Jung: A Racist

ABSTRACT: The paper examines Jung's perception of the non-European. It is argued that his perception of black people is racist and that these same views permeate the entire fabric of Jung's psychological theory. Further, that these views are woven into the theoretical foundations of two major Jungian concepts: the Collective Unconscious and Individuation. Finally, the paper examines the consequences of these theories as perceived by Jung, in terms of the possibilities or otherwise of people of different races living together.     

THE ANALYST IN THE COUNTING HOUSE: MONEY AS SYMBOL AND REALITY IN ANALYSIS

The paper focuses on the ways in which many analysts have neglected their conscious and unconscious feelings about money to the detriment of their own individuation in this area. The authors highlight reasons why there is a tendency to project most of the pathology about money onto patients and emphasize the failure of training institutions to provide adequate conditions in which their members can reflect upon and integrate their money complexes. Using two clinical vignettes where money was a central issue between analyst and patient, the usefulness of Jung's concept of the shadow is illustrated. The activation of the mercurial collective aspects of the shadow which promote the avoidance of consciousness in relation to money is explored.     

ANALYTIC INTUITION: A MEETING PLACE FOR JUNG AND BION

ABSTRACT The paper identifies some important areas of theoretical congruence between Jung and Bion in order to illuminate a central feature of analytic practice: analytic intuition. Jung and Bion suggest, in different yet surprisingly similar ways, that the therapist extends her reach towards unknown psychic reality through the exercise of analytic intuition. Both writers invite us to respect the symbolic and relational processes by which painful and disturbing emotional reality is intuited. Their particular formulations of unconscious process are used to arrive at a definition of analytic intuition and how it is experienced and used by analytic practitioners. The paper discusses Jung's and Bion's understanding of the dreaming process and also makes reference to Bion's 'reversible perspective' and Jung's 'synchronicity' as particular ways in which analytic intuition can be employed in analytic interpretation. The paper concludes by drawing a parallel between Jung's 'transcendent function' and Bion's 'binocular vision'.     

THE ODYSSEY: CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVES

As this paper was originally given as a lecture, I have retained something of the spoken tone of the original. The paper explores some of the ways in which Odysseus is transformed from a stereotypical Greek warrior and hero into a wiser, humbler and more complex and sophisticated man through his various adventures on his return journey from Troy to Ithaca. These adventures symbolically describe and recapitulate some of the central tenets of psychoanalytic theories of psychic change and growth from the contemporary Independent, Lacanian and post-Kleinian schools.     

The Shape of Change

SUMMARY: This paper considers patterns of change that occur in analysis, in terms of image or of model, with clinical examples. Linear and spiral models of individuation are discussed, and Jung's notion of enantiodromia between opposite parts of the psyche is related to Thom's catastrophe theory.
Change is crucially important for an analyst whether in the patient or in himself, or in his dialectic with the patient. He may not actively foster change nor set it as a goal, but if there is stasis he knows that vitality has gone.
In this paper I look, not at how change is effected, but at the shape of change itself.
Some years ago the phrase'the shape of change'was used by a biologist while investigating the variation of biological behaviour (Gorman 1976). I use it in a similar way in exploring the patterns the course of analysis or of life may take.     

FROZEN HARMONIES: PETRIFIED PLACES IN THE ANALYTIC FIELD

In this paper I suggest that here-and-now transference interpretations can be defensive when they keep the focus on the intrapsychic world of the analysand and neglect the unconscious of the analyst and the unconscious-to-unconscious interaction between patient and analyst. Whilst the concept of the analytic field in psychoanalytic literature provides us with a way back to Freud's original consideration of the intersubjective alongside the intrapsychic, this inclusivity has been sustained within the Developmental School of Jungian Analytic thought. To illustrate this I present an adaptation of Jung's model of the transference. Once we engage in analytic work with an individual we are inevitably drawn into a 'dance' together with its own particular rhythms and harmonies. Each analytic couple creates an analytic field from their idiosyncratic energy flow. Within this field, interruptions to the 'dance' occur; mis-steps and disharmonies involve an unconscious refusal within the analyst as well as the patient. Both the dance and the refusal are crucial for the work, and I suggest that our attention needs to be directed here, to the blocks or 'petrified places'. To illustrate how I believe they can be made use of, I provide material from three case examples.     

