腰椎关节突关节形态变化及其对腰椎退行滑脱的影响

目的：研究腰椎关节突关节形态变化及其对腰椎退行性变滑脱的影响。方法：随机抽取42例腰椎退行性变滑脱(LDS)、52例腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)的病人的X光、CT进行测量其椎间盘的高度比、关节突关节的角度以及关节突关节的横径数据进行统计处理与分析。结果：与LDH组相比，LDS组的关节突关节角偏矢状角，其椎间盘的高度比以及关节突关节的横径均较少。结论：腰椎关节突关节宽基部横径越小，该关节角度越趋于矢状位，腰椎滑移几率越高。     

侧隐窝横、矢径测量在腰椎管狭窄症的诊断意义

目的探讨侧隐窝狭窄的原因及其横、矢径测量在腰椎管狭窄症的诊断意义。方法利用30例横断面、8例矢状面标本,观测侧隐窝、黄韧带、椎间盘等结构。结果 (1)L3-5骨性侧隐窝矢径为(6.97±0.95)、(6.46±0.86)、(6.37±0.54)mm,盘黄间隙矢径为(7.21±0.82)、(7.20±0.79)、(7.01±0.59)mm;(2)椎间盘横径、矢径均存在性差,各椎体间的椎间盘也存在差异;黄韧带厚度、侧隐窝横径及矢径均无侧差,但黄韧带厚度存在性差,侧隐窝横径、矢径均无性差;(3)椎间盘前缘高度大于后缘,L4～5前、后缘高度之比较L5～S1小。结论⑴不同性别、不同腰椎间的形态数据存在显著差异;⑵椎间盘、黄韧带数据均可作为诊断侧隐窝狭窄的参考指标;⑶侧隐窝狭窄是导致腰椎管狭窄的一个重要因素。     

腰4、5退变性滑脱的相关解剖学和形态学参数的对比研究

目的观察成人退变性腰椎滑脱患者形态学参数和解剖学特征,探讨L4、L5退变性滑脱的差异性。方法回顾性分析124例退变性腰椎滑脱患者,男20例,女104例;年龄46~70岁(平均49.3岁);其中L4退变性滑脱103例,L5退变性滑脱21例;以75例年龄43~69岁(平均47.7岁)匹配的正常成人为对照组,男24例,女51例。在站立位全脊柱X线片上测量形态学参数:骨盆入射角(Pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(Pelvic tilt,PT)、骶骨倾斜角(Sacral slope,SS)、腰椎前凸角(Lumbar lordosis,LL)、胸椎后凸角(Thoracic kyphotic,TK)和矢状面平衡(Sagittal vertical axis,SVA);解剖学参数:髂骨高度(Iliac crest height,ICH)、骶骨平台角(Sacral table angle,STA)、L4和L5椎体指数(Lumbar index,LI)、L4和L5椎体相对横突长度(Transverse process length,TPL)和横突宽度(Transverse process width,TPW)。采用独立样本检验比较滑脱组与对照组及滑脱组内L4退变组、L5退变组之间的差异。结果滑脱组脊柱骨盆参数PI、PT、SS、LL和SVA为(57.9±10.3)°、(18.4±7.4)°、(39.9±8.3)°、(54.7±10.9)°和(28.6±18.2)mm,明显正常高于对照组的(43.7±11.6)°、(13.7±6.9)°、(30.2±8.2)°、(48.3±10.1)°和(13.1±19.9)mm(0.05)。滑脱组解剖学参数L4TPW、L5TPW、L4LI、L5LI和STA分别为(0.17±0.06)、(0.16±0.04)、(0.84±0.09)、(0.83±0.07)和(89.7±4.8)°,显著低于对照组为(0.25±0.09)、(0.23±0.07)、(0.94±0.06)、(0.92±0.08)和(98.8±3.5)°(0.05),滑脱组L4TPL和L5TPL较正常对照组无显著差异(0.05)。滑脱组内,L4DS组和L5DS组ICH分别为(0.67±1.1)和(-1.1±0.98),L4退变组组ICH值显著高于L5退变组(0.05),其它脊柱骨盆参数和解剖学参数均未见显著差异(0.05)。结论腰椎DS发生可能与矢状面形态和腰骶部解剖学特征有关,而DS发生的节段与髂骨高度有关,较高的髂骨则保护了L5使得L4发生滑脱风险增高。     

