氨咖黄敏胶囊鉴别(1)(2)方法的改进

氨咖黄敏胶囊为抗感冒类药，是治疗普通感冒及流行性感冒引起的发热、头痛、鼻塞、咽痛等症状的常用药，其主要成份为对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏、人工牛黄。在实际工作中，我们按《国家药品标准》化学药品地方标准上升国家标准第三册P263所载氨咖黄敏胶囊鉴别方法进行检验，鉴别（1）法对乙酰氨基酚与马来酸氯苯那敏的薄层色谱鉴别，该法由于熏碘蒸汽操作不当.     

薄层色谱法同时鉴别氨咖黄敏胶囊的三种成分

氨咖黄敏胶囊质量标准收载于《国家药品标准》。按鉴别（1）项下所述方法试验，鉴别样品中的对乙酰氨基酚与马来酸氯苯那敏，结果供试品与对照品的色谱相应位置上难以得到马来酸氯苯那敏的颜色斑点。该品种咖啡因的定性被列在鉴别（2）项，采用化学反应方法，操作繁琐，反应步骤多，耗时费力。为此本文通过试验，由硅胶GF254。板代替硅胶G板，并改进展开剂的组成，用薄层色谱法同时鉴别氨咖黄敏胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚、马来酸氯苯那敏、咖啡因，结果所得斑点均清晰明显，重复性好，稳定可靠。     

LC-MS/MS法研究氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷

［摘要］　目的：建立准确、灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）同时测定人血浆中的对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏，并研究健康受试者单剂量口服氨金黄敏颗粒参比和试验制剂后的药动学和相对生物利用度。方法： 20名健康男性受试者进行随机双交叉试验，分别单剂量口服2袋氨金黄敏颗粒（每袋含对乙酰氨基酚150 mg，盐酸金刚烷胺50 mg，人工牛黄10 mg，马来酸氯苯那敏2 mg）参比制剂和试验制剂。以盐酸克仑特罗为内标，采用ESI正离子选择性反应监测测定对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏血浆浓度，计算药动学参数及进行上述三成份的生物利用度评价。结果：由AUC0-τ估算，试验制剂中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏的相对生物利用度（F）分别为(99.6±19.8)%，(98.9±16.0)%，(87.8±13.5)%。结论：建立的LC-MS/MS测定法准确、灵敏，结果可靠；统计分析表明氨金黄敏颗粒试验制剂和参比制剂中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏的吸收、分布、消除速率与程度均无明显差异。     

11种中成药中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的TLC鉴别

对乙酰氨基酚 (扑热息痛 )、马来酸氯苯那敏 (扑尔敏 ) ,普遍用于复方制剂 ,药典中采用理化和红外光谱鉴别[1 ] ,但在复方制剂中鉴别就较少报道。本文用ＴＬＣ法同时鉴别 11种复方制剂中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏 ,专属性强 ,结果较为满意。1　实验材料本实验所用样品来自本所抽验留样及部分自购 ,分别把其编号列于下表 (薄层色谱样品编号与表相同 )。对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏对照品 (中国药品生物制品检定所 ) ;硅胶Ｇ (青岛海洋化工厂生产 )、碘 (上海试剂四厂生产 )均为化学纯 ,其它试剂均为分析纯。ＳＢ32 0 0超声波清洗器 :上…     

LC—MS／MS法研究氨酚烷胺胶囊的人体药动学及相对生物利用度

目的：建立准确、灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC—MS／MS）同时测定人血浆中的对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏浓度，并研究健康受试者单剂量口服氨酚烷胺胶囊参比制剂和试验制剂后的药动学和相对生物利用度。方法：24名健康男性受试者进行随机双交叉试验，随机单剂量口服1粒氨酚烷胺胶囊（每粒含对乙酰氨基酚250mg、盐酸金刚烷胺100mg、咖啡因15mg和马来酸氯苯那敏2mg）参比制剂和试验制剂后采集血样，以盐酸克仑特罗为内标，采用ESI正离子选择性反应监测同时测定对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏血浆浓度，计算药动学参数及进行生物等效性评价。结果：由AUC0-τ估算，试验制剂中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺、咖啡因和马来酸氯苯那敏的相对生物利用度（F）分别为（99．2±21．4）％，（102．8±38．5）％，（112．0±53．1）％，（102．4±43．1）％。结论：建立的LC—MS／MS测定法准确、灵敏．结果可靠；统计分析表明氨酚烷胺胶囊试验制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