THE QUESTION OF THE FATHER AND SEXUAL DISTURBANCES IN PSYCHOSIS

ABSTRACT The first half of this paper attempts to track and to elaborate Freud's thesis on the mechanism proper to psychosis with particular attention paid to the case of Schreber. It is written emphasizing that Freud was only at the initial stages of his work on the function of the father and that this led to the stumbling blocks he encountered and left him dissatisfied with his work. The second half of the paper looks at the way in which Jacques Lacan took up Freud's work. It looks at how he used it to understand the structure of psychosis in a new way, giving the specific problems that arise in psychosis a central place in the practice of psychoanalysis. How is that one day life is orderly and you are content, a little cynical perhaps, but on the whole just so, and then without warning you find the solid floor is a trapdoor and you are now in another place whose geography is uncertain and whose customs are strange?… We who were fluent find life is a foreign language. (Jeanette Winterson 1987, back cover)     

A HUMAN DISPERMIC CHIMAERA FIRST SUSPECTED FROM ANALYSIS OF THE BLOOD GROUP GENE-SPECIFIED GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES

The red cells of a normal male blood donor, K.S., were first grouped as B but he was found to lack anti-A in his serum. Closer investigation revealed that his red cells had very weak A activity, demonstrable only by absorption and elution of anti-A. He is a non-secretor of ABH and a secretor of Le^a. Blood group A-, B and H-gene specified glycosyltransferases were detected in his serum. In contrast to the finding of a B antigen of normal strength on his red cells, the B transferase in his serum was only about 30% of the normal level and, despite the very weak A activity of K.S.'s red cells, the A transferase level was about 50% of that found in the serum of group A individuals with normal strength of A antigen. Moreover, the A transferase on the basis of its pH optimum, Km values for donor and acceptor substrates, activation by divalent cations, isoelectric focusing profile and capacity to convert O to A-active cells, was characterized as the product of an A¹ gene. A family study showed that K.S.'s wife is group A₂ and that they have two sons, one group A₂ and the other group B. The group B son is assumed to have inherited a B gene from the propositus but the level of B transferase in the son's serum is three times as high as that in his father's serum. The wife of the propositus and his group A₂ son have normal A² transferases in keeping with their A₂ red cell status. The A₂ son therefore appears to have inherited an A² gene from his mother but neither the A¹ nor the B gene shown to be carried by his father. The distribution of transferase activities in K.S.'s red cells differs from that in his serum. A level of B transferase within the normal range was found in his red cell membranes but a very low level of A transferase was detected. The discrepancies between the serum transferases and ABO-red cell group, together with the pattern of inheritance within the family, led to a suspicion of chimaerism. This was confirmed by the finding of fibroblasts with the female 46XX karyotype in cultures of the propositus' skin. These results suggest that K.S. is a dispermic chimaera with two different cell lines of the genotypes BO and A¹O or A¹A¹. The group A₂ son is assumed to have inherited an O gene from his father. It seems probable that K.S.'s bone marrow and reproductive organs are comprised predominantly of the XY cell line which carries the blood group BO genotype whereas his skin and other tissues which contribute the A¹ transferase to his plasma, are partly made up of the XX cell line which carries the blood group A¹O or A¹A¹ genotype.     

LEAR AND PROSPERO: FROM THE PROJECTIVE TO THE INTROJECTIVE MODE

ABSTRACT My thesis is that King Lear and The Tempest , seen together, offer a map of the trajectory of psychic process from the projective to the introjective mode. Lear remains psychically unseparate, both from his daughters, who constitute a split maternal object, and from kingship, with which he is in projective identification. The Tempest , six years later, takes up and reworks to their resolution the same themes. Prospero learns to separate from Miranda, forgives his enemies, and relinquishes the rewards that come from narcissistic pseudopotency, in his case afforded by magic powers.     

