颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床及影像学诊断

目的:分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床及影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析25例具有完整临床资料的颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的临床、全脑血管造影及10例螺旋CT表现。结果:临床表现为颅内杂音、不同程度的搏动性突眼、眼球运动障碍,视力减退或伴有复视、结膜水肿和充血。CT表现为眼球突出、眼上静脉增粗、海绵窦扩大、密度增高、眼球边缘模糊、眼睑肿胀。全脑血管造影表现为对比剂自颈内动脉或颈外动脉分支溢入海绵窦,形成一团浓密的不规则阴影,海绵窦及眼静脉等早期显影而颈内动脉床突上段和大脑前、中动脉不易充盈,并且可观察到瘘口位置、大小及侧支循环情况。结论:根据颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床表现和CT征象可以诊断颈动脉海绵窦瘘,脑血管造影是其诊断的金标准,并为进一步选择治疗方案提供依据。     

多层螺旋CT对外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的价值探讨

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT对外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的技术及诊断价值,指导临床综合治疗。方法:总结5例经临床及DSA证实的CCF病例,均行多层螺旋CT平扫、增强及CTA检查,图像后处理技术包括MPR/CPR、MIP、VR等重建。结果:CCF多层螺旋CT直接征象为患侧海绵窦扩大5例,眼上静脉扩张5例;间接征象为突眼5例,眼外肌增粗3例,颅底骨折4例,脑挫裂伤及颅内血肿3例等。结论:多层螺旋CT及CTA对CCF,特别是外伤性CCF的诊断及栓塞介入治疗后的随访复查具有其他影像学检查不可替代的重要价值。     

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的CT诊断(附10例报告)

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(carotid cavernous fistula,CCF)是颈内动脉与海绵窦之间的异常交通所致的一组临床综合征,但由于眼眶内静脉压升高所致眼球突出及球结膜血管扩张,患者常首诊眼科,临床表现不典型,易误诊为眼眶其他疾病而延误治疗[1,2]。现总结10例我院CT检查发现并经DSA血管造     

64层螺旋CT对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值

目的探讨64层螺旋CT在颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析我院经血管内栓塞治疗成功的ICCF共16例,所有患者均经64层螺旋CT及DSA检查。结果 CT主要表现：所有患者患侧眼球突出、海绵窦扩大、眼上静脉扩张,部分患者眼下静脉、内眦静脉、面静脉、小脑半球上表面外侧脑膜静脉扩张,岩上、下窦扩张,眼外肌肿胀,眼球壁增厚。利用高级血管处理软件显示直接型瘘10例,间接型瘘6例。结论 64层螺旋CT克服了常规CT对颈动脉海绵窦瘘直接征象的显示并不满意的弱点,可清楚显示颈动脉海绵窦瘘瘘口的位置和大小,同时可以有效地评价Willis环的功能,可为颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断、治疗及疗效评价提供有价值的信息。     

