人直肠肌间神经丛透射电镜的观察

目的研究人直肠肌间神经丛形态学的微观结构。方法采用国人成年直肠标本,经LKB-V型超薄切片机制成半薄切片,在直肠半薄切片上定位肌间神经丛后,进行超薄切片,厚度为50～70nm。醋酸铀、柠檬酸铅染色,JEOL-100CX透射电镜观察。结果在典型的肌间丛神经节可观察到3种细胞成分,即被囊细胞、胶质细胞和神经节细胞。根据神经节细胞间电子密度不同,可将神经节细胞分为明细胞和暗细胞两类。结论人直肠肌间神经丛含有与中枢神经系统相似的细胞成分,神经节内含有丰富神经胶质细胞,其与神经元的比例为2∶1,神经元发出“翼翅”状突起。     

交感神经颈上节的定位应用研究

1 材料与方法在30具(60侧)成人尸体上,解剖出交感神经颈上节,用游标卡尺对该节的形态、位置进行了各种观察和测量.其中3例颈上神经节做冰冻切片,并在光学显微镜下,观察了节内神经元胞体的分布情况.2 结果2.1 颈上神经节的形态、左右多不对称,但两侧最常见的形态为梭形,占60%,椭圆形次之.以下各值均以厘米计.颈上神经节的大小:左侧长度平均值为2.44,标准差0.74,标准误0.70;宽度平均值为0.80,标准差0.13,标准误0.12;厚度平均值为0.26,标准差0.05,标准误0.04.右侧长度平均值为2.64,标准差0.65,标准0.61;宽度平均值0.74,标准差0.07,标准误0.06;厚度平均值0.25,标准差0.08,标准误0.08.     

豚鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后螺旋神经节细胞形态改变及BDNF的表达

目的 观察豚鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)后螺旋神经节细胞形态、结构的改变和脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达的变化,探讨BDNF对脑IRI后螺旋神经节细胞的营养保护作用.方法 将48只健康豚鼠随机分成正常组、假手术组和IRI 6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h组,用灼断两侧椎动脉、夹闭一侧颈总动脉的方法建立豚鼠IRI模型.光镜下观察螺旋神经节的病理改变,透射电镜观察螺旋神经节细胞超微结构的改变;免疫组织化学法和Western blot检测BDNF表达部位和表达量的变化.结果 光镜和透射电镜观察表明脑IRI导致螺旋神经节细胞数量减少和细胞损伤,IRI 24 h细胞的损伤最为严重;Western blot检测显示各组豚鼠螺旋神经节细胞都有BDNF表达,正常组、假手术组分别为0.390±0.021和0.381±0.019,两组表达差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),IRI6h组(0.423±0.041)表达增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),随后各组表达量减少,IRI 24 h组最少(0.218±0.081),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);免疫组织化学法与Western blot检测结果一致,并显示BDNF表达部位在细胞浆.结论 脑IRI可导致耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞损伤和BDNF表达量的改变,BDNF可能参与了 IRI引发的螺旋神经节细胞损伤的病理过程.     

心壁内P物质免疫反应神经纤维的来源

心脏含Sp免疫反应神经纤维,但其起源于何处,未见直接形态学研究报道。本实验在成年大鼠左心室前壁内注入20％～40％HRP生理盐水溶液12～16 μl,存活2天,常规灌流固定。取双侧胸_(1～3)脊神经节、结状神经节,切片用HRP和免疫组化PAP(第Ⅰ抗体为Sp)结合法反应。在脊神经节和结状神经节内观察到3种细胞:较多的Sp单标细胞;一些以中、小型为主的HRP标记细胞;少数中、小型的HRP和Sp-IR双重标记细胞。对照组置换试验和吸收试验免疫反应阴     