腰骶移行椎椎体及椎板的形态学特点及临床意义

目的:研究腰骶移行椎椎体及椎板的形态学特点,为临床诊治疗提供依据.方法:对91例腰骶移行椎椎体上面矢状径/横径,椎体前高/后高,上关节突关节面的矢状径、横径及其与正中矢状面夹角等进行测量.结果:腰骶移行椎椎体上面矢状径与横径比为0.64,前/后比为1.21.上关节突关节面高度,左(14.1±2.1)mm,右(13.9±1.5)mm;宽度,左(16.0±1.8)mm,右(16.2±1.5)mm;与正中矢状面夹角,左(56.3°±7.8°),右(55.9°±7.3°).结论:(1)腰骶移行椎椎体的形态与正常L5椎体形态相近,故在腰椎正侧位片及CT、MRI片难以根据其椎体形态学特点推断是否为移行椎,后路手术时很难根据椎板及棘突上关节突的形态特点来判断腰骶移行椎.(2)腰骶移行椎的下关节突明显小于上关节突,说明小关节突很少或几乎不向下传导应力.     

小关节角矢状化、椎间盘退变对退变性腰椎滑移作用的有限元研究

目的探讨小关节矢状化与椎间盘退变间的关系及其对退变性腰椎滑移的作用和意义。方法采用一种新型CAD方法精确构建65°小关节角、45°小关节角、25°小关节角与正常椎间盘、轻度退变椎间盘、重度退变椎间盘相组配的9种腰椎L4-L5活动节段有限元模型。生理压缩载荷下,分别对9种有限元模型的生物力学参数进行测试。结果与小关节角45°和25°有限元模型相比,小关节角65°有限元模型的矢状方向椎体前移位增加,关节突、峡部等效应力和关节突水平方向接触力明显增加;小关节角65°有限元模型的终板膨出减小,纤维环基质应力增加。与正常有限元模型相比,椎间盘轻度退变有限元模型刚度下降,小关节突及峡部应力轻度增加。9种有限元模型中,轻度退变椎间盘结合小关节角65°有限元模型的抗前剪力能力最差。结论小关节角矢状化既是退变性腰椎滑移的原发诱因,又是局部应力变化导致关节突再塑形的继发病理改变,矢状型小关节腰椎活动节段矢状方向内在不稳定性受椎间盘退变程度的影响,椎间盘退变对小关节角矢状化无明显促进作用。     

中国人腰椎间盘结构与人工椎间盘置换相关的参数测量

背景：全椎间盘置换已应用多年,但国内鲜见对人腰椎间盘结构测量的大样本系统研究。 目的：为中国人腰椎间盘假体置换手术和设计提供参考数据。 方法：选取中国成年尸体41具(男22例,女19例),解剖获得完整的腰椎标本。测量椎体软骨板断面厚度。随机抽取正常成年人标准腰椎正侧位X射线片157例(男89例,女68例)。测量椎体上/下横径、上/下矢状径和椎间隙高度。 结果与结论：成年尸体及正常成年人标准腰椎正侧位X射线片显示腰椎间盘软骨板厚度、椎体上/下横径、矢状径和椎间隙高度均不存在性别差异(P > 0.05)。除L1/2相邻椎体矢状径、L3/4相邻椎体横径和L4/5相邻椎体矢状径外,其余椎间盘相邻椎体横径或矢状径的差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),但各径线实测数值之间差距均较小。腰椎间隙自L1/2至L4/5逐渐增宽,前缘高度大于后缘高度。L5/S1椎间隙与其他腰椎间隙存在较大差异,其相邻终板间夹角明显增大。     