LC-MS/MS法研究氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏的人体药动学及相对生物利用度

目的建立准确、灵敏的液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)同时测定人血浆中的对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏,并研究健康受试者单剂量口服氨金黄敏颗粒参比和试验制剂后的药动学和相对生物利用度.方法20名健康男性受试者进行随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量口服2袋氨金黄敏颗粒(每袋含对乙酰氨基酚150mg,盐酸金刚烷胺50mg,人工牛黄10mg,马来酸氯苯那敏2ms)参比制剂和试验制剂.以盐酸克仑特罗为内标,采用ESI正离子选择性反应监测测定对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏血浆浓度,计算药动学参数及进行上述三成份的生物利用度评价.结果由AUC0-T估算,试验制剂中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏的相对生物利用度(F)分别为(99.6 ±19.8)%,(98.9±16.0)%,(87.8±13.5)%.结论建立的LC-MS/MS测定法准确、灵敏,结果可靠;统计分析表明氨金黄敏颗粒试验制剂和参比制剂中对乙酰氨基酚、盐酸金刚烷胺和马来酸氯苯那敏的吸收、分布、消除速率与程度均无明显差异.     

感冒类中成药中非法添加化学药品的检出方法

目的探讨感冒类中成药中对乙酰氨基酚、马来酸氯苯那敏和地西泮的检出方法。方法采用薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法检测感冒胶囊和感冒清热颗粒中添加的3种成分。结果感冒胶囊中检测出对乙酰氨基酚,感冒清热颗粒中检测出对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏,2种药物中均未检测出地西泮。结论薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法均可用于感冒类中成药中非法添加化学药品的检出。     

氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏含量测定及含量均匀度方法研究

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度。 方法：色谱柱为Grace Alltima C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);以三乙胺溶液(取三乙胺1mL,加水1000mL,用磷酸调节pH值至2.6)-乙腈(82:18)为流动相;检测波长为222nm(马来酸氯苯那敏)、245nm(对乙酰氨基酚);进样量为10μL。结果：对乙酰氨基酚在6～125μg.mL-1、马来酸氯苯那敏在4～103μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积均呈良好线性关系,分别为r =1.0000(n=5)、r = 0.9999(n=5);对乙酰氨基酚的平均回收率为99.6%,RSD%为2.17%(n=9);马来酸氯苯那敏的平均回收率为102.6%,RSD%为1.52%(n=9)。收集的5家生产企业10批样品,测得对乙酰氨基酚标示含量99.4%～103.5%,马来酸氯苯那敏标示含量84.8%～99.7%,马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度A+2.2S为6.0～26.0,其中3批A+S大于15.0。结论：本法能同时测定氨金黄敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、马来酸氯苯那敏的含量,以及马来酸氯苯那敏含量均匀度,专属准确,为氨金黄敏颗粒质量标准的完善和提高提供依据。     

小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒制备工艺研究

目的：研究湿法制粒法制备小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒的影响因素及制备工艺.方法：采用正交试验设计,使用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）同时测定对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量均匀度,并通过综合评分优选制备工艺.结果：最佳制备工艺为：物料过100目筛,采用三维混合方式混合20 min,马来酸氯苯那敏以黏合剂方式加入,所制备的颗粒符合质量要求.结论：本研究所得最佳制备工艺操作简便,对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量均匀度较高,工艺稳定性较好.     

氨咖黄敏胶囊鉴别方法的改进

氨咖黄敏胶囊(原名:速效伤风胶囊)是最常见的一种抗感冒药,每粒(片)含对乙酰氨基酚250mg,咖啡因15mg,马来酸氯苯那敏1mg,人工牛黄10mg.现收载于<国家药品标准>(化学药品地方标准上升国家标准第三册),对乙酰氨基酚和马来酸氯苯那敏已采用薄层色谱法鉴别,而对咖啡因的鉴别尚需提取、蒸干等,方法繁琐,费时.本文以薄层色谱法同时对对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、马来酸氯苯那敏3种成份进行鉴别;原标准中人工牛黄鉴别采用化学反应的方法,但专属性不强,颜色不明显,本实验也采用薄层色谱法,可鉴别人工牛黄中的胆酸、猪去氧胆酸两种成份,专属性强,斑点明显,操作简便快速,结果较为满意.     

Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of peracetylated alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins

Polymorphism, pseudopolymorphism, and amorphism of hexakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-alpha-cyclodextrin (TAalphaCyD), heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TAbetaCyD), and octakis(2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin (TAgammaCyD) were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and optical microscopy. An anhydrous and a bi-hydrate crystalline forms of TAalphaCyD, two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and three pseudopolymorphs (i.e. methanolate, hydrate, and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAbetaCyD, as well as two monotropic anhydrous polymorphs and isostructural pseudopolymorphs (e.g. hydrate and isopropanolate-hydrate) of TAgammaCyD were isolated and characterized. The amorphous forms of each TACyD were also obtained. Thermal data for desolvation of TAalphaCyD.2H2O and TAbetaCyD.CH3OH were reconciled with their crystal packing features. Melting temperatures and enthalpies of the crystalline forms of each TACyD can be referred to for possible solid-state interactions with drugs.     

