骨形态发生蛋白与骨缺损的治疗

骨缺损的治疗一直是骨科领域的难题，BMP的出现为骨缺损的治疗带来了希望，本对骨形态发生蛋白及其治疗骨缺损的研究现状进行了综述。     

骨形态发生蛋白基础及其基因治疗的研究进展

骨形态发生蛋白是由Ｕｒｉｓｔ[1] 在 196 5年对脱钙骨基质的成骨研究中发现的 ,他们将脱钙骨基质植入动物的皮下和肌肉内可诱导软骨化骨的过程 ,随后从骨中分离出了一种小分子量的糖蛋白 ,并发现这种糖蛋白具有异位成骨的作用。Ｗｏｚｎｅｙ和ＣｅｌｅｓｔｅＺ[2 ] 在1988年对这种骨提取物的肽链进行分析 ,并测出其氨基酸的序列 ,首次克隆出ＢＭＰ 2 ,ＢＭＰ 3,ＢＭＰ 4。至今 ,已有 4 0多种ＢＭＰ蛋白被成功地分离。ＢＭＰｓ属于ＴＧＦ β超家族成员 ,其多肽结构具有相同的结构特征 ,即碳末端氨基酸排列顺序具有明显的特征性。ＢＭＰ家族…     

骨形态发生蛋白在骨缺损修复研究中的应用现状

骨缺损是骨科治疗中的一个难题 ,骨形态发生蛋白 (ｂｏｎｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＢＭＰ)具有较强的诱导成骨能力 ,是目前治疗骨缺损、骨折不愈合常用的新材料和方法。国内外在这方面作了大量研究和应用 ,现综述如下 :1　ＢＭＰ的生物学特性ＢＭＰ是 1 965年Ｕｒｉｓｔ发现的[1 ] 一种存在于骨基质中的糖蛋白多肽 ,含有二硫键结构 ,分子量 1 8～ 30ＫＤ ,ＰＩ为 5 .0±0 .2。其来源于骨及骨源细胞 ,是骨代谢的旁分泌物 ,也是特异性的骨生长因子 ,它的靶细胞为血管周围具有潜在分化能力的间充质细胞。ＢＭＰ与靶细胞膜上…     

重组人骨形态发生蛋白—2诱导成骨作用的动物实验研究

骨形态发生蛋白（ｂｏｎｅ ｍｏｒｐｈｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ，ＢＭＰ）的主要作用和用途是诱导新骨形成和促进骨损伤的修复。作用采用多种动物模型，观察了大肠杆菌表达的重组人ＢＭＰ－２（ｒｈＢＭＰ－２）的生物学作用。小鼠股部肌肉内植入试验结果表明，ｒｈＢＭＰ－２具有较强的诱导成骨活性。植入后第２１天，局部有硬有的形成，新生骨有骨皮质和不规则的骨髓腔，植入区局部的股骨增粗，股骨重量明显增加。组织形     

假体周围骨溶解性骨缺损的转骨形态发生蛋白-2基因治疗

目的 模拟假体周围骨溶解环境,观察骨形态发生蛋白-2(BMP-2)基因治疗假体周围骨溶解性骨缺损的效果.方法 成年雄性Beagle犬6条,于股骨外髁造成假体周围3mm骨缺损区.1条动物的左侧缺损区植入1ml平均直径1μm的钛合金颗粒混悬液,右侧植入1ml磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),观察造模结果;其他5条动物双侧植入1ml钛合金颗粒混悬液,于术后2个月取出假体,植入转BMP-2基因冻干骨或单纯冻干骨,二次术后3个月取材,行组织学、组织形态计量学观察植骨愈合替代及界面骨整合情况.结果 颗粒造模术后2个月可见典型的骨溶解界膜组织形成.翻修术后3个月,冻干骨组见较多植骨残余,假体-骨界面基本为软组织界膜,假体骨接触率(BIC)为(1.38±1.22)%;基因治疗组见少量植骨残余,假体-骨界面有点状骨接触,BIC为(12.96±1.61)%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 采用BMP-2基因治疗可提高假体周围骨溶解性骨缺损的界面骨整合.     

