磁共振弥散张力成像及临床应用

近年来 ,弥散加权成像 (diffusionweightedimaging ,DWI)在超急性期及急性期脑梗死的早期诊断中起了重要作用 ,但由于其仅在一个或三个方向施加弥散梯度磁场 ,所以不能正确评价具有不对称组织结构的各向异性特点。随着磁共振成像设备及技术的发展 ,新的弥散成像方式弥散张力成像 (diffusiontensorimaging ,DTI)已初步应用于临床 ,成为临床诊断和研究脑白质病、脑血管疾病及肿瘤性疾病的新方法。1　弥散张力成像基本原理与方法1.1　基本原理弥散的各向同性与各向异性 :弥散是自然界中最基本的物理现象 ,自然界中物质的分子不停地进行着一…     

脊髓弥散加权成像的研究及应用现状

弥散加权成像技术运用于神经系统,已经取得了一定的进展,如脑的弥散张量成像,神经纤维束成像等,给临床及科研带来了丰富的信息.由于脊髓的横断面积相对较小和复杂的周围结构如脑脊液、脂肪及骨组织,脊髓的弥散加权成像的研究及临床应用尚有一定的困难.目前通过选择合适的成像参数及脉冲序列,表观弥散系数(ADC)及弥散张量成像参数值的定量测量已经成为可能.     

弥散加权成像在体部肿瘤评估中的应用现状

磁共振弥散加权成像已被日益广泛地用于腹部和盆腔肿瘤的评价。弥散加权成像能探测体内水分子的扩散。细胞外间隙、细胞内间隙以及血管内腔隙水分子的运动共同组成可被弥散成像探测到的水分子的静位移。该技术可以提供反映组织细胞密度、细胞膜完整性的定性和定量信息．从而在常规MR成像基础上提供了进一步的形态学信息。     

乳腺癌MR弥散加权成像研究进展

MR在乳腺癌诊断方面的应用价值已经得到广泛认同,为增加检出乳腺癌的敏感性,需应用多种MR扫描技术。然而,常规MR在检测及描述乳腺病变特征时具有一定的局限性,弥散加权成像作为一种重要的功能成像技术,能够反映组织的生物物理学特征,有较大的发展前景。弥散加权成像是唯一能够检测活体组织内水分子弥散运动的非侵入性方法,可以检测出组织结构在分子水平上的改变。其成像时间短,敏感性高,无需使用对比剂,并且能比常规MR检查更早的发现病变,因此,它已经广泛应用于脑部疾病中,也越来越多地应用于乳腺疾病方面。本文就弥散加权成像在乳腺癌的应用方面予以综述。     

弥散加权成像在肌骨系统中的应用

弥散加权成像是在分子水平研究组织中自由水质子随意运动的功能性磁共振技术，是除灌注成像之外另一种评价正常和病理组织的功能性改变的无创性方法。本文介绍弥散加权成像在肌肉骨骼系统中的实验、临床研究，重点综述肌骨系统良恶性病变的弥散特征、鉴别诊断及信号改变基础。     

MR弥散加权成像在颈髓中的应用

目的　探讨颈髓磁共振弥散加权成像技术方法及其临床应用价值。方法　对 5名健康志愿者的正常颈髓、10例水肿型颈髓外伤者、18例颈椎椎间盘突出者进行SEEPI多次激发弥散加权成像扫描。扫描中使用外周搏动门控减少脑脊液搏动伪影 ,同时使用自动匀场、抑脂技术和自动导航技术以减少各种伪影和增加图像的清晰度。结果　 3 3例均获得弥散加权图像和弥散系数图。 10例水肿型脊髓外伤表现表面弥散系数 (ADC)减低 ,ADC图低信号 ;18例椎间盘突出ADC增高 ,ADC图高信号。结论　合理应用扫描技术 ,可实现颈髓弥散加权成像 ,对颈髓病变的早期诊断具有较高的临床应用价值。     