Synthesis,anti-inflammatory,analgesic, and antibacterial activities of some triazole,triazolothiadiazole, and triazolothiadiazine derivatives

This study is concerned with the synthesis of new 1,2,4-triazoles, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and 1,3,4-thiadiazines derivatives. Derivatives 3a–i were obtained by condensation of 4-amino-3-(4-pyridine)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole 1 with the appropriate aldehyde. Compounds 4a–i were synthesized in a one pot reaction involving compounds 3a–i, formaldehyde, and morpholine. Condensation of compound 1 with the appropriate acids or 4-substituted phenacyl bromide gave compounds 6a–d and 8a–f respectively. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized derivatives were elucidated using different spectral and elemental methods of analysis. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity and the most potent derivatives were tested for their analgesic activity using indomethacin as a reference drug. In addition, ulcerogenicity and LD₅₀ for the most active compounds were evaluated. Moreover, the antibacterial activities of the newly synthesized derivatives were investigated.     

New synthesis of benzo-delta-carbolines, cryptolepines, and their salts: in vitro cytotoxic, antiplasmodial, and antitrypanosomal activities of delta-carbolines, benzo-delta-carbolines, and cryptolepines

The paper describes, in its first part, a new synthesis of benzo-delta-carbolines, cryptolepines, and their salts. The strategy is based on the association between halogen-dance and hetero-ring cross-coupling. It is fully convergent and regioselective with interesting overall yields from 27% to 70%. A halogen-dance mechanism in quinoline series is also proposed. The formal synthesis of potential antimalarial compounds and the first total synthesis of 11-isopropylcryptolepine are also described. In the second part, cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells and activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi of benzo-delta-carbolines and delta-carbolines were evaluated in vitro to study the structure-activity relationships. For benzo-delta-carbolines, methylation at N-5 increases the cytotoxic and antiparasitic activities. A further alkylation on C-11 generally increases the cytotoxic activity but not the antiparasitic activity, cryptolepine and 11-methylcryptolepine being the most active on both parasites. Taking advantage of the fluorescence of the indoloquinoline chromophore, cryptolepine was localized by fluorescence microscopy in parasite DNA-containing structures suggesting that these compounds act through interaction with parasite DNA as proposed for cryptolepine on melanoma cells. For delta-carbolines, methylation at N-1 is essential for the antimalarial activity. 1-Methyl-delta-carboline specifically accumulates in the intracellular parasite. It has weak cytotoxic activity and can be considered as a potential antimalarial compound.     

Stereospecific and circadian-phase-dependent kinetic behavior of d,l-, l-, and d-propranolol in plasma, heart, and brain of light--dark-synchronized rats

In light--dark-synchronized male rats, the kinetic behavior of d,l-, l-, and d-propranolol after single (1.78 and 8.89 mg/kg) or multiple drug administration (6 X 8.89 mg/kg) was studied in plasma, heart, and brain both in the light period (L) and in the dark period (D). With either dosage regimen the kinetics of racemic propranolol displayed a temporal dependency, elimination half-lives in plasma, heart, and brain being shorter during D than during L. This was observed with the stereoisomers only after single drug application with no circadian phase dependency at steady-state concentrations. On the other hand, the kinetic behavior of l- and d-propranolol exhibited pronounced stereospecificity in that t1/2 Beta, Vdbeta, plasma clearance, and drug accumulation in heart and brain were greater for l-propranolol than for the d-isomer. Stereospecific differences in t1/2 beta and elimination rate were more pronounced during D. In the light of the flow-dependent hepatic extraction of propranolol it is unlikely that daily variations in microsomal liver enzyme activity are responsible for the chronopharmacokinetics of propranolol. It is assumed that daily variations in liver blood flow, which is more effectively reduced by beta-receptor blockade in the period of increased sympathetic tone during D, are mainly responsible for the chronopharmocokinetics of the therapeutically used d,l-propranolol.     

PCP, THC, ethanol, and morphine and consumption of palatable solutions

Water-deprived rats were given daily opportunities (2.0-hr sessions) to take water or a sweet solution (20% or 24% sugar-water). After stable intakes of each fluid were achieved, the effects of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ethanol (E), and morphine (M) on intakes were tested. PCP, THC, and M all enhanced intake of the sweet solution, while E produced varying effects across doses tested. With other rats, nearly the same procedure was used except that the test solution presented with water was 0.9% sodium chloride. Doses of PCP enhanced intake of the salty solution. These data, combined with the data from similar studies of the effects of opioids and benzodiazepines, indicate that a wide variety of agents that are self-administered also modify intake of ingesta.     