双源CT双能量血管成像对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值

目的 探讨双源CT双能量血管成像(DE-CTA)对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的诊断价值.方法 选择14例临床疑诊CCF的患者进行DE-CTA.利用直接能最减影后的数据进行去骨图像重组,同时将能量平均后数据进行非去骨图像重组.由4名多年从事脑血管疾病影像诊断的放射科医师独立分析图像,其中2名评价颈内动脉海绵窦段DE-CTA的图像质量,2名评价瘘口位置、数量、大小及有无异常的颅内静脉扩张,比较各种后处理方法对CCF瘘口及相关病变的显示情况.利用Kappa检验分析2名医师对图像质量评价的一致性.利用t检验及相关性分析评价去骨与非去骨重组图像测得的瘘口大小.结果 14例患者28条颈内动脉颅内段均可以满足影像评价标准.14例患者经行双能量直接去骨颅脑CTA检查均确诊为CCF,其中,病变位于双侧2例,左侧7例,右侧5例.14例患者共16处病变,非去骨及去骨重组图像均发现瘘口16处.去骨及非去骨重组图像测得瘘口的平均大小分别为(0.36±0.10)、(0.35±0.11)mm,两者差异无统计学意义(t=0.29,P＞0.05),且二者测量值之间有很好的相关性(r=0.97,P＜0.05).去骨重组图像发现8例患者13支大脑皮质静脉扩张,非去骨重组图像仅发现6例患者9支大脑皮质静脉扩张.结论 DE-CTA图像多种重组方法相结合对CCF的诊断和治疗方案的制定具有重要价值.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical value of dual-energy CT angiography (DE-CTA) in the diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistula. Methods Fourteen patients suspected of carotid cavernous fistula underwent DE-CTA between Dec. 2008 and Feb. 2010. Image post-processing of DE-CTA was performed with the dedicated software to obtain bone-removal and non bone-removal images. Four experienced radiologists evaluated image quality of DE-CTA, the number, location and size of fistulae and dilation of cerebral veins. The bone-removal and non bone-removal images were compared for displaying of fistulae and other related lesions. Kappa test was used to test the consistency of image quality evaluation between two radiologists. The sizes of fistulae were measured with bone-removal DE-CTA images and non bone-removal DE-CTA images respectively and their results were compared by using student's t-test and the correlation test. Results Twenty-eight intracranial internal carotid arteries of 14 patients showed acceptable image quality. Fourteen cases were diagnosed as carotid cavernous fistula with both bone-removal and non boneremoval DE-CTA images. Two patients presented with bilateral lesions, while 7 patients presented with left lesions and 5 patients had right lesions. Totally, sixteen fistulae lesions were detected in 14 patients. The mean size of fistulae was (0. 36 ±0. 10) mm by bone-removal images, whereas (0. 35 ±0. 11 ) mm by non bone-removal images. There was no significant difference between the two methods ( t = 0. 29, P ＞ 0. 05 ),and good correlation was found between the two methods ( r = 0. 97, P ＜0.05). Thirteen dilated cerebral veins in 8 cases were found by bone-removal images versus 9 dilated cerebral veins in 6 cases by non boneremoval images. Conclusions Image post-processing of DE-CTA is a simple and useful method to identify carotid cavernous fistula. DE-CTA is also useful for therapeutic planning.     

巨大颈内动脉海绵窦瘘一例

病例资料患者,女,45岁。自述20年前额部摔伤,当时右眼立即失明,无昏迷,在当地医院行创口清创缝合,术后伤口愈合良好。额部有一约黄豆大小包块,按压可消失。20年来,额部包块逐渐增大,双眼球明显突出。近几年来,左眼视力逐渐下降,在当地治疗无明显好转。体检:体温36.5℃,脉搏80次/分,血压115/67mmHg。心肺听诊(-),四肢肌力正常,病理反射未引出,神志清楚,可配合检查。右颞部有一约3cm疤痕,额面部可见一直径约     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的临床及MSCT表现特征

目的:分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的临床及MSCT表现特征,提高对CCF的诊断准确率。材料和方法:采用16层螺旋CT对13例CCF病人进行扫描,图像后处理分别行MPR、MIP及VR成像,其中10例外伤性CCF还采用骨窗重建。结果:CCF的主要临床表现为眼球突出、视力减退、结膜充血、血管杂音等,MSCT的直接征象为海绵窦扩大13例(100%),眼上静脉扩张13例(100%),瘘口显示6例(46.2%),大脑中、浅静脉早显8例(61.5%)。间接征象为眼突、眼肌肥厚、眶内软组织肿胀、颅面部骨折等。MSCT检查结合临床病史可以对外伤性CCF作出准确的诊断,自发性CCF临床表现不典型,需与炎性假瘤、眼眶肿瘤、Craves眼病、血管畸形等眼部疾病进行鉴别诊断,本组采用MSCT对CCF的诊断准确率为100%。结论:MSCT具有安全、快速、准确的检查优势,多种成像技术结合使用,能清楚显示CCF的直接征象和间接征象,为临床及介入治疗提供可靠的诊断依据。     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的眼眶CT表现(附23例报告)