磁共振弥散成像在脑梗死诊断中的应用价值探讨

目的　探讨磁共振弥散成像对脑梗死的应用价值。方法　对 60例脑梗死患者行磁共振常规及弥散成像。结果　早期脑梗死DWI显示优于常规MRI,急性、亚急性和慢性脑梗死病灶在磁共振弥散加权图像的表现各有特点 ,ADC呈规律性变化。结论　合理的应用磁共振弥散成像可提高脑梗死的诊断准确性。     

大脑磁共振弥散张量成像研究进展

弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging DTI)是一种新近应用于临床的具有无创伤性优点的新的磁共振成像方法,其可以定量分析大脑的微细结构,如可定量分析病变组织和正常组织的弥散特征,从而为疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断提供更多的信息.     

弥散加权成像及表观弥散系数在前列腺病变诊断中的价值

目的：探讨弥散加权成像（DWI）及表观弥散系数（ADC）在前列腺病变诊断中的应用价值。方法对64例前列腺病病变患者采用磁共振常规扫描和磁共振弥散加权成像检查,选取感兴趣区记录DWI的信号强度和表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient ,ADC）值,并对得到的数据进行方差分析。结果64例经经手术或穿刺活检诊断结果显示前列腺癌35例,前列腺增生29例。当b取800s／mm2时,以前列腺癌组外周带癌灶的平均ADC值单值上界95％可信区间的上限为0．87×10‐3 mm2／s ,而前列腺增生结节的ADC值单值上界95％可信区间的上限为1．30×10‐3 mm2／s ,两组ADC之间无交叉,所以以ADC值≤0．87×10‐3 mm2／s作为诊断前列腺癌的阈值,其诊断敏感度为88．57％,特异性为89.66％,准确性为89．06％,Kappa＝0．67,P ＜0．01,说明其与病理结果具有较好的一致性。结论 DWI对于前列腺增生、前列腺癌可提供定量诊断信息,ADC值是鉴别前列腺增生与前列腺癌的一个很有价值的参数。     

正常与退变腰椎间盘磁共振弥散加权成像的对比研究及其临床意义

目的：探讨磁共振弥散加权成像（DWI）及表观弥散系数测量值（ADC值）在腰椎间盘退变中的临床应用价值并对可能影响ADC值的相关因素进行分析。方法：对24例健康志愿者和16例腰腿痛患者进行常规T2WI及DWI扫描检查,进行相关研究。结果：正常腰椎间盘ADC值与年龄、性别、体重指数均无相关性。正常与退变椎间盘平均ADC值分别为（1.82±0.70）×10^-3mm^2/s和（1.22±0.27）×10^-3mm^2/s,正常与退变之间差异具有统计学意义。结论：弥散加权成像ADC测量值对退变椎间盘的诊断有一定的临床价值,利用磁共振弥散加权成像ADC值诊断退变椎间盘时可不考虑年龄、性别和体重指数的影响。     

Diffusion-weighted and diffusion-tensor imaging of normal and diseased uterus

Owing to technical advances and improvement of the software, diffusion weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DWI and DTI) greatly improved the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic region. These imaging sequences can exhibit important tissue contrast on the basis of random diffusion (Brownian motion) of water molecules in tissues. Quantitative measurements can be done with DWI and DTI by apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values respectively. ADC and FA values may be changed by various physiological and pathological conditions providing additional information to conventional MRI. The quantitative DWI assists significantly in the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. It can demonstrate the microstructural architecture and celluler density of the normal and diseased uterine zones. On the other hand, DWI and DTI are useful for monitoring the treatment outcome of the uterine lesions. In this review, we discussed advantages of DWI and DTI of the normal and diseased uterus.     