小白鼠甲状腺神经节的形态学观察

应用镀银、硫堇及HE染色法和石蜡连续切片,可见不同鼠龄小白鼠甲状腺内侧缘上端与喉肌之间存在有类似典型的植物性神经节结构。此外,节的附近偶有散在的单个神经节细胞。神经节的位置、数量及大小个体不一,节的外面通常具有结缔组织的被膜,膜的胶原纤难向节内延伸成网、基质内有神经节细胞、神经胶质细胞和毛细血管。此外,尚有穿过节的有髓神经纤维等。神经节细胞散在分布,但以节的边缘为多,为多极神经元,胞体卵圆或不规则,尼氏小体呈细颗粒状,边缘较多,神经原纤维纤细世网。细胞核偏位,大而圆,染色质稀少呈空泡状,核仁明显,1—2个,此外核内尚有数个染色质聚集的不规则小块。幼龄小鼠可见双核神经节细胞。胞体外围有卫星细胞(被囊细胞)形成的被囊。神经节附近有甲状腺动脉、静脉主干同时出现,并显示为神经通路上(或稍偏离)之膨大结构,由其分出节前纤维进入节内,与神经节细胞形成突触。神经节内有错综交织的节前、后纤维及树突形成的神经网。研究表明小白鼠甲状腺附近存在有副交感神经节,其节后纤维分布有待进一步研究。     

猫腹腔神经节注射HRP后脊神经节标记细胞的节段分布

本文以1或2mg HRP 水溶液,注入9只猫的10侧腹腔神经节内,藉穿经该节的内脏感觉纤维的摄取和逆行传递,在脊神经节中证实了这些纤维起源的胞体及其分布的节段范围。结果表明:行经猫一侧腹腔神经节内出自脊神经的内脏感觉纤维绝大部分起源于同侧的脊神经节内。虽然它们的来源范围可自胸_2到腰_2,但出自胸_(5～9)脊神经节的占78.1%,胸_(6～8)三节中占半数以上,最多的是胸_7脊神经节(占22.19%)。标记的细胞体以中小型者为主,大型极少见,只占2.78%,且主要分布在胸_(5～9)脊神经节。比较了左右侧注射的结果,标记细胞出现的节段范围及分布形势未见明显的差别;在脊神经节内的位置分布也未见有任何规律。此外,对实验方法、标记细胞的数量和机能意义等进行了讨论。     

人窦房结的神经发育

本文用14例不同发育阶段的胚胎,以及新生儿与成人各2例的窦房结,以Faworsky法银染,光镜观察。8周胚在腔房交界处的前内侧,出现局限性增厚,该区致密,细胞较小,尚未包绕窦房结动脉;至12周时,该区称为窦房结,已见少量纤细的神经纤维。16～22周胚胎的窦房结切面呈椭圆形,窦房结动脉位于中央,已能分出三个区。中央网状区内,神经节与神经纤维丰富,心外膜下神经节较少。神经细胞为多极神经元,胞体大小不一,核质比例为幼稚形细胞状态。24～32周的胚胎心外膜下神经节数量逐渐增多,可以分出深、浅两组;结内神经节则逐渐减少。此阶段结外节已多于结内节。38周胚胎与新生儿的窦房结神经配布,与24～32周胚胎阶段相似,只是更趋于成熟,接近成年人窦房结的神经分布特点。     

腹腔-肠系膜上神经节内腹部内脏器官的代表区

目的 探讨支配腹部内脏器官的交感节后神经元在腹腔－肠系膜上神经节内的代表区。方法 用ＨＲＰ逆行标记法，显微镜描图仪做连续切片描图记录，计数标记细胞的面数密度，并经统计学处理。结果 猫脾、胰、肾、十二指肠和空间肠交感节后神经元在腹腔－肠系膜上神经节内具有各自的集中分布区和分散分布区，亦即各自的局部定位区。支配脾的交感节后神经元集中区位于该节的左侧上部，支配胰的交感节后神经元集中区位于该节两侧的上中后     

猫空回肠交感节后神经元和副交感节前神经元的局部定位

本文应用ＨＲＰ逆行标记法研究猫空回肠的植物神经支配，发现猫空回肠交感节后神经纤维来自腹腔节和肠系膜前节以及双侧Ｔ９～Ｌ５交感于神经节，但大多数来自椎前节。交感节神经元大多数呈簇状集中分布在右侧腹腔节的前下部和肠系膜前节，而在左侧腹腔节和右侧腹腔节后上部仅有少数散在分布的标记细胞，具有明显的局部定位分布的特征。猫空回肠的交感节后神经元在双侧交感于神经节具有基本相同的分布范围，即Ｔ９～Ｌ５节段。其集中分布节段是Ｔ１１～Ｌ３，符合“既分散又集中的分布模式”。腹腔节和肠系膜前节内的标记细胞呈椭圆形、圆形或不规则形。交感干神经节内的标记细胞呈椭圆形和梭形。猫空回肠的副交感书前神经元主要分布在双侧迷走神经前核的闩以上４ｍｍ到闩以下２ｍｍ的范围内．但多数分布在此核的背外侧部靠近闩的水平上，细胞呈椭圆形。     