冷冻同种异体皮质骨复合重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2修复兔大段负重骨缺损

我们将深低温冷冻同种异体皮质骨与重组人骨形态发生蛋白 2 (rhBMP 2 )、Ⅰ型可吸收胶原海绵 (ACS)复合 ,植入兔股骨大段缺损处 ,探讨其修复功能。一、材料与方法1.试剂与异体骨 :rhBMP 2 (北京军事医学科学院 ) ;Ⅰ型可吸收胶原海绵(ACS ,北京益而康生物有限公司 ) ;-80℃深低温冰箱保存同种异体皮质管状骨(自制 )。2 .动物分组 :健康新西兰大白兔 40只 ,体重 2 .5～ 3 .0kg ,雌雄不分。随机分成 5组 ,每组 8只兔。A组 :植入异体骨 +rhBMP 2 +ACS ;B组 :植入异体骨+rhBMP 2 ;C组 :植入异体骨 +ACS ;D组 :单纯植入异体骨 ;E组 …     

骨形态发生蛋白在脊柱融合应用中的安全性研究

重组人骨形态发生蛋白(rhBMPS)是一种强有力的骨诱导因子，动物实验证实其有良好的异位和原位成骨效果^[1]。在多种动物脊柱融合模型中，应用rhBMPS取得了满意的融合效果，为其过渡到临床应用打下基础。和从异种动物骨中提取的BMPS相比，通过基因重组技术获得的纯化rhBMPS去除了非骨诱导性、可能引起免疫反应的蛋白，且     

复合骨形态发生蛋白生物材料修复骨缺损的研究

具有很强的成骨诱导活性的骨形态发生蛋白分别与单种生物陶瓷、天然聚合物或人工聚合物复合构成生物活性材料,使材料的骨传导作用与骨形态发生蛋白的骨诱导作用相结合,增加修复骨缺损的能力;同时与生物陶瓷和天然聚合物复合,或与生物陶瓷和人工聚合物复合,使骨形态发生蛋白释放速度减缓、在界面上维持较高浓度,诱导活性得到充分发挥,成骨作用加强。骨形态发生蛋白复合材料对长管骨大段骨缺损修复的作用尚待研究。     

带肌瓣复合骨形态发生蛋白形成骨桥修复骨缺损

目的：探讨带筹办共肌瓣作为骨形态发生蛋白（ＢＭＰ）载体修复骨缺损的可行性。方法：将新西兰大白兔前肢指深屈肌转位对桡骨下段１２ｍｍ骨缺损区,分带血供肌瓣复合ＢＭＰ组和单纯ＢＭＰ组进行观察检测。结果：以带血供肌瓣复合ＢＭＰ修复骨缺损,３周时肌瓣内可触及串状团块,有大量软骨细胞生成,沿肌间隙分布。６周时骨桥已与宿主骨紧密结合软骨溶解区有大量编织骨形成,已出现骨髓腔并与宿主骨髓腔再通,肌纤维被增殖的间充质     

骨修复中骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）成骨机理的研究及其应用现状

在成年人成熟器官和组织中 ,只有一种组织能返祖到胚胎状态中 ,这就是骨组织。骨代谢与损伤时的修复过程与胚胎状态时极为相似 ,是一个极其复杂的过程。骨形成需要三个必要条件 :( 1)刺激因子 ;( 2 )靶细胞 ;( 3)特定的环境 ,即始于一组未分化的前体细胞移行到损伤部位 ,然后在一定生长因子刺激下开始发生形态变化 ,定向分化为成骨细胞 ,合成胶原 ,形成钙化的骨组织。这一过程受多种因素影响 ,就内在因素而言 ,有两种机制 :激素调节钙—磷代谢的系统作用和骨生长因子的局部调节作用。这些作用通过自分泌和旁分泌系统促进成骨细胞增殖和骨基…     

rhPTHl-34对成骨细胞增殖及BMP-7、BMP-9基因表达的影响

目的 研究重组人甲状旁腺激素1-34(rhPTH1-34)对成骨细胞增殖及BMP-7、BMP-9基因表达的影响.方法 通过不同剂量的重组人甲状旁腺素(rhPTH1-34)(0、10-11、10-10、10-9、10-8、10-7mol/L)间歇性(24 h/周期,前12 h rhPTH1-34干预)刺激体外培养的成骨细胞,用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞的增殖能力,RT-PCR法检测成骨细胞BMP-7、BMP-9基因的表达.结果 间歇性小剂量rhPTH1-34可明显促进成骨细胞的增殖能力及增强BMP-7、BMP-9基因的表达.结论 间歇性小剂量rhPTH1-34可促进成骨细胞增殖,可能与BMP-7、BMP-9基因表达相关.     

The effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-12, and adenoviral bone morphogenetic protein-12 on matrix synthesis in human annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus cells

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potential therapeutic factors for degenerative discs, and BMP-12 does not have the osteogenic potential of BMP-2, making it better suited for intradiscal injection. However, no reports have compared the actions of BMP-2 and -12 on human annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells nor evaluated adenoviral-mediated gene therapy in human AF cells. PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the effects of recombinant human (rh) BMP-2, rhBMP-12, and adenoviral BMP-12 (Ad-BMP-12) on nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis cell matrix protein synthesis. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro study using rhBMP-2 and -12 and adenoviral BMP-12 with human intervertebral disc (IVD) cells. METHODS: Human NP and AF IVD cells were isolated, maintained in monolayer, and incubated with BMP-2 or -12 for 2 days. AF and NP cells were transduced with Ad-BMP-12, pellets formed, and incubated for 6 days. Growth factor-treated cells were labelled with either 35-S or 3H-proline to assay matrix protein synthesis. RESULTS: rhBMP-2 increased NP proteoglycan, collagen, and noncollagen protein synthesis to 355%, 388%, and 234% of control. RhBMP-12 increased the same NP matrix proteins' synthesis to 140%, 143%, and 160% of control. Effects on AF matrix protein synthesis were minimal. Ad-BMP-12 significantly increased matrix protein synthesis and DNA content of AF and NP cells in pellet culture. NP synthesis of all matrix proteins and AF synthesis of proteoglycans was increased when the data were normalized to pellet DNA. AF synthesis of noncollagen protein and collagen was not modulated by Ad-BMP-12 if the data are normalized to pellet DNA content. CONCLUSIONS: Both rhBMP-2 and -12 increase human NP cell matrix protein synthesis while having minimal effects on AF cells. However, Ad-BMP-12 did increase matrix protein synthesis in both NP and AF cells, making it a potential therapy for enhancing matrix production in the IVD. These responses plus the proliferative action of Ad-BMP-12 seen in the current studies, and the lack of an osteogenic action noted in other studies justifies future studies to determine if gene therapy with BMP-12 could provide protective and/or reparative actions in degenerating discs.     

Repair of bone allograft fracture using bone morphogenetic protein-2

Long-term clinical data have shown that reconstruction using bone allografts provide adequate function after extensive tumor surgery. Complications such as nonunion of allograft-host interface, infection, and allograft fracture often require major revision surgeries. Allograft fractures usually do not induce the same repair process that is seen in normal fracture healing. The authors did an experimental study to test whether bone morphogenetic protein-2 can induce and achieve osseous repair in an allograft osteotomy model. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was applied at femoral intercalary allograft osteotomy sites in 20 rats. Forty additional rats served as controls (carrier alone and sham). Specimens in all groups were examined histologically and radiographically at 4 and 8 weeks. Specimens in the control groups showed only fibrosis by 8 weeks. In contrast, none of 10 specimens in the experimental group showed radiographic union at 8 weeks. New bone formation and integration with underlying allografts were seen in the experimental group as early as 4 weeks. These data suggest that fracture repair in the allograft bone can be triggered by a biologic regulator that is expressed during normal fracture healing.     

骨形态发生蛋白-7在前列腺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的 研究骨形态发生蛋白-7(BMP-7)在前列腺癌(PCa)组织中的表达及意义.方法 经病理检查确诊PCa组织标本87例.患者平均年龄66(59～78)岁,术前或穿刺前血清总PSA(t-PSA)平均45.7(2.4～138.2)ng/ml.Gleason评分≤6分37例,7分18例,≥8分32例.临床分期:I期(T1a N0 M0)+Ⅱ期(T1b N0M0,T1cN0M0,T2N0M0)20例,Ⅲ期(T3N0M0)20例.Ⅳ期(T4N0M0,TxN1M0,TxN0M1)47例,其中TxN0M1 45例.根据核素骨扫描或正电子发射计算机体层成像CT检查结果分为:PCa无骨转移42例,PCa伴骨转移45例.以30例BPH组织标本为对照,患者平均年龄68(57～88)岁.免疫组织化学PV法检测BMP-7在PCa组织和BPH组织中的表达,统计学分析2组及PCa组内表达差异,PCa组织中BMP-7与血清t-PSA相关性采用Pearson相关性分析. 结果BPH组织中BMP-7表达吸光度A值为70.55±5.41,PCa组织中为70.47±6.18,2者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).PCa无骨转移组BMP-7表达吸光度A值为65.94±1.76,伴有骨转移组为74.80±5.76,2者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Gleason评分≤6分者吸光度A值为65.96±1.56,7分者为65.83±2.75,≥8分者为78.06±1.39.≤6分和7分者分别与≥8分相比,BMP-7表达A值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).临床分期编组中Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期BMP-7表达A值为65.86±1.72,Ⅲ期为65.87±1.85,Ⅳ期为74.49±5.83,Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期分别与Ⅳ期相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).PCa组织中BMP-7表达A值与血清t-PSA值呈正相关关系(r=0.77,P<0.05).结论 病理Gleason高评分、临床分期、已发生骨转移的PCa组织中高表达BMP-7,BMP-7表达水平与血清t-PSA具有正相关性,提示BMP-7可能是促进PCa细胞发生骨转移的重要细胞因子之一.     