Diffusion weighted imaging: Technique and applications

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) is a method of signal contrast generation based on the differences in Brownian motion. DWI is a method to evaluate the molecular function and micro-architecture of the human body. DWI signal contrast can be quantified by apparent diffusion coefficient maps and it acts as a tool for treatment response evaluation and assessment of disease progression. Ability to detect and quantify the anisotropy of diffusion leads to a new paradigm called diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is a tool for assessment of the organs with highly organised fibre structure. DWI forms an integral part of modern state-of-art magnetic resonance imaging and is indispensable in neuroimaging and oncology. DWI is a field that has been undergoing rapid technical evolution and its applications are increasing every day. This review article provides insights in to the evolution of DWI as a new imaging paradigm and provides a summary of current role of DWI in various disease processes.     

3.0T MR扩散张量成像在脑梗死诊断中的应用

目的：探讨3.0T磁共振扩散张量成像（DTI）对脑梗死的诊断价值。方法：对75例不同时期脑梗死患者进行MRI常规检查、扩散加权成像（DWI）及DTI检查,重建平均扩散系数（DCavg）图及部分各向异性（FA）图。以T2WI与DWI图像为参照,测定各期脑梗死灶及对侧正常脑组织的平均DCavg值、平均FA值,并进行统计学处理。结果：与对侧正常脑组织相比,脑梗死平均DCavg值在超急性期及急性期显著减低（P〈0.01）,随着时间延长呈逐渐恢复升高的变化趋势;脑梗死平均FA值在超急性期无一致性变化,与对侧正常脑组织相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,可轻度升高或轻度降低,随着病程进展呈不可恢复持续减低规律。结论：联合DCavg值与FA值可对脑梗死进行更精确的临床分期,有助于及时准确了解脑梗死的病理生理改变,为临床治疗及预后判断提供依据。     

MR扩散峰度成像原理及其在中枢神经系统的初步应用

通过对水分子扩散运动的测量,扩散张量成像（ＤＴＩ）可以无创地对组织结构进行评价,而扩散峰度成像（ＤＫＩ）是以DTI为基础,对生物组织内水分子扩散的非高斯分布特征进行定量分析,揭示组织结构细微改变。DKI较DTI能提供更多关于组织微观结构的信息。综述DKI的原理及其在中枢神经系统的应用,包括神经退行性疾病、创伤性脑损伤、缺血性脑卒中、胶质瘤、多发性硬化、脑发育等。     

功能MRI在肌肉损伤中的应用进展

肌肉损伤的早期确诊有助于临床治疗与预后评估。常规MRI作为评估肌肉损伤的最佳影像方法已广泛应用于临床。而近年发展起来的T2 mapping、扩散加权成像（DWI）及扩散张量成像（DTI）等功能MRI技术能够反映肌肉损伤后病理、生理微观变化,可以无创、定量、客观地评估肌肉损伤的严重程度与再生修复情况,甚至可以早期发现肌肉损伤。就功能MRI在肌肉损伤评估方面的应用进展予以综述。     

Theory of diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography analysis

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques have been increasingly applied to the study of molecular displacement (diffusion) in biologic tissue. The magnetic resonance measurement of an effective diffusion tensor of water in tissues can provide unique biologically and clinically relevant information that is not available from other imaging modalities. For this purpose Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is applied. DTI is an MRI variation that may significantly improve our understanding of brain structure and neural connectivity. DTI measures are thought to be representative of brain tissue microstructure and are particularly useful for examining organized brain regions, such as white matter tract areas. DTI measures the water diffusion tensor using diffusion weighted pulse sequences sensitive to microscopic random water motion. The resultant images display and allow for quantification of how water diffuses along axes or diffusion encoding directions. This can help measure and quantify a tissue's orientation and structure, making it an ideal tool for examining cerebral white matter and neural fiber tracts. In this article we discuss the theory on which DTI depends on, how can be used in mapping fiber tracts. Also the fiber tracking algorithms are presented.     

Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain: review of clinical applications

Abstract We review the theoretical background to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and some of its commoner clinical applications, such as cerebral ischemia, brain maturation and traumatic brain injury. We also review its potential use in diseases such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimers disease. The value of DTI in the investigation of brain tumors and metabolic disorders is assessed.     