Combination action of sisomicin, dibekacin and cefotetan, cefotaxime, latamoxef, and cefsulodin against Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The combined actions of sisomicin (SISO), dibekacin (DKB) and cefotetan (CTT), cefotaxime (CTX), latamoxef (LMOX), cefsulodin (CFS) against E coli KC-14, S. marcescens T-55 and P. aeruginosa E-2 were studied. The following results were obtained. The combination of SISO-CTT, SISO-CTX, SISO-LMOX, SISO-CFS, DKB-CTT, DKB-CTX, DKB-LMOX and DKB-CFS using the checker board dilution method on E. coli KC-14, S. marcescens T-55, P. aeruginosa E-2 were found to have a synergistic effect and the minimum FIC index values were 0.26--0.50 for SISO and 0.28--0.75 for DKB, respectively. With the killing kinetic method, all combinations tested showed a synergistic effect.     

Pharmacokinetics of Liquiritigenin in Mice,Rats, Rabbits,and Dogs,and Animal Scale-Up

Pharmacokinetics of liquiritigenin (LQ) and its two glucuronide metabolites, M1 and M2, in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs and animal scale-up of the pharmacokinetic parameters of LQ were evaluated. After intravenous administration of LQ, the AUC (AUC_0?t) values of LQ, M1, and M2 were proportional to LQ doses in all animals studied. Animal scale-up of some pharmacokinetic parameters of LQ was performed based on the parameters after its intravenous administration (20 mg/kg; in the linear pharmacokinetic range) to the four species. Linear relationships were obtained (r > 0.968) between log CL (or CL/f_u) (L/h) and log species body weight (W) (kg) [CL (or CL/f_u) = 3.29 (34.0) W^{0.723 (0.789)}] and log V_ss (or V_ss/f_u) (L) and log W (kg) [V_ss (or V_ss/f_u) = 0.340 (3.52) W^{0.882 (0.948)}]. Interspecies scale-up of plasma concentration–time data of LQ using apolysichron (complex Dedrick plots) resulted in similar profiles, and plasma concentration–time profile of humans were predicted using the well-fitted four animal data. Our results indicate that the LQ data obtained from laboratory animals could be utilized to generate preliminary estimates of the pharmacokinetic parameters of LQ in humans. These parameters can serve as guidelines for better planning of clinical studies. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:4327–4342, 2009     

Comparison of natriuretic, uricosuric, and antihypertensive properties of tienilic acid, bendrofluazide, and spironolactone.

The antihypertensive properties of the new diuretic tienilic acid were investigated. Thirteen previously untreated hypertensive patients took part in a double-blind crossover study in which 30 days' treatment with tienilic acid 250 mg, bendrofluazide 5 mg, and spironolactone 100 mg were compared. Bendrofluazide caused the greatest natriuresis on the first treatment day and the most rapid fall in blood pressure. The ultimate antihypertensive effect of all three drugs was similar. Tienilic acid caused a noticeable reduction in serum urate concentrations and a rise in urate clearance, in contrast to the other two agents, which caused slight urate retention. Tienilic acid and bendrofluazide caused falls and spironolactone a rise in plasma potassium concentrations. No untoward effects were seen from any of the drugs. It is concluded that tienilic acid is a moderately potent diuretic that lowers plasma urate concentrations. It may be the drug of first choice for hypertensive patients who already have gout or are likely to develop it when taking thiazide diuretics.     

Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of sitafloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, in rats, dogs, and monkeys

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of sitafloxacin (CAS 127254-12-0, DU-6859a) were investigated in rats, dogs, and monkeys following single intravenous or single oral administration of 14C-labelled sitafloxacin at a dose of 4.69 mg/kg. Following single administration of the oral dose, serum concentrations of radioactivity peaked at 0.5 h in rats, 2.3 h in dogs, and 2.5 h in monkeys. The apparent absorption ratios of 14C-sitafloxacin based on the AUC0-infinity were 31%, 51%, and 93% in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively. In rats, the drug-related radioactivity had been distributed to most organs and tissues 30 min after oral dosing, and had been essentially eliminated after 24 h. The highest levels of radioactivity were observed in the kidneys and liver, whereas the concentrations in the cerebrum and spinal cord were much lower than the serum value. The urinary recoveries of radioactivity after intravenous dosing were 45.5 % in rats, 32.3 % in dogs, and 77.8 % in monkeys. In bile duct-cannulated rats, 57.8 % of the orally administered radioactivity was excreted in the bile within 48 h, and at least 45 % of the sitafloxacin-related material secreted in the bile was re-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. These results indicate that sitafloxacin is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed into various tissues. Sitafloxacin-related material is eliminated primarily through both renal and biliary excretion in rats, and possibly in dogs, whereas renal excretion is the major route of elimination in monkeys.