家兔脊髓双侧后根神经节神经元数量不对称性及对称性的研究

对6例家兔的脊髓颈膨大部C_4～T_2和4例家兔的胸髓T_5～T_(10)的后根神经节神经元进行细胞和核仁大小的测量并作细胞计数,以探讨后根神经节细胞的形态并研究脊髓左、右后根神经节细胞数量的不对称和对称性。动物行常规灌注固定,后根神经节经石蜡包埋后做连续切片。切片厚度为10μm和2μm,焦油紫染色,在普通光镜下对各节细胞进行观察计数。细胞计数以核仁为指标,并进行计数校正。此外,借助图像分析仪分别对300个细胞的核仁和300个细胞的平均径进行测量。测量结果发现,颈膨大部后根神经节细胞平均径和胸段相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),而颈膨大部核仁的平均径略大于胸髓部(P<0.05)。比较左、右后根神经节细胞数量,发现颈膨大或中胸段各节对应的左、右各后根节的细胞数量存在着较大差异,呈现明显不对称性;但从整体上看,各例颈膨大部C_4～T_2和胸段T_5～T_(10)的每侧后根节细胞总和均十分接近,呈现一定的对称性。     

Electrophysiological and morphological diversity of mouse sympathetic neurons

We have used multiple-labeling immunohistochemistry, intracellular dye-filling, and intracellular microelectrode recordings to characterize the morphological and electrical properties of sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical, thoracic, and celiac ganglia of mice. Neurochemical and morphological characteristics of neurons varied between ganglia. Thoracic sympathetic ganglia contained three main populations of neurons based on differential patterns of expression of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In the celiac ganglion, nearly all neurons contained immunoreactivity to both tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY. Both the overall size of the dendritic tree and the number of primary dendrites were greater in neurons from the thoracic and celiac ganglia compared with those from the superior cervical ganglion. The electrophysiological properties of sympathetic neurons depended more on their ganglion of origin rather than their probable targets. All neurons in the superior cervical ganglion had phasic firing properties and large afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs). In addition, 34% of these neurons displayed an afterdepolarization preceding the AHP. Superior cervical ganglion neurons had prominent I(M), I(A), and I(H) currents and a linear current-voltage relationship between -60 and -110 mV. Neurons from the thoracic ganglia had significantly smaller action potentials, AHPs, and apparent cell capacitance compared with superior cervical ganglion neurons, and only 18% showed an afterdepolarization. All neurons in superior cervical ganglia and most neurons in celiac ganglia received at least one strong preganglionic input. Nearly one-half the neurons in the celiac ganglion had tonic firing properties, and another 15% had firing properties intermediate between those of tonic and phasic neurons. Most celiac neurons showed significant inward rectification below -90 mV. They also expressed I(A), but with slower inactivation kinetics than that of superior cervical or thoracic neurons. Both phasic and tonic celiac ganglion neurons received synaptic inputs via the celiac nerves in addition to strong inputs via the splanchnic nerves. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the properties of the action potential, the AHP, and the apparent cell capacitance together were sufficient to correctly classify 80% of neurons according to their ganglion of origin. These results indicate that there is considerable heterogeneity in the morphological, neurochemical, and electrical properties of sympathetic neurons in mice. Although the morphological and neurochemical characteristics of the neurons are likely to be related to their peripheral projections, the expression of particular electrophysiological traits seems to be more closely related to the ganglia within which the neurons occur.     