Diffusion-weighted imaging of the fetal brain in vivo.

A method of performing diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the fetal brain in utero is proposed. The major difficulty of performing diffusion imaging in utero is the presence of motion. By modifying conventional single-shot spin-echo echo-planar DWI with a short repetition time sequence, a sequence that performs DWI and DTI within a breath-hold of the mother (13 sec and 18 sec, respectively) was devised. T(1) weighting caused by the use of short repetition times is compensated by interspersing diffusion imaging with additional b=0 image acquisitions. In utero fetal brain DWI and DTI were performed using this sequence. Quantitative analysis revealed minimal differences in the obtained apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC; directionally averaged ADC) values when using this sequence. The method can be readily implemented in a clinical setting and is especially useful when scanning mothers who cannot tolerate lengthier breath-holds.     

多发性硬化患者脑灰质损害的MRI表现及扩散张量成像定量研究

目的 分析多发性硬化(MS)患者脑灰质病灶的MRI特征及表现正常的脑灰质(NAGM)是否存在隐匿性损伤.方法 对34例临床确诊的MS患者(MS组)和25名健康志愿者(对照组)行常规头颅MRI和扩散张量成像(DTI),观察MS的脑灰质病灶特征,测量深部灰质核团的平均扩散率(ADC)和各向异性分数(FA),采用非配对t检验比较两组间是否存在差异.结果 MR检查发现MS的脑灰质病灶共83个,占全部病灶(443个)的18.7%.分布以额叶最多,其次是颞叶与丘脑.大多数病灶呈圆形或类圆形,其中T2WI发现灰质病灶60个,液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列T2WI发现病灶78个,其中71个病灶呈高或稍高信号,3个病灶呈中心低、周围稍高的环形改变,4个呈低信号.扩散加权成像(DWI)发现高信号或低信号病灶36个,其中有9个小病灶在DWI呈明显高信号.其余病灶呈等信号而不能被发现.MS组尾状核头、壳核、丘脑的ADC值分别为(8.0±0.7)、(7.4 ±0.5)、(7.7±0.4)×10-4mm2/s,均高于对照组[分别为(7.4±0.6)、(7.0 ±0.5)、(7.2±0.7)×10-4mm2/s],差异具有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.079、-2.564、-2.722,P值均<0.05).结论 MS的脑灰质病灶在常规MRI和DWI上的表现有一定的特征,FLAIR联合DWI可提高病灶的检出,DTI可以反映出NAGM内的隐匿性损害.     

磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)在诊断中枢神经系统疾病中的应用

目的评价磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)在诊断中枢系统疾病中的用途。方法 86例临床证实的中枢神经系统疾病患者包括超急性及急性期脑梗死40例,脑肿瘤32例,脑白质疏松7例,多发性硬化4例,脑中毒3例以及作为正常对照的健康志愿者9例均经常规磁共振序列和DWI、DTI检查,对患侧和健侧大脑白质纤维束感兴趣区各向异性分数(FA)值进行定量分析,获得方向编码彩色(DEC)图和黑白各向异性(FA)图,扩散张量纤维束成像(DTI)显示脑白质纤维束走形方向、损伤、受压、移位等情况。结果健康组不同部位的脑白质的FA值不同,但大脑半球两侧的FA值差异无统计学意义。超急性(发病后小于6 h)脑梗死区白质FA值与对侧相比轻度增高或降低,急性期(发病后6～72 h)脑梗死区白质FA值显著减低,FA图为低信号,健侧脑白质为高信号,均有明显差别。良恶性脑肿瘤FA值仅在瘤周水肿区的比较中有统计学差异,FA图肿瘤实质为稍低信号,中心坏死及周围水肿表现为低信号。脑白质病变和正常对照组感兴趣区测量FA值,病变区FA值降低,两组差异有统计学意义。结论 DTI可无创且清晰地显示白质纤维束走行方向及分布情况,对诊断中枢神经系统病变有重要用途。