45例复发性颞下颌关节前脱位的分类及治疗探讨

目的 介绍一种基于MRI上关节盘与髁突相对位置的颞下颌关节复发性前脱位分类方法,以及针对不同类型采用不同手术方法治疗的经验。方法 选择2003年5月—2016年5月治疗的45例颞下颌关节复发性前脱位患者。依据MRI分为Ⅰ型（关节盘无移位）、Ⅱ型（关节盘移位）、Ⅲ型（骨关节病）及Ⅳ型（存在精神或神经功能障碍）,依据分类选择不同的手术治疗方法。结果 Ⅰ型28例（62.2%）,Ⅱ型12例（26.7%）,Ⅲ型2例（4.4%）,Ⅳ型3例（6.7%）。Ⅰ型患者采用关节结节增高术或关节镜下硬化剂注射术;Ⅱ型患者采用颞下颌关节盘复位固定术（锚固）及关节镜下关节盘复位固定术,辅助关节结节增高术;Ⅲ型患者根据临床症状进行手术;Ⅳ型患者均采用关节结节凿平术。随访期间未发现开口受限、开口疼痛、脱位复发。结论 基于MRI影像学特点对颞下颌关节脱位进行分类,对术者选择合适的治疗方案具有指导意义。     

自体血注射治疗复发性颞下颌关节脱位的临床观察

对19例复发性颞下颌关节脱位患者行关节腔和囊周组织自体血注射治疗。1年后随诊,16例无关节脱位复发,有效率为84.2%。也没有观察到TMJ骨质破坏和关节强直的现象。自体血注射治疗复发性颞下颌关节脱位是一种简单、安全、经济、有效的微创治疗方法。     

Diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging in synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint

The aim of this paper was to investigate the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of synovial chondromatosis (SC) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Fourteen patients with SC of the TMJ were included in the study. Clinical and MRI features were analysed and divided into three types based on MRI classification: type I with loose bodies, type II with homogeneous masses, and type III with a mixture of loose bodies and homogeneous masses. All SCs occurred in the superior compartment of the TMJ. There were two patients (14%) categorised as type I, five (36%) as type II and seven (50%) as type III. Four patients (29%) had disc perforation, and nine had bone erosion; among those nine, seven (78%) had type III and two (22%) type II. Histological examination showed inflammation and calcification in the synovial membrane and, and cartilage of the hyaline type in all cases. MRI has advantages in the diagnosis of SC.     

正颌外科治疗后颞下颌关节改变的X线研究

目的 了解正颌外科手术后颞下颌关节（ｔｅｍｐｏｒｏｍａｎｄｉｂｕｌａｒ ｊｏｉｎｔ，ＴＭＪ）形态的改变，探讨手术方式不同对ＴＭＪ的影响。方法 正颌手术患者５７例，术前、术后１周、１年分别拍摄定位许勒位片用于观察髁突位置及关节形态的变化。结果 ①正颌手术可导致髁突移位，但大多数关节适应后并不发生病变，术后１年髁突位置已调整到术前相似的位置。②手术方式不同髁突位置的变化也不尽相同。③８６．４％的患者关节无明显变化或发生了适应性改建；１３．６％患者关节发生了退行性改变。结论 正颌手术可对ＴＭＪ产生影响，但大部分处于关节的正常适应范围内。     