猫胰腺交感节后神经元的定位研究

本文采用胰腺实质内注HRP逆行标记神经元的方法,研究猫胰腺交感节后神经元的位置,结果如下:1.猫胰腺交感节后神经元位于腹腔节和双侧T_5-L_2节段椎旁节内,并以腹腔节为主,二者之比约为8.52∶1。标记细胞在腹腔节内的分布具有局部定位关系;2.标记细胞在双侧椎旁节中的分布数量相等,集中分布于T_(12)-T_(13)两个节段;3.标记细胞形态多样,其中腹腔节中的细胞多呈椭圆形和圆形,而椎旁节内的细胞则多为梭形和长椭圆形。     

Macro- and microstructural organization of the rabbit''s celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

The macro- and microstructures of the rabbit celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex are described in 20 young animals. We found ten celiac ganglia, twenty-seven cranial mesenteric ganglia and eleven celiac-mesenteric ganglia. The celiac ganglia had a rectangular shape in nine cases (90%) and a circular one in one case (10%). The cranial mesenteric ganglia presented triangular (66.7%), rectangular (11.1%), L-shape (18.5%) and semi-lunar (3.7%) arrangements. The celiac-mesenteric ganglia were organized in three patterns: a single left celiac-mesenteric ganglion having a caudal portion (72.7%); celiac-mesenteric ganglia without a caudal portion (18.2%) and a single celiac-mesenteric ganglion with two portions: left and right (9.1%). The microstructure was investigated in nine celiac-mesenteric ganglia. The results showed that the celiac-mesenteric ganglion is actually a ganglion complex constituted of an agglomerate of ganglionic units separated by nerve fibers, capillaries and septa of connective tissue. Using the semi-thin section method we described the cellular organization of the celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex. Inside of each ganglionic unit, there were various cell types: principal ganglion neurons (PGN), glial cells (satellite cells) and SIF cells (small intensely fluorescent cells or small granular cells), which are the cytologic basis for each ganglionic unit of the rabbit's celiac-mesenteric ganglion complex.     

Synaptology and sources of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance p containing axons of the cat celiac ganglion. An experimental electron microscopic immunohistochemical study

We have examined the possible origin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P-containing axons and the synapses formed by these axons in the celiac ganglion of the cat, by means of ultrastructural immunohistochemistry combined with various surgical lesions.Axons containing VIP as well as those immunopositive for substance P, formed axo-dendritic and axosomatic synapses with principal ganglion cells. After transaction of the superior mesenteric nerve numerous degenerated axonal profiles could be found in the celiac ganglion. Some of these contained VIP immunoreactivity. By contrast in alternate sections stained with substance P antibody only intact axons were labelled.Bilateral vagotomy resulted in the appearance of degenerating axonal profiles in the celiac ganglion, some of which could be stained with substance P antiserum but not with VIP antiserum. Following removal of dorsal root ganglia (Th₆-Th₁₂) from both sides, a large number of degenerated axons were found, many of which were immunopositive for substance P but not for VIP.We conclude that the peripheral input to the celiac ganglion contains VIP fibers which form synapses with principal ganglion cells. Substance P-containing fibers reach the celiac ganglion via the vagal nerve as well as from the dorsal root ganglia, and they form synapses with the principal ganglion cells. It is proposed that the VIP and the substance P-containing axons are involved in two different peripheral reflex loops.     

骶、尾脊神经节的形态观测和临床意义

在２０具（４０例）成人尸体标本上解剖观测了骶脊神经节及尾脊神经节的位置、大小、神经根自硬脊膜穿出处至神经节近端之间的长度及神经根与硬脊膜之间的角度。讨论了神经节位置变化及其临床意义。     

Accessory lumbar splanchnic ganglia in humans: a case report

The present study was designed and performed on 20 human adult cadavers at the level of the retroperitoneal space in order to provide evidence of the paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia. Only one specimen, male, presented two ganglia on the left side located on the first lumbar splanchnic nerve, one proximal and the other distal. The macroscopically detected swellings were drawn and certified as autonomic ganglia after performing silver stains by the method of Bielschowsky (on blocks). No existing reference to date mentions such lumbar splanchnic ganglia, which could be the result of a fragmentation followed by displacement from the lumbar sympathetic trunk. Their demonstrated anatomical connections with the afferents of the spermatic ganglion and the intermesenteric plexus may indicate the involvement of these ganglia in vasomotor and gonadal functions.     