腰椎小关节不对称与小关节退变程度的关系及其临床意义

目的探讨退行性腰椎滑脱(Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis,DLS)腰椎小关节不对称与小关节退变程度的关系及其临床意义。方法随机从2004年5月～2009年8月我院收治的102例DLS患者中选取60例作为观察组,从300名在我院行体检无脊柱疾患的人员中选取与DLS组年龄、性别相匹配的60名作为对照组。在MRI上测量L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1两侧小关节角并计算出小关节不对称角度,同时观察小关节的退变程度,将其分为4度。并对所测参数进行相关性分析。结果腰椎左侧小关节方向比右侧更偏向矢状位,但这仅在DLS组L3/4(P=0.003)、L4/5(P=0.000)两个节段有统计学意义。两组L4/5小关节不对称与L3/4、L5/S1相比更严重,DLS组小关节不对称角度与对照组相应节段相比更大,小关节的退变程度更加严重,小关节不对称随着小关节退变程度的增加而增加。结论 (1)小关节不对称在下腰椎中普遍存在;(2)小关节不对称与小关节的退变程度呈正相关;(3)小关节不对称不仅是小关节骨性关节炎重塑的结果,而且是小关节先天存在的形态学异常;(4)小关节不对称增加了DLS的危险性,小关节不对称及退变程度对DLS具有病因学意义。     

后路椎弓根螺钉固定联合rhBMP-2治疗退变性腰椎滑脱疗效观察

目的探讨后路椎弓根螺钉固定系统联合重组人骨形态发生蛋白-2(rhBMP-2)在椎间植骨融合治疗退变性腰椎滑脱中的疗效。方法选择2015年3月至2016年3月我院收治的60例退变性腰椎滑脱患者为研究对象,根据治疗方法的不同分为观察组和对照组,各30例。观察组采用后路椎弓根螺钉固定系统联合rhBMP-2椎间融合治疗,对照组采用单纯后路椎弓根螺钉固定系统椎间融合治疗。应用Prolo腰椎功能评分、奥斯沃斯特里功能障碍指数(ODI)、视觉疼痛模拟评分(VAS)评估并对比2组患者腰椎功能、腰椎障碍程度、疼痛情况,术后定期复查,对比2组患者植骨融合率、滑脱角、椎体滑移度、椎间盘高度、滑脱率的差异。结果 2组患者Prolo评分均升高,ODI评分、VAS评分均降低,其中观察组患者术后Prolo评分为(7. 72±1. 69)分,ODI评分为(10. 94±3. 27)分、VAS评分为(1. 93±0. 34)分,对照组患者术后Prolo评分为(6. 21±1. 05)分,ODI评分为(15. 27±5. 93)分、VAS评分为(2. 52±0. 98)分,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后2组患者滑脱角、椎体滑移度、滑脱率均明显降低,椎间盘高度明显升高,其中观察组患者术后滑脱角、椎体滑移度、椎间盘高度及滑脱率分别为(12. 72±3. 69)°、(7. 94±3. 15) mm、(15. 93±4. 34) mm和(14. 35±3. 19)%,对照组术后滑脱角、椎体滑移度、椎间盘高度及滑脱率分别为(14. 79±4. 05)°、(10. 27±3. 33) mm、(13. 19±3. 85) mm和(22. 53±6. 25)%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。观察组术后3、6个月腰椎植骨融合率分别为83. 33%和96. 67%,均高于对照组的60. 00%和80. 00%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论后路椎弓根螺钉固定系统联合rhBMP-2椎间融合治疗术可促进退变性腰椎滑脱患者植骨融合,降低椎体滑脱程度、腰椎障碍程度和疼痛程度,近期疗效好。     

腰椎小关节穿刺的应用解剖

目的:研究腰椎小关节穿刺的解剖入路,供临床参考应用。方法:采用新鲜成人脊柱腰段标本35(男22、女13)例,通过横断断层解剖学方法,从横断面上对L1～2～L5～S1腰椎小关节的类型、关节角、上下关节突间距以及关节面的形态等进行观测。结果:①关节类型L1～2～L5～S1主要为上凹面型(82.6%)和平面型(17.4%),其中L5～S1有51.4%为上凹面型,48.6%为平面型;②关节角从L1～2至L5～S1腰椎关节突关节角逐渐增大,分别为26°、30°、35°、40°、45(°女性平均略大3°～5°);③关节的位置在后正中线外侧,相应的上、下腰椎棘突后缘中点之间,与后正中线的距离由上到下逐渐增加,分别为14.20、15.74、18.90、24.22、27.20mm;④穿刺要经过皮肤、浅筋膜、胸腰筋膜后层、竖脊肌、关节囊后壁。结论:腰椎小关节穿刺应根据关节的类型、关节角大小选择相应腰椎间隙中点的外14.20～27.20mm(平均20.05mm)处进行。     