猫内脏大神经一级传入纤维在脊髓灰质和薄束核中的分布

本文共用猫14只,取1～1.5mg HRP溶于7～10μl蒸馏水中,注入一侧的腹腔神经节或内脏大神经中,采用TMB成色法,观察跨神经节传递的一级内脏传人纤维在中枢神经系的分布。标记的一级内脏感觉纤维经后根进入脊髓后,绝大多数先行于背外侧束(或Lissauer束)中,少数进入后索上行。自背外侧束间断地发出内、外侧投射纤维,包绕着后角的内、外侧缘。外侧投射纤维在数量上比内侧的多,止于Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ层和中央管周围。进入中间外侧核的纤维,再沿颅尾方向分开纵行,与交感节前细胞的纵向树突紧密平行排列。内侧投射纤维主要止于中央管周围区域。行于后索的纤维,止于闩平面以下薄束核的腹外侧部。     

Is fit it? the relationship between church/synagogue member fit and the psychosocial competence of the member

The relationship between the fit of the church/synagogue member with his/her congregation and the psychosocial competence of the member was studied. The religious leader from each of 12 congregations (four Jewish, four Protestant, and four Roman Catholic) nominated approximately six members who fit well within the congregation (central members) and six members who fit less well (peripheral members) according to a set of guidelines. One hundred thirty-three (133) congregation members, 77 central and 56 peripheral, participated. Central and peripheral members displayed significantly different psychosocial competence characteristics. However, neither central nor peripheral members manifested uniformly greater effectiveness across all of the competence scales. Specifically, central members indicated greater satisfaction with their congregation, a greater sense of control by God, and a lower level of efficacy, coping skills, and sense of control by chance. The findings suggest to change agents that the process of helping an individual fit within a system may be associated with negative as well as positive consequences for his/her effective functioning. This view conflicts with the notion that fit corresponds to psychological well-being, and points to the importance of studying the relationship between fit and multidimensional criteria of psychosocial competence across a variety of settings.     

大鼠脊髓背角CGRP、IB4阳性终末与GABA能神经元之间的联系及GABA_BR1阳性终末的超微结构观察

背根神经节小型神经元初级传入末梢上的GABAB受体在脊髓背角接受中间神经元的突触前抑制,是脊髓水平痛觉调节的途径之一。为研究大鼠脊髓背角胶状质中背根神经节神经元传入纤维末梢同脊髓背角GABA能中间神经元之间的联系,本实验用免疫组织化学法,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察了正常大鼠CGRP阳性和IB4阳性背根节神经元的中枢突同脊髓背角GA-BA能中间神经元之间的联系。同时,用免疫电镜(IEM)技术研究了脊髓背角GABABR1阳性的背根神经节神经元中枢突末梢形成突触的特点。结果显示:CGRP阳性和IB4阳性背根节神经元的中枢突和脊髓背角GABA能中间神经元之间形成密切联系;电镜下许多脊髓背角胶状质中突触小球的中央末梢为GABABR1免疫阳性,并作为突触前或突触后成分与周围末梢之间形成对称性和非对称性突触。提示脊髓背角GABA能中间神经元可能通过分布在背根节神经元初级传入末梢上的GABAB受体产生突触前抑制,参与脊髓水平的痛觉调制。     

THE WEBSITE'GIRL': CONTEMPORARY THEORIES ABOUT MALE'FEMININITY'

ABSTRACT I explore a bisexual male patient's need to differentiate highly problematic'feminine'identifications - originating in childhood sexual abuse and impingement by men as well as women - from identifications with more admired aspects of his mother. My main focus is on the patient's sexual identity - the personal meaning he gave to being male - rather than on his bisexuality - his desire for both sexes. In psychoanalytic literature powerful opposite-sex identifications are usually associated either with psychotic confusion or celebrated as a source of psychic strength. The co-existence of problematic and highly valued cross-sex identifications is rarely discussed. I also look at how this patient re-negotiated his identity through the transference relationship with a female psychotherapist, given that his'masculinity'derived mainly from childhood experiences of 'stealing'his mother's phallic power. Through a wideranging theoretical review I conclude that we need to draw together opposing psychoanalytic perspectives about maternal and paternal power, opening up new ways of thinking about triangular relationships in the transference.     