Pathways of anesthetic from the thoracic paravertebral region to the celiac ganglion

Communication between the lower thoracic paravertebral region and the celiac ganglion through the retrocrural space was investigated. After dye was injected into the endothoracic fascia in the lower thoracic paravertebral region at the T11 level, its spread to the celiac ganglion was examined in fifteen cadavers. The dye reached the celiac ganglion in nine cadavers (60%) by passing through the retrocrural space, along the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves and through the split in the crus of the diaphragm through which the splanchnic nerves traveled. In the remaining six cadavers, dye spread toward the ganglion along the crus of the diaphragm. In three living subjects the spread of a radio-opaque dye injected in the same manner was studied using 3D-computed tomography. This study confirmed that the radio-opaque dye traveled toward the celiac ganglion along the crus of the diaphragm. From our results we suggest that a fluid communication may exist between the lower thoracic paravertebral region and the celiac ganglion in cadavers and in living humans and that clinicians should be aware of this possible route of spread when administering lower thoracic paravertebral anesthesia.     

腹腔镜下腹腔神经节阻滞术的临床解剖

目的:为腹腔镜引导下腹腔神经节阻滞术提供解剖学基础。方法:解剖人体标本腹腔神经节,观测腹腔神经节的形态、各径及其周围的标志性结构以及神经节与周围毗邻结构的位置关系;探究左、右侧腹腔神经节在以腹腔干中心点建立的三维直角坐标系中的位置(X,Y,Z)。结果:左侧腹腔神经节上下径1.73 cm、左右径1.75 cm、前后径0.38 cm;至贲门右缘4.04 cm、幽门上缘5.79 cm、角切迹上缘3.85 cm、胰上缘1.67 cm、脾静脉上缘1.64 cm;三维直角坐标系坐标为(1.35,-0.03,1.19)cm,易在脾动脉后方附近找到。右侧腹腔神经节上下径1.30 cm、左右径1.52 cm、前后径0.27 cm;至贲门右缘5.48 cm、幽门上缘5.68 cm、角切迹上缘4.90 cm、胰上缘3.04 cm、脾静脉上缘2.41 cm、距肝门静脉内侧缘1.81 cm、距下腔静脉内侧缘1.00 cm;三维直角坐标系坐标为(1.38,0.10,0.99)cm,易在肝总动脉后方附近找到。结论:腹腔镜直视下阻滞左、右侧腹腔神经节,应分别以腹腔干两侧脾动脉和肝总动脉后方为标志寻找。手术时注意保护神经节周围毗邻脏器,防止损伤重要血管和神经。     

Capsaicin-induced neuronal death and proliferation of the primary sensory neurons located in the nodose ganglia of adult rats

To evaluate the potential for neuronal replacement following destruction of vagal afferent neurons, we examined nodose ganglia following i.p. capsaicin treatment of adult rats. Rats received capsaicin or vehicle followed by a regimen of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine injections (BrdU) to reveal DNA replication. Nodose ganglia were harvested at various times post-treatment and processed for 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) nuclear staining and immunofluorescence to estimate neuronal numbers and to determine vanilloid receptor, cleaved caspase 3, TUNEL, BrdU, the neuron-selective marker protein gene product (PGP) -9.5 and neurofilament-M-immunoreactivity. Twenty-four hours after capsaicin approximately 40% of nodose ganglion neurons expressed cleaved caspase 3-immunoreactivity and 16% revealed TUNEL staining, indicating that primary sensory neurons are killed by the capsaicin treatment of adult rats. The occurrence of neuronal death was confirmed by counts of DAPI-stained neuronal nuclei, which revealed >or=50% reduction of nodose neuron number by 30 days post-capsaicin. However, by 60 days post-capsaicin, the total numbers of neuronal nuclei in nodose ganglia from capsaicin-treated rats were not different from controls, suggesting that new neurons had been added to the nodose ganglia. Neuronal proliferation was confirmed by significant BrdU incorporation in nuclei of nodose ganglion cells immunoreactive for the neuron-specific antigen PGP-9.5 revealed 30 and 60 days post-capsaicin. Collectively, these observations suggest that in adult rats massive scale neurogenesis occurs in nodose ganglia following capsaicin-induced neuronal destruction. The adult nodose ganglion, therefore, provides a novel system for studying neural plasticity and adult neurogenesis after peripheral injury of primary sensory neurons.