椎体间融合内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症：脊柱-骨盆参数的变化

背景：脊柱-骨盆参数的异常与腰椎椎体滑脱症的发生、进展密切相关。 目的：探讨腰椎椎体滑脱症患者内固定治疗后脊柱-骨盆参数的变化及临床意义。 方法：行腰椎椎体滑脱症后路腰椎椎体间融合内固定治疗且有完整随访资料的患者共60例,测量分析所有患者内固定前后X射线平片的腰椎前凸、骨盆投射角、骶骨倾斜角和骨盆倾斜角、矢状面平衡、椎体滑脱度、椎体滑脱角和椎间盘高度。将上述参数植入前后测量结果进行配对t检验比较,并对相关参数指标进行相关分析。 结果与结论：植入前后滑脱度、滑脱角、椎间盘高度、腰椎前凸、骨盆倾斜角、骶骨倾斜角及矢状面平衡比较,差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。椎间盘高度的恢复与腰椎前凸、骨盆倾斜角、骶骨倾斜角、滑脱度及滑脱角的变化存在明显的线性相关,腰椎前凸的变化与滑脱角、滑脱度、骨盆倾斜角及骶骨倾斜角的变化存在线性相关。说明后路腰椎椎间融合内固定能够显著地改善腰椎椎体滑脱症患者的骶骨倾斜角、骨盆倾斜角、腰椎前凸及矢状面平衡;运用后路腰椎椎间融合内固定治疗腰椎椎体滑脱症患者,必须考虑不同骨盆投射角下的骨盆代偿模式,个体化地重建椎间盘高度。     

Evaluation of Lumbar Facet Joint Nerve Blocks in Managing Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized,Double-Blind,Controlled Trial with a 2-Year Follow-Up

Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.Objective: To determine the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks with or without steroids in managing chronic low back pain of facet joint origin.Summary of Background Data: Lumbar facet joints have been shown as the source of chronic pain in 21% to 41% of low back patients with an average prevalence of 31% utilizing controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks. Intraarticular injections, medial branch blocks, and radiofrequency neurotomy of lumbar facet joint nerves have been described in the alleviation of chronic low back pain of facet joint origin.Methods: The study included 120 patients with 60 patients in each group with local anesthetic alone or local anesthetic and steroids. The inclusion criteria was based upon a positive response to diagnostic controlled, comparative local anesthetic lumbar facet joint blocks.Outcome measures included the numeric rating scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), opioid intake, and work status, at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months.Results: Significant improvement with significant pain relief of ≥ 50% and functional improvement of ≥ 40% were observed in 85% in Group 1, and 90% in Group II, at 2-year follow-up.The patients in the study experienced significant pain relief for 82 to 84 weeks of 104 weeks, requiring approximately 5 to 6 treatments with an average relief of 19 weeks per episode of treatment.Conclusions: Therapeutic lumbar facet joint nerve blocks, with or without steroids, may provide a management option for chronic function-limiting low back pain of facet joint origin.     

Significance of interfacet distance, facet joint orientation, and lumbar lordosis in spondylolysis