The protective role of bone morphogenetic protein-8 in the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis on bone cells

One of the side effects associated with glucocorticoid therapy is glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. Glucocorticoids partly detain bone formation via the inhibition of osteoblastic function, however, the exact mechanism of this inhibition remains elusive. In this study, we examined the effect of dexamethasone, an active glucocorticoid analogue, on cell viability and expression of bone remodelling-related genes in primary mouse calvarial and cloned MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Using sensitive biochemical assays, we demonstrated the apoptotic effect of dexamethasone on osteoblastic cells. Then, utilizing Taqman probe-based quantitative RT-PCR technology, gene expression profiles of 111 bone metabolism-related genes were determined. As a result of dexamethasone treatment we have detected significant apoptotic cell death, and six genes, including Smad3, type-2 collagen α-1, type-9 collagen α-1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, bone morphogenetic protein-4 and bone morphogenetic protein-8 showed (BMP-8) significant changes in their expression on a time- and concentration-dependent manner. BMP-8, (a novel player in bone-metabolism) exhibited a two orders of magnitude elevation in its mRNA level and highly elevated protein concentration by Western blot in response to dexamethasone treatment. The knockdown of BMP-8 by RNA interference significantly increased dexamethasone-induced cell death, confirming a protective role for BMP-8 in the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of osteoblasts. Our results suggest that BMP-8 might be an essential player in bone metabolism, especially in response to glucocorticoids.     

Clinical evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 is an osteoinductive protein that plays a pivotal role in bone growth and regeneration. Several hundred studies were conducted in the past 7 years in numerous animal models to establish unequivocally the efficacy, safety, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and surgical handling properties of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, building a solid foundation for clinical development programs. Pilot clinical trials have shown the feasibility and safety of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 treatment, and defined the effective dose for its use in open long bone fractures and for augmentation or preservation of the alveolar bone in the dental ridge. Prospective observational clinical studies helped define clinical efficacy end points, identify significant variables, and estimate appropriate population sample size for pivotal clinical trials. Pivotal clinical trials of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 are underway in patients with open tibial shaft fractures and in patients with a deficiency of the alveolar ridge.     

Adenovirus-mediated direct gene therapy with bone morphogenetic protein-2 produces bone

The need to improve bone healing permeates the discipline of orthopedic surgery. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are capable of inducing ectopic and orthotopic bone formation. However, the ideal approach with which to deliver BMPs remains unknown. Gene therapy to deliver BMPs offers several theoretical advantages over implantation of a recombinant BMP protein, including persistent BMP delivery and eliminating the need for a foreign body carrier. A replication defective adenoviral vector was constructed to carry the rhBMP-2 gene (AdBMP-2). The direct in vivo gene therapy approach was applied in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent animals to produce intramuscular bone as early as 2 weeks following injection. Radiographic and histologic analysis revealed radiodense bone containing mature bone marrow elements. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of a marker gene (β-galactosidase) into control animals produced no bone but indicated the cells transduced with the AdBMP-2 vector. Furthermore, comparisons between immunodeficient and immunocompetent animals illustrated the magnitude and significance of the immune response. Gene therapy to deliver BMP-2 has innumerable potential clinical applications from bone defect healing to joint replacement prosthesis stabilization. This study is the first to establish the feasibility of in vivo gene therapy to deliver active BMP-2 and produce bone.     

Renal bone morphogenetic protein-7 protects against diabetic nephropathy

Longstanding diabetes causes renal injury with early dropout of podocytes, albuminuria, glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and progressive renal failure. The renal pathology seems to be driven, in part, by TGF-beta and is associated with a loss of renal bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) expression. Here, the hypothesis that maintenance of renal (especially podocyte) BMP-7 by transgenic expression reduces diabetic renal injury was tested. Diabetic mice that expressed the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter-driven BMP-7 transgene and nondiabetic, transgenic mice as well as diabetic and nondiabetic wild-type controls were studied for up to 1 yr. Transgenic expression of BMP-7 in glomerular podocytes and proximal tubules prevents podocyte dropout and reductions in nephrin levels in diabetic mice. Maintenance of BMP-7 also reduces glomerular fibrosis and interstitial collagen accumulation as well as collagen I and fibronectin expression. Diabetic wild-type mice develop progressive albuminuria, which is substantially reduced in transgenic mice. These effects of the BMP-7 transgene occur without changing renal TGF-beta levels. It is concluded that maintenance of renal BMP-7 during the evolution of diabetic nephropathy reduces diabetic renal injury, especially podocyte dropout. The findings also establish a role for endogenous glomerular BMP-7 as an autocrine regulator of podocyte integrity in vivo.