颞下颌关节紊乱的影像学特征：锥形束CT和MRI效能比较

目的：分析颞下颌关节紊乱（temporomandibular joint disorder, TMD）的锥形束CT(cone-beam CT, CBCT)和磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging, MRI）特征,对两者的影像特征进行比较。方法：收集2018年8月—2020年5月在南通市口腔医院治疗的45例TMD患者的临床资料,所有患者均于2周内完成CBCT和MRI检查,统计所有患者颞下颌关节（temporomandibular joint, TMJ）和咀嚼肌病变在CBCT和MRI上的特征（包括关节间隙狭窄、骨质破坏、骨质增生硬化、髁突变形、骨质囊样变、关节盘移位、关节囊积液和咀嚼肌病变）,并对两者的影像学特征进行比较。采用SPSS 25.0软件包进行数据统计分析。结果：TMD临床分类Ⅰ类疼痛性疾病31例（68.9%）,Ⅱ类关节疾病14例（31.1%）。45例患者90个关节中,MRI检出存在TMJ和咀嚼肌病变数（71/90）显著高于CBCT检出的病变数（58/90）(P=0.032),其中MRI检出关节盘移位（19/90）、关节囊积液（28/90）和咀嚼肌水肿（...     

Risk factors for intraoperative dislocation of the total temporomandibular joint replacement and its management

Total replacement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an effective treatment for intractable pain and impaired function that is a consequence of end-stage joint disease. Prospective assessment of 138 joint replacements identified an 8% risk of intraoperative dislocation of the joint, which was associated primarily with coronoidectomy (30%) and inflammatory arthropathy (24%). Management included the use of intermaxillary elastic traction and treatment of masticatory dystonia when present. Of the 11 patients who had light elastic traction for one week, only one required further treatment for dislocation. Patients with no intraoperative dislocation did not require elastics, and joints remained stable postoperatively.     

Long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of habitual dislocation of the temporomandibular joint

Injection of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) into the lateral pterygoid muscles is a recently reported treatment for habitual dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We report five cases of dislocation in elderly patients with neurological or other severe systemic disease, and their successful treatment with one injection of BTX-A into the lateral pterygoid muscles. This is a relatively conservative option. Injection into the muscle is straightforward and can be done in outpatients with few complications. We recommend it as the first choice for patients with habitual dislocation and systemic or neurological diseases, particularly in the elderly.     

Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of temporomandibular joint soft tissue injuries of intracapsular condylar fracture

We evaluated the soft tissue of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after intracapsular condylar fracture. Eighteen consecutive patients (19 TMJ) were diagnosed between 1 January 2010 and 30 October 2011. They were examined using bilateral sagittal and coronal MRI, which were obtained immediately after injury to assess the displacement of the disc, whether there was a tear in capsule or the retrodiscal tissue, and whether there was an effusion in the joint. On the affected side MRI showed disc displacement in 15 of 19, tears in the capsule in 9, and tears in the retrodiscal tissue in 16. All 19 had joint effusions. It also showed 2 joints with abnormalities on the unaffected side. We conclude that MRI is useful for diagnosis and for estimating the amount of damage to the TMJ, and is helpful in planning treatment.     

Treatment of chronic recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint with injection of autologous blood alone,intermaxillary fixation alone,or both together: a prospective,randomised, controlled clinical trial

Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous blood injection in the treatment of chronic recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a prospective randomised controlled clinical study. Forty-eight patients (11 men and 37 women) with chronic recurrent dislocation of the TMJ were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 equally sized groups. Patients in the first group were treated with injection of autologous blood (ABI) alone into the superior joint space and the pericapsular tissues. Those in the second group were treated with intramaxillary fixation (IMF) alone for 4 weeks, and those in the third group were treated with ABI and IMF for 4 weeks. Interincisal distance, digital panoramic radiograph, incidence of recurrent dislocation, and pain in the TMJ were assessed postoperatively at 2 weeks and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The mean (SD) reduction in interincisal distance in the group treated with both techniques was 11.0 (1.9), which was significantly higher than in either the group treated with ABI, which was 8.5 (2.4) or IMF, which was 9.1 (2.1). The results in the ABI group and the IMF group did not differ significantly. The combined group showed the biggest decrease. The ABI alone group had the most recurrences (n = 8, which were treated by repeated injections with no recurrence after the third). The IMF alone group had only 3 and there were none in the combined group. We conclude that ABI is a simple and safe technique for the treatment of dislocation of the TMJ in the outpatient clinic. Recurrence can be overcome by multiple injections. However, the best clinical results are given by a combination of ABI and IMF.     

