B超引导下穿刺置管引流术治疗肝脓肿22例临床分析

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮肝穿刺抽脓或置管引流在细菌性肝脓肿的临床应用价值。方法对22例细菌性肝脓肿通过超声引导确定后进行穿刺抽脓或置管引流,其中4例行穿刺抽脓1次,21例行置管引流。结果22例穿刺、置管全部获成功,平均疗程20d（10～42d）。术后无腹腔内出血、气胸、脓胸及严重腹腔感染等并发症。结论B超引导下肝脓肿穿刺置管引流术具有简便、安全、住院时间短、费用少,并发症低的优点,可用于治疗大多数肝脓肿。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流在胰腺术后腹腔感染患者中的应用疗效

目的 探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流应用于胰腺术后腹腔感染的可行性、安全性及疗效。方法 回顾性纳入胰腺术后腹腔积液合并感染并接受CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流的患者,分析穿刺置管对患者腹腔积液感染的治疗效果。结果 纳入8例胰腺术后患者,术后均出现腹腔积液合并腹腔感染。共完成10次CT引导下穿刺置管引流,置管13根,穿刺成功率100%。穿刺管引流液淀粉酶含量较高者达92.3%(12/13),细菌培养阳性率达100%,联合应用抗生素治疗后均治愈。结论 CT引导下经皮穿刺置管引流是胰腺术后腹腔积液感染治疗的重要手段,安全有效、创伤小。     

超声引导下穿刺置管引流在重症患者盆腹腔积液治疗中的应用

目的探讨超声引导下穿刺置管引流术在重症患者盆腹腔积液治疗中的应用价值。方法选择重症患者盆腹腔积液80例,其中12例为重症急性胰腺炎患者,45例为外科手术后患者,11例为恶性肿瘤,6例为腹腔脓肿,6例为盆腔脓肿或其他。均在超声引导下行穿刺置管引流。结果所有患者穿刺置管过程顺利,引流量100～3 300 mL,引流时间5～15 d。80例患者中78例引流通畅,保守治疗临床治愈或好转,2例引流不彻底,改行外科手术治疗后治愈。未见气胸、血胸、腹腔内出血、穿刺部位感染。1例同时行胆囊造瘘术者术后寒战高热,对症治疗后好...     

CT引导下经皮穿刺肝脓肿置管引流术临床应用

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺肝脓肿置管引流术在肝脓肿治疗中的应用。方法:对临床和影像学确诊的27例较大的肝脓肿患者通过CT扫描确定脓肿的位置、穿刺途径、角度及深度后行经皮穿刺肝脓肿置管引流术。结果:本组27例患者均1次穿刺置管引流成功,效果满意,治愈率96.3%,无明显并发症。结论:CT引导下经皮穿刺肝脓肿置管引流术定位精确,安全简便,是治疗肝脓肿的首选方法。     

超声引导下置管引流在肝移植术后腹腔并发症中的应用

目的探讨超声引导下置管引流在原位肝移植术后腹腔并发症中的价值。方法回顾40例在超声引导下采用Seldinger法置管引流治疗原位肝移植术后腹腔并发症的资料。结果40例超声引导下置管引流均一次成功,包括肝内胆汁瘤置管3例,经皮肝内胆管置管3例,胆漏置管12例,膈下积液置管引流9例,腹腔积液置管引流13例。其中13例为导管堵塞或分隔性积液而重新置管。置管后分别引流出胆汁、脓液或积液,引流后症状有不同改善,无严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下置管引流对原位肝移植术后腹腔并发症有重要价值。     

CT引导下经皮穿刺置管持续引流治疗咽旁脓肿病人的护理

[目的]总结CT引导下经皮穿刺置管持续引流治疗咽旁脓肿的护理。[方法]对10例咽旁脓肿病人行CT引导下经皮穿刺置管持续引流治疗,同时加强护理。[结果]10例病人均一次性穿刺置管成功,无需手术治疗;随访1个月均愈合良好,无严重并发症发生。[结论]加强CT引导下经皮穿刺置管持续引流治疗咽旁脓肿的护理有利于预后。     

超声引导下置管引流与穿刺抽吸在肝脓肿治疗中的比较

目的:比较超声引导下穿刺抽吸与置管引流在肝脓肿治疗中优劣。方法:33例置管引流与87例穿刺抽吸两组患者,术后比较体温及白细胞下降至正常的时间,平均住院时间以及并发症。两种方法均同时采用静脉内给抗生素治疗。结果:两组方法在疗效及安全性上无显著差异(包括体温及白细胞降至正常时间,平均住院时间以及并发症)。结论:超声引导下穿刺抽吸或置管引流在治疗肝脓肿的疗效与安全性均无显著差异。     

全身炎症反应综合征患者腹腔内脓肿CT引导下穿刺引流的护理

探讨全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者腹腔内脓肿CT引导下穿刺引流的护理.回顾分析2005年3月至2007年2月,19例SIRS患者行腹腔内脓肿经CT引导下穿刺引流前的物品准备及转运风险防范、穿刺引流过程中密切配合、穿刺引流后病情观察、导管的管理护理措施等.严密观察及有针对性的护理对保证腹腔内脓肿穿刺引流安全、有效地实施具有重要意义.     

超声引导下经骶部行后盆腔包裹性积液置管引流的临床价值

目的 探讨超声引导下经骶部行后盆腔包裹性积液置管引流的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析行超声引导经骶部后盆腔包裹性积液置管引流的患者43例,分析其穿刺成功率及其引流效果。其中腹腔术后者32例,原发性后盆腔脓肿11例。结果 包裹性积液直径8.6～16.8 cm,平均直径(13.7±2.4)cm。其中含气有31例,不含气有12例。术后经影像学随访复查,所有患者脓腔均完全消失,平均置管时长为(12.7±1.7)d。后盆腔包裹性积液穿刺成功率为100%,出现1例穿刺并发症,穿刺并发症发生率为2.3%(1/43)。37例患者细菌培养阳性,降钙素原下降时间为(7.3±0.8)d。结论 经骶部行置管路径上血管及器官较多。超声引导下经骶部行后盆腔脓肿置管引流是一项较安全、有效、微创的操作方式。     

超声引导下经皮穿刺置管硬化肾囊肿的临床应用

目的 观察在超声引导下经皮穿刺置管引流、囊液引流后注射无水酒精硬化单纯性肾囊肿(囊肿长径均＞100 mm)的效果和安全性.方法 从2012年3月至2013年4月对21例较大肾囊肿患者在超声引导下经皮穿刺置入猪尾巴管并接引流袋,囊液引流干净后注射无水酒精治疗,观察术后对囊肿的治疗情况.结果 21例肾囊肿患者在超声引导下经皮穿刺置管硬化肾囊肿的治疗中获得成功,术后随访3～ 12个月,治愈率达95％,有效率达100％.结论超声引导下经皮穿刺置管硬化较大肾囊肿疗效明显,比以往单纯用穿刺针抽液及硬化治疗疗效显著.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.