The aim of this study is to reveal the association between lumbar spondylolysis and several radiologic parameters, which had been suggested to be significant. The authors examine interfacet distance (IFD), facet joint orientation (FJO), and lumbar segmental lordosis (LSL) all together on the basis of lumbar computed tomography (CT) scan of 35 patients with L5 spondylolysis and 36 unaffected control groups. Thirty-five Korean military recruits, aged 19-23 (mean 20.9 years), were diagnosed as L5 spondylolysis by lumber CT scans. As a control group, 36 male Korean military recruits, aged 18-25 (mean 21.3 years), were reconfirmed as not affected by lumbar spondylolysis by CT scan when they visited our hospital complaining of back pain. This study compares IFD, FJO, and LSL for each lumbar segment between the spondylolytic and unaffected groups. We also propose the use of normal mean data of IFD, FJO, and LSL of lumbar vertebrae from 36 Korean young military recruits because each measurement has power as an absolute value, like data from an osteologic collection in other studies. Comparison of IFD between spondylolytic and unaffected individuals reveals significant differences at the L3, L4, and L5 level (P = 0.0384, P = 0.0219, and P < 0.0001, respectively). In the group of spondylolysis, the increase of IFD from L4 to S1 was less pronounced (P < 0.0001) and the LSL at L5-S1 was more lordotic (P = 0.0203). Interfacet distance and lumbar lordosis were significantly different between patients with L5 spondylolysis and individuals without pars defect on L5. In the spondylolysis group, and the increase of IFD from L4 to S1 was less pronounced and the LSL at L5-S1 was more lordotic.     

Age-related changes in the lumbar facet joints

The normal appearance of the lumbar facet joints has been related to the age of the subject. We classified the changes in the menisci, articular cartilage, and subarticular cortical bone with respect to age in 24 cadavers. Normally the meniscus diminishes in size, the articular cartilage thins, and subarticular cortical bone thickens with age. Determination of normality must be made with respect to age.     

椎间盘髓核摘除对腰椎间小关节承载功能影响的实验研究

目的分析椎间盘髓核摘除后腰椎小关节受力大小及变化情况。方法采用8具新鲜脊柱腰骶段(L1~S1)标本,在MTS系统上用压敏片分别测量L3-L4、L4-L5两个节段小关节面在中立位和前屈、后伸位时受力大小;摘除L4-L5椎间盘髓核,重复测量。结果完整脊柱标本中,L4-L5与L3-L4节段关节面受力大小相似:中立位时受力占轴向压缩载荷的15%;前屈10°、20°时受力占压缩载荷的比例减为9%、5%;后伸10°、20°时受力占压缩载荷的比例增至23%、33%。L4-L5椎间盘髓核摘除后,L4-L5节段小关节面在各个运动状态下受力均显著增大,而L3-L4节段小关节受力也有增加的趋势。结论腰椎小关节有一定的承载功能。腰椎间盘切除术后,同一平面及相邻平面小关节受力增加,可能引发腰痛。     

腰椎经皮内镜下不同部位关节突成形对相关节段活动度的影响

目的利用三维有限元法评估腰椎经皮内镜下不同的关节突成形部位对椎体活动度(range of motion, ROM)的影响。方法建立正常L3～5三维有限元模型,模拟腰椎经皮内镜技术分别在L5上关节突"尖部"或"基底部"做直径0.75 cm圆柱状骨切除以模拟椎间孔成形,从而获得正常L3～5模型、关节突尖部成形模型和关节突基底部成形模型。给予特定加载条件,比较3种模型在前屈、后伸、左右侧曲、左右旋转工况下L3～4、L4～5节段ROM变化情况。结果 L5上关节突尖部成形后,在后伸、左右侧屈、左右旋转状态下L4～5节段ROM均较正常明显增大,以左旋最为明显;L5上关节突基底部成形后,在左右旋转状态下L4～5节段ROM较正常稍微增大。L5上关节突尖部、基底部成形后在6种不同运动状态下临近节段L3/4的ROM均无明显变化。结论腰椎经皮内镜技术下,L5上关节突尖部成形较关节突基底部成形对L4～5节段ROM影响较大。L5上关节突成型对临近节段L3～4的ROM无明显影响。     

Relationship of Facet Tropism with Degeneration and Stability of Functional Spinal Unit

Purpose

The authors investigated the effect of lumbar facet tropism (FT) on intervertebral disc degeneration (DD), facet joint degeneration (FJD), and segmental translational motion.