Arthrocentesis followed by intra-articular autologous blood injection for the treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation is an excessive forward movement of the condyle beyond the articular eminence with complete separation of the articular surfaces and fixation in that position. This study was conducted to assess autologous blood injection to the TMJ for the treatment of chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation. Fifteen patients with bilateral chronic recurrent condylar dislocation were included in the study. Bilateral TMJ arthrocentesis was performed on each patient, followed by the injection of 2 ml of autologous blood into the superior joint compartment and 1 ml onto the outer surface of the joint capsule. Preoperative and postoperative assessment included a thorough history and physical examination to determine the maximal mouth opening, presence of pain and sounds, frequency of luxation, recurrence rate, and presence of facial nerve paralysis. Eighty percent of the subjects (12 patients) had a successful outcome with no further episodes of dislocation and required no further treatment at their 1-year follow-up, whereas three patients had recurrent dislocation as early as 2 weeks after treatment. Autologous blood injection is a safe, simple, and cost-effective treatment for chronic recurrent TMJ dislocation.     

肌激动器治疗前后关节盘矢状位置与颞下颌关节临床症状和体征的关系

目的 探讨功能矫治中关节盘矢状位置对颞下颌关节临床功能的影响.方法 选择20个AngleⅡ1错(牙合)患者,采用Activator功能矫治器治疗.用MRI检查治疗前后关节盘位置, Helkimo指数评价功能矫形前后的颞下颌关节功能.探讨治疗前后关节盘位置的改变及其与颞下颌关节症状之间的关系.结果 治疗前关节盘位置正常者,治疗后临床检查指数有下降趋势;治疗前关节盘前移位者,治疗后临床检查指数升高.结论 功能矫形虽然不会导致关节盘前移位的发生,但对于治疗前已经存在关节盘前移位者,治疗后可能会引发或加重其TMD症状和体征.     

Clinical investigation of early post-traumatic temporomandibular joint ankylosis and the role of repositioning discs in treatment

This study investigated the development of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis after condylar fracture and the functional results of surgery that included repositioning of the articular discs. In a total of 18 patients, there were 13 cases of fibrous ankylosis (type I) and 11 of partial bony ankylosis (type II). CT scans for both groups and MRI scans for type I patients were analysed. Intraoperative inspection of the damaged disc, the sites of adhesion or bony fusion, and remaining intra-articular movement was recorded. After release arthroplasty and repositioning of discs, follow-up was for 1 to 3.5 years (mean 2.2 years). Post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis was highly associated with sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures. Type I ankylosis usually formed in the 4th to 5th month post-trauma with mean interincisal opening distance of 18.3+/-5.5mm. Progression from type I to II ankylosis occurred 1 year post-trauma and caused a reduction of 5mm in the range of mouth opening. The disc was displaced for each of the involved joints, and intra-articular adhesions or ossification initiated at the site where there was no intervening disc present. After surgical repositioning of the disc, stable joint function and mouth opening from 30 to 45 mm were obtained in all patients but one (recurrence due to dislocation). Sagittal and comminuted condylar fractures predispose the TMJ to ankylosis, and the displacement of the articular disc plays a critical role. Early surgical intervention to reposition the disc was successful for early trauma-induced TMJ ankylosis.     

“Management of recurrent temporomandibular dislocation using orthodontic traction screws.”

Temporomandibular joint dislocation is defined as the loss of joint congruency between the mandibular condyle and the glenoid fossa of the temporal bone. Multiple therapeutic options have been proposed for the treatment of recurrent TMJ dislocation. The aim of this paper is to present two recently treated cases with a modification of Wolford's technique, replacing the Mitek anchors with orthodontic screws. Case series: The first case concerns a 36 year-old women with recurrent temporomandibular dislocation, and the second one a 26 year-old patient with the same diagnosis. In both cases, one 8mm orthodontic screw was placed in the lateral pole of mandibular condyle, sutured with PremiCron® 2/0 to a hole made in the root of each zygomatic arch. At twelve-month follow-up (first patient) and at six-month follow-up (second patient), patients had not presented new episodes of mandibular dislocation and mouth opening range remained stable.This technique can be considered as an alternative to Wolford's technique in treating recurrent temporomandibular dislocation when conservative management fails.     