THE CARDIAC RESPONSE TO A PERCEPTUAL COGNITIVE TASK IN THE YOUNG CHILD

It has been argued that an important determinant of the cardiac response is the subject's intended transaction with his environment. The present study was designed to investigate whether cardiac deceleration would accompany the solution of a perceptual discrimination problem, whether the degree of cardiac deceleration would be related to the accuracy of the response, and the relationship between general intellectual ability and the cardiac response to the problem. Fifty-one subjects, 44 months of age, were each given 20 trials of a matching figures task. This task required that S match a figure (called standard) to one of four variations (one of which was identical to the standard). EKG was continuously recorded along with the latency and the accuracy of the response. If the first response was incorrect, S was asked to choose again. The results indicated: (1) There was a significant cardiac deceleration from the time S received the standard until he made his first choice. If the first response was correct, the cardiac rate, within 1–3 beats, returned to resting level; however, if S was told to guess again, the cardiac rate remained decelerated. (2) While accuracy of response was found to be related to the cardiac response, the effect was eliminated when response speed was controlled. (3) The degree of cardiac deceleration was correlated with general intellectual function as measured by a standard IQ test; however, it was significant only for girls.     

A category theoretical argument against the possibility of artificial life: Robert Rosen's central proof revisited

One of Robert Rosen's main contributions to the scientific community is summarized in his book Life itself. There Rosen presents a theoretical framework to define living systems; given this definition, he goes on to show that living systems are not realizable in computational universes. Despite being well known and often cited, Rosen's central proof has so far not been evaluated by the scientific community. In this article we review the essence of Rosen's ideas leading up to his rejection of the possibility of real artificial life in silico. We also evaluate his arguments and point out that some of Rosen's central notions are ill defined. The conclusion of this article is that Rosen's central proof is wrong.     

手掌部动脉的构筑

本文在手术显微镜下,观察和测量了50侧成人手掌部的动脉。手掌部的动脉,以掌浅层动脉、掌深层动脉和手背动脉形成3个主要血管层次。各层次间的吻合有:1.边缘吻合:位于手掌桡侧和尺侧缘,有浅,深2组。2.中央吻合,包括掌侧浅、深层间的直接交通支和间接交通支;掌侧和背侧间的近侧穿支、掌骨间隙穿支和远侧穿支。掌深弓及分支住手掌动脉构筑中居中间联系位置,对手掌部侧副循环的调节有重要作用。根据Poiscuille定律的流量公式,结合手掌动脉的形态特点推论,手掌部动脉的血液灌流,浅层以尺动脉为主,深层以桡动脉为主;边缘吻合的血液是从掌侧流向背侧;中央吻合的血流主要来自掌深弓及其分支。手掌部动咏的配布存在优势区域。深弓区优于浅弓区和手背动脉网区;中央吻合优于边缘吻合;边缘深层吻合优于浅层吻合。本文还讨论了指动脉的配布。     

THE STIFLED CRY OR TRUBY KING, THE FORGOTTEN PROPHET

This paper presents some research into the activities and influence of the New Zealand psychiatrist Frederic Truby King (1858–1938), in relation to a clinical case where Truby King's baby-feeding methods played a crucial role as major pathogenic agent. Truby King is seen as the product of his time and of his biography. The pros and cons of his ideas are examined in contrast to D.W. Winnicott's thoughts about babies and mothers which explicitly overturned his predecessor's influential dogmas.     

FEEDBACK TECHNIQUE FOR DEEP RELAXATION

Zero firing or single-motor-unit firing in large forearm muscle bundles was achieved in less than twenty minutes, in seven out of twenty-one subjects, through the use of a feedback meter which showed the subject his own electromyographic tension level. Five of these seven subjects reported body-image illusions. The behavior of single motor units under these conditions indicates the existence of a reflex-type neural oscillator in the striate neuromuscular domain, whose operation is gated or controlled from the central nervous system. The electronic system needed to operate the feedback meter can be assembled from standard amplifiers but standard EMG Integrator (rectifier) couplers usually must be modified in order to detect single motor unit firing. The final system is considerably more sensitive than those commercially available.