目的分析２３例经ＤＳＡ检查证实的颈动脉海绵窦瘘的眼眶ＣＴ表现。材料与方法本组２３例，其中有外伤史者１５例，占６５％。颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ＣＣＦ）１４例，硬脑膜动脉海绵窦瘘９例。均行眼眶ＣＴ检查并经ＤＳＡ造影证实。结果主要ＣＴ表现为：（１）眼球突出；（２）眼上静脉扩张；（３）海绵窦增大；（４）眼外肌增粗；（５）眶内软组织肿胀。结论对突眼的病人进行ＣＴ扫描，发现有上述表现时可考虑颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断，但应进行必要的鉴别诊断，ＤＳＡ检查可明确瘘的部位和类型，并可决定治疗的方法     

MSCT双期血管成像对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的临床诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT双期脑血管成像对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）的诊断价值。方法：10例临床怀疑或确诊颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（ICCF）患者,均行颅脑CTA双期增强扫描,其中7例为术前检查,3例为介入栓塞术后复查,5例同期行DSA检查。采用容积再现（VR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重组（MPR）等技术处理图像。结果：7例术前CTA动脉期示患侧海绵窦早显扩大,同侧眼上静脉扩张纡曲,其中3例可见瘘口,3例同侧皮层静脉扩张,5例见岩上和岩下窦扩张．4例对倒海绵窦及眼上静脉显影扩大,3例患者有颅骨或颅底骨折。3倒术后复查CTA示患侧海绵窦及眼上静脉无旱显扩张,与DSA所见一致。结论：16层CT双期脑血管成像对颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断及介入栓塞术后疗效观察有重要价值。     

海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗

目的探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗方法。方法25例硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,均以眼部表现与首发症状,其中5例患者初诊为“结膜炎”。25例患者全部经Seldinger技术插管行全脑血管造影证实。13例分流量大、供血动脉条数多者行血管内栓塞治疗,12例分流量小,供血动脉条数少者采用压颈保守治疗。结果25例均为海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘,其中13例采用经血管内栓塞治疗,12例采用压颈保守治疗,均取得满意疗效。结论海绵窦区硬脑膜型动静脉瘘的诊断通常并不困难。血管内栓塞治疗是非常有效的方法,对分流量小的病变压颈保守治疗同样可获得较好的结果。     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的CT诊断（附16例分析）

目的 分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）的CT表现。材料与方法 回顾分析16例具有完整临床资料的CCF的CT表现有外伤史者12例,占75％,10例经DSA造影证实。结果 CT主要表现为：（1）眼球突出;（2）海绵窦扩大;（3）眼上静脉扩张。结果 眼眶CT扫描是一种无创的颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断方法,具有准确、方便、特异等特点,但应进行必要的鉴别诊断。     

Transvenous embolization of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus through the contralateral pterygoid plexus

We report a new transvenous endovascular route for treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas of the cavernous sinus. The cavernous sinus was approached from the contralateral pterygoid plexus and embolization of a dural fistula was performed successfully with Guglielmi detachable coils. Received: 16 June 1997 Accepted: 6 August 1997     

Endovascular treatment of carotid cavernous fistulae (CCF). Direct venous puncture using road mapping in dural CCF

Introduction

Endovascular treatment offers different options to treat CCF by less invasive approach avoiding morbidity and residual fistulas. The choice depends on the anatomy of the fistula and operator/Institutional preferences.

Objective

Describe options in endovascular treatment of Barrow Type A and Type D Carotid Cavernous fistulas (CCF).

Patients and methods

We report 10 cases of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) that received endovascular treatment using coils and liquid embolic materials. Seven cases Barrow Type A, done through an arterial approach and three cases Barrow Type D, done through venous approach. The cavernous sinus in Type D cases was approached via the inferior petrosal sinus in one case and the other two cases by direct puncture of the facial and supra-orbital veins using road mapping. Using road mapping in venous approach to treat CCF is not reported in the literature before.