导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型分析

目的: 回顾分析导致颞下颌关节强直的成人髁突骨折类型。方法：回顾口腔外科关节组2010—2012年收治的由髁突骨折保守治疗导致颞下颌关节强直,从损伤到发生强直有完整CT资料的成人病例,按照下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系,将髁突骨折分为3级,0级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之无接触;1级为下颌支残端位于关节窝内,与之有接触;2级为下颌支残端外上方脱位出关节窝。结合髁突骨折类型、骨折块移位程度和关节盘的位置、下颌骨其他部位骨折情况等,分析关节强直形成的原因。结果：13例(24侧)导致关节强直病例的髁突骨折有完整的CT资料,导致关节强直的髁突骨折类型均为囊内骨折,其中B型占70%。下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系中,0级0侧;1级10侧,占41.7%;2级14侧,占58.3%。0级和1级的关节盘均伴髁突骨折块移位,后外侧带断裂。形成关节强直的髁突骨折中,77%伴颏部骨折,导致牙弓增宽。结论：下颌支残端与关节窝的位置关系对于预后判断有重要作用,其中0级不易引起关节强直;1级较容易引起关节强直,是手术的相对适应证;2级最容易引起关节强直,是手术的绝对适应证。其他危险因素还有髁突囊内B型骨折和合并牙弓增宽的下颌骨骨折。     

Three-dimensional comparative evaluation of articular disc position and other temporomandibular joint morphology in Class II horizontal and vertical cases with Class I malocclusion:: A magnetic resonance imaging study

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare articular disk position, condylar position, and joint spaces in Class II vertical, Class II horizontal, and Class I cases. The purpose was to assess the potential for development of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in the three groups.Materials and MethodsA sample of 75 cases, 25 cases in each group of Class I, Class II vertical, and Class II horizontal, were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments were made with a 1.5-Tesla basic system with a closed-mouth technique for evaluating articular disk position in the sagittal and transverse planes, condylar position, and joint spaces in the sagittal plane. Philips 3.0 software was used to analyze the MR images.ResultsThere was evidence of alterations in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology in both Class II vertical and Class II horizontal cases, with maximum discrepancy in Class II vertical cases. MRI evaluation suggested a tendency for antero-medial disk displacement with anteriorly positioned condyles in Class II vertical cases. The discrepancy was milder in the Class II horizontal group.ConclusionsClass II vertical cases are more susceptible to the development of TMDs and should be subjected to TMJ evaluation before starting any orthodontic treatment to intercept and prevent a mild asymptomatic TMD from developing into a more severe form. Class II vertical cases should be subjected to MRI evaluation before starting any orthodontic treatment.     

Case report of recurrent temporomandibular joint open lock associated with abrupt reduction of displaced articular disk

PatientThis report describes the case of a 51-year-old male patient who initially presented at age 23 with a habitual intermittent open lock (at >35 mm) in the left temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The patient was able to manage this affliction through rapid-repetition jaw opening and closing. Tomography of the joint showed no irregular morphology, but intraoral examination revealed an occlusal interference at the mandibular left third molar during leftwards excursion. For this patient, alteration of lateral guidance using a palatal plate attached to the maxillary left canine precluded this intermittent open lock, but at 22 years of age, the open lock recurred and could not be relieved by the patient, who was unable to assume an occlusal position. Because conservative treatment was ineffective, a pumping manipulation technique was applied to reduce the open lock, after which the patient has maintained good jaw function. MRI taken before and after repositioning indicated that abrupt reduction of a displaced articular disk was the cause of the open lock, and that this articular disk was restored to its proper position during the manipulation.DiscussionMost TMJ open locks occur as anterior dislocation, where the mandibular head becomes trapped anterior to the articular eminences, causing excessive opening and difficulty closing. Our clinical findings from this patient indicate that open lock can occur through abrupt reduction of a displaced articular disk, particularly in patients with chronic internal derangement of the TMJ.ConclusionTMJ open lock can occur following abrupt reduction of a displaced articular disk.     

