论是传统手术失败还是第一次吊带手...     

盆底超声在女性盆底功能障碍性疾病诊断中的应用

女性盆底功能障碍性疾病是盆底支持结构缺陷或退化、损伤及功能障碍所导致的一类疾病,主要包括盆腔器官脱垂、压力性尿失禁、粪失禁、梗阻型便秘和性功能障碍等,经阴道分娩是其高危因素。盆底超声检查安全、方便、廉价、动态和高分辨率,是盆底功能障碍性疾病诊断与鉴别诊断、盆底功能及疗效评估的重要影像学检查方法。     

The effect of mediolateral episiotomy at delivery on pelvic floor muscle strength evaluated with vaginal cones.

In a prospective study, pelvic floor muscle strength was investigated pre- and post partum in 87 women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Those vaginally delivered were 71 primiparas, while 16 underwent an elective cesarean section. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the delivery procedure on the pelvic floor muscle strength with the aid of vaginal cones. In the group of women with vaginal delivery three subgroups were identified: episiotomy, spontaneous laceration and intact perineum. Pelvic floor muscle strength was weakest in the episiotomy subgroup, the difference in values between this subgroup and each of the other subgroups and the elective cesarean section group being significant. No significant difference was evident between the spontaneous lacerations and intact perineum subgroups.     

Childbirth and pelvic floor trauma

The issue of traumatic damage to the pelvic floor in childbirth is attracting more and more attention amongst obstetric caregivers and laypersons alike. This is partly due to the fact that elective caesarean section as a potentially preventative intervention is increasingly available and perceived as safe. As there is a multitude of emotive issues involved, including health economics and the relative roles of healthcare providers, the discussion surrounding pelvic floor trauma in childbirth has not always been completely rational. However, after 25 years of urogynaecological research in this field it should be possible to determine whether pelvic floor trauma in childbirth is myth or reality, and, if real, whether it matters for the pathogenesis of incontinence and prolapse. On reviewing the available evidence, it appears that there are sufficient grounds to assume that vaginal delivery (or even the attempt at vaginal delivery) can cause damage to the pudendal nerve, the inferior aspects of the levator ani muscle and fascial pelvic organ supports. Risk factors for such damage have been defined and variously include operative vaginal delivery, a long second stage, and macrosomia. It is much less clear, however, whether such trauma is clinically relevant, and how important it is in the aetiology of pelvic floor morbidity later in life.     

Pregnancy, childbirth and the pelvic floor

Pregnancy and vaginal delivery are responsible for the onset of genuine stress urinary incontinence, and pelvic floor damage. A striking dearth of prospective studies exists regarding the relationship of pregnancy and delivery to these problems. The vast majority of published data is based on analysis retrieved from questionnaires. Most damage of the pelvic floor obviously occurs during first delivery. Objective findings have demonstrated pudendal nerve damage mostly found after forceps delivery, increased duration of second stage of labour, third degree perineal tear and high birth weight. Episiotomy offers no protection against perineal tears and should be restricted to specified feto-maternal indications. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess long term consequences of pregnancy and child birth on both, lower urinary tract and pelvic floor function.     

Pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy to prevent urinary incontinence: a single-blind randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: Urinary incontinence is a chronic health complaint that severely reduces quality of life. Pregnancy and vaginal delivery are main risk factors in the development of urinary incontinence. The aim of this study was to assess whether intensive pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy could prevent urinary incontinence. METHODS: We conducted a single-blind randomized controlled trial at Trondheim University Hospital and three outpatient physiotherapy clinics in a primary care setting. Three hundred one healthy nulliparous women were randomly allocated to a training (n = 148) or a control group (n = 153). The training group attended a 12-week intensive pelvic floor muscle training program during pregnancy, supervised by physiotherapists. The control group received the customary information. The primary outcome measure was self-reported symptoms of urinary incontinence. The secondary outcome measure was pelvic floor muscle strength. RESULTS: At follow-up, significantly fewer women in the training group reported urinary incontinence: 48 of 148 (32%) versus 74 of 153 (48%) at 36 weeks' pregnancy (P =.007) and 29 of 148 (20%) versus 49 of 153 (32%) 3 months after delivery (P =.018). According to numbers needed to treat, intensive pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy prevented urinary incontinence in about one in six women during pregnancy and one in eight women after delivery. Pelvic floor muscle strength was significantly higher in the training group at 36 weeks' pregnancy (P =.008) and 3 months after delivery (P =.048). CONCLUSION: Intensive pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy prevents urinary incontinence during pregnancy and after delivery. Pelvic floor muscle strength improved significantly after intensive pelvic floor muscle training.