Materials and Methods

Using kinetic MRI (KMRI), lumbar FT, which was defined as a difference in symmetry of more than 7° between the orientations of the facet joints, was investigated in 900 functional spinal units (300 subjects) in flexion, neutral, and extension postures. Each segment at L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-S1 was assessed based on the extent of DD (grade I-V) and FJD (grade 1-4). According to the presence of FT, they were classified into two groups; one with FT and one with facet symmetry. For each group, demographics, DD, FJD and translational segmental motion were compared.

Results

The incidence of FT was 34.5% at L3-L4, 35.1% at L4-L5, and 35.2% at L5-S1. Age and gender did not show any significant relationship with FT. Additionally, no correlation was observed between DD and FT. FT, however, wasfound to be associated with a higher incidence of highly degenerated facet joints at L4-L5 when compared to patients without FT (p < 0.01). Finally, FT was not observed to have any effects upon translational segmental motion.

Conclusion

No significant correlation was observed between lumbar FT and DD or translational segmental motion. However, FT was shown to be associated significantly with the presence of high grades of FJD at L4-L5. This suggests that at active sites of segmental motion, FT may predispose to the development of facet joint degeneration.     

身体姿势对腰椎小关节受力的影响

目的 :分析脊柱处于不同姿势时腰椎小关节受力大小及变化情况。方法 :采用 8具新鲜脊柱腰骶段 (L1～S1)标本 ,在MTS系统上用压敏片测量L4、5小关节面在中立位和前屈、后伸位时受力大小。结果 :中立位时L4、5小关节受力为 (3 1.16± 7.15 )N ,占轴向压缩载荷的 15 % ;前屈时小关节受力减小 ,前屈 10°、2 0°时受力大小为 (18.3 2± 4.46)N、(9.3 8± 1.82 )N ,占压缩载荷的比例减为 9%、5 % ;后伸时小关节受力增大 ,后伸 10°、2 0°时受力大小为 (4 5 .92± 11.0 6)N、(65 .68± 10 .16)N ,占压缩载荷的比例增至2 3 %、3 3 %。结论 :腰椎小关节在中立位能承受脊柱的一部分压缩载荷 ,且随脊柱姿势不同小关节面受力也不同。     

腰椎退变与不稳的影像学研究

目的：探讨椎间盘退变、小关节骨关节炎与腰椎退变性不稳3者之间的关系。方法：分析120个下腰痛患者的核磁共振影像与脊柱功能位X线片，腰椎不稳分为成角不稳，旋转不稳和水平不稳；椎间盘退变根据T2加权相被分为5级；小关节骨关节炎在T1加权相上被分为4级。结果：椎间盘退变程度和年龄成正相关，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．01）；有26．8％（93个）节段出现腰椎不稳，其中以椎间盘退变程度为1，2级的节段最为多见，与其他各级相比差异有极显著性意义（P〈0．01）；椎间盘退变和小关节骨关节炎呈正相关（J=0．937，P〈0．05），向前水平不稳和椎间盘退变和小关节骨关节炎明显相关，差异成极显著性（P〈0．01）。结论：放射影像测量的腰椎不稳定和小关节骨关节炎和椎间盘退变有明确的相关性。     

人工腰椎间盘植入后小关节应力分布的比较研究

目的:通过三维有限元的方法研究正常椎间盘、髓核摘除、人工腰椎间盘三组小关节的应力分布,探讨人工腰椎间盘植入小关节应力分布的影响.方法:利用有限元软件MSC.MARK,建立正常椎间盘、髓核摘除、人工腰椎间盘及L4～5运动节段的三维模型,然后模拟腰椎节段的运动,进行小关节应力分布的比较研究.结果:在各种运动状态下髓核摘除组小关节的应力最大,人工腰椎间盘组的小关节应力比正常椎间盘高,但明显小于髓核摘除组,但在旋转状态下,人工腰椎间盘小关节的中心部位承受的应力最大.结论:人工腰椎间盘植入后与髓核摘除组相比可降低小关节的应力,但仍高于正常的腰椎间盘组;人工腰椎间盘组的抗旋转能力明显低于正常腰椎间盘组和髓核摘除术后组,由此可见,目前的人工腰椎间盘具有腰椎间盘大部分的力学功能,与真正的腰椎间盘仍有差别.