171例颞下颌关节滑膜软骨瘤病MRI分析

目的 通过分析颞下颌关节滑膜软骨瘤病（synovial chondromatosis, SC）的磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging, MRI）特点,对其在MRI影像上进行分型,并通过MRI影像探讨其潜在侵袭性。方法 收集2004年4月—2015年12月间治疗的171例颞下颌关节滑膜软骨瘤病患者的MRI影像资料。依据MRI特点,将瘤体分为游离体型、均质型以及混合型;依据骨质破坏程度分为无侵袭期、软骨破坏期、骨吸收期以及骨穿孔期,对两者关系以及术中所见进行对比分析。应用SAS 16.2软件包对数据进行χ²检验或Fisher检验。结果 游离体型患者55例（32.16%）,均质型84例（49.12%）,混合型32例（18.71%）。术中所见,70例（40.94%）有关节窝骨质破坏,而MRI无法识别软骨破坏期。14例骨穿孔期患者中,11例（78.57%）属于均质型,3例（21.43%）属于混合型;与无侵袭期患者相比,存在显著差异（P=0.009）。2例患者复发,均为均质型。结论 在MRI影像上,均质型和混合型滑膜软骨瘤病更具有侵袭性,应行滑膜切除术,甚至部分截骨术。     

创伤性颞下颌关节强直的病程特点与分类治疗

目的调查创伤性颞下颌关节强直（TMJA）的髁突骨折类型及病程特点；探讨各分类治疗方法及疗效。方法31例42侧创伤性TMJA，按Sawhney分类分成4型。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型强直分别行关节松解和融合骨切除术＋关节盘复位术；Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型强直分别行全关节切除和全关节扩大切除术＋颞肌筋膜瓣衬垫术、选择性下颌支后缘垂直骨牵引及颏成形术。术后复查9～54个月（平均30个月），评价治疗效果。回顾调查引起强直的髁突骨折类型和强直发生的过程。手术与CT及MRI对照观察早期骨化部位、关节盘移位和关节残余运动方式。结果创伤性TMJA均继发于髁突矢状和粉碎性骨折，且关节盘发生移位者。I型（纤维性）强直通常出现在伤后4～5个月，平均张口度18．3mm。术中探及的关节盘全部发生移位，早期强直骨化发生在无关节盘区域。随诊期内，2例（6．45％）复发，其他患者张口度均稳定维持在30mm以上。结论髁突矢状和粉碎性骨折是最容易导致关节强直的骨折类型。关节盘移位是强直形成的重要因素。早期手术可以复位关节盘，避免后期强直时必须切除全关节。     

A clinical and tomographic study on temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis

One hundred and twenty two patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders were examined by lateral and frontal tomograms. A comparison between clinical and radiographic findings was performed to confirm the clinical characteristics of TMJ osteoarthritis. The patients with radiographic abnormal or suspicious findings showed a significantly higher frequency of TMJ pain and limitation of mouth opening less than 29mm than the patients with normal findings. The TMJs with surface erosion also showed a significantly higher frequency of TMJ pain than the TMJs with normal findings. Therefore, these findings were thought to be one of the distinctive feature of TMJ osteoarthritis. However, 22 patients with unilateral clinically primary symptoms presented bilateral abnormal or suspicious findings and 7 patients with unilateral clinically primary symptoms presented abnormal or suspicious findings only in the TMJ opposite to the clinically primary symptomatic site. Therefore, the necessity of radiographic examination of the clinically unaffected TMJ was concurrently indicated for the treatment planning and for the further research. Dr. Yamada was the Professor of the Department of Oral Radiology April 1982–March 1991