Results

Successful obliteration of the fistula was achieved in all cases with transient VI nerve palsy in one case and post procedure ophthalmic vein thrombosis in another.

Conclusion

With the observed favorable outcomes and lack of significant procedural morbidity, direct puncture of the facial and supra-orbital veins using road mapping to reach the cavernous sinus, might be an addition in the armamentarium available for endovascular treatment of CCF.     

颈动脉海绵窦瘘的MRI诊断(附12例报告)

目的分析颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的MRI表现及诊断价值。方法搜集近年有完整临床资料的CCF12例进行MRI表现的回顾性分析。其中男8例，女4例；外伤性CCF11例，自发性1例，均由DSA造影证实。结果MRI主要表现为：(1)眼球突出11例；(2)海绵窦扩大12例；(3)眼上静脉扩张、迂曲11例，蝶顶窦和大脑中、浅静脉扩张2例，岩上窦和岩下窦扩张2例，眼下静脉和眼睑静脉扩张1例；(4)眼外肌增粗3例；(5)脑萎缩3例，脑水肿和脑出血2例。结论MR检查是一种无创伤的诊断CCF的方法，具有准确、方便、特异性高等优势，能明确病变部位及程度，但应进行必要的鉴别诊断。     

Multislice CT of the pelvis: dose reduction with regard to image quality using 16-row CT

To optimize examination protocols of 16-row multi-detector CT (MDCT) of pelvis for dose reduction with regard to image quality. MDCT of pelvis was performed on 12 cadaver specimens with stepwise reduction of tube current from 160 mA (113, 80, 56, 40, 28) to 20 mA at 120 kV. Scan parameters were 16×1.5 mm collimation. Reconstructions of axial and coronal images were used for evaluation of cortex, trabeculum, image quality, image noise, acetabulum and iliosacral (ISJ) joints. After data were blinded, evaluation of images was done by three radiologists according to 5-point Likert scale. Accuracy of the observers in sorting films according to dose reduction was determined with kappa coefficient. Mean values of image evaluation were determined. Pronounced deterioration of image quality for all criteria was observed between 80 and 28 mA. Adequate image quality was obtained at 40 mA [effective dose (E): 2.2 mSv, CTDI_w: 2.8 mGy] for criterion detailed definition of acetabulum and ISJ and at 80 mA (E: 4.4 mSv, CTDI_w: 5.6 mGy) for remaining criteria. Moderate agreement was observed between the three observers (kappa coefficient: 0.31). All observers were excellent in arranging images according to decreasing dose. Using 16-row MDCT image quality of pelvis is acceptable at 80 mA and 120 kV. This translates into a dose reduction of 33% of average value of the nationwide survey of the German Roentgen Society (1999) for this type of examination.J. Gurung and M.F. Khan contributed in equal measure to this studyThis revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to author line and addresses.     

Percutaneous transvenous packing of cavernous sinus with Onyx for cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula

Objective

The aim of this study is to describe the technique and results of the transvenous approach for occlusion of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) with Onyx.

Methods

Eleven patients presenting with clinically symptomatic DAVFs, were treated between August 2005 and February 2007 at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. We were able to navigate small hydrophilic catheters and microguidwires through the facial vein or inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) into the ipsilateral cavernous sinus. After reaching the fistula site the cavernous sinus was packed with Onyx or combining with detachable platinum coils.

Results

We were able to reach the fistula site and to achieve a good packing of Onyx or combining with coils within the arteriovenous shunting zone in 10 patients. The final angiogram showed complete occlusion of the arteriovenous fistula. Two (18.2%) patients developed a bradycardia during DMSO injection. No complications related to the approach were observed.

Conclusions

Transvenous occlusion of cavernous DAVFs is a feasible approach, even via facial vein or via IPS. Onyx may be another option for cavernous packing other than detachable platinum coils.