乳腺癌保乳治疗的共识与争议

乳腺癌的治疗强调在局部控制基础上的综合治疗。越来越多的临床实践证明扩大乳腺癌手术无生存获益。手术范围日益缩小,从100多年前的扩大根治术逐渐过渡到改良根治术和更微创的保乳手术。乳腺癌腋窝处理也从传统的淋巴结清扫术,过渡到部分早期病人可仅接受前哨淋巴结活检术,降低了上肢淋巴结水肿、感觉和运动障碍等并发症发生率。基于安全有效的长期随访结果,原发肿瘤切缘阴性的保乳手术加术后全乳放疗是大多数早     

乳腺癌的保乳治疗

乳腺癌是女性最常见恶性肿瘤之一,其发病率呈逐年上升趋势.在中国,这种上升趋势更为明显,乳腺癌的发病率已升至女性恶性肿瘤的第一或第二位,严重危害广大妇女的身心健康.     

乳腺癌保乳手术的研究进展

一个多世纪以来，乳腺癌的局部治疗发生了巨大的变化，19世纪末的Halsted根治术，20世纪50年代的扩大根治术，60年代的改良根治术，80年代的保乳手术；显而易见，乳腺癌的最佳手术一直是肿瘤外科争论和研究的热点。     

乳腺癌保乳手术治疗体会

目的总结乳腺癌施行保留乳房的根治术的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2003年8月～2007年12月我科开展的52例保乳手术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料。术后均行联合化疗、放疗、内分泌治疗。结果本组52例均获得随访,随访时是2个月-4年。51例均未发现有局部复发及远处转移,1例出现局部复发并肺转移。除1例因乳房过小术后外形欠美观外,其余51例保乳术后的乳房外形基本满意。结论乳腺癌行保乳手术并联合放、化疗可达到与传统根治手术相同的近期效果,并具有患者心理打击小、美容效果好的优点。     

老年乳腺癌的保乳治疗

老年患者是否适合行保乳手术，国内报道甚少。近年来，我们对部分60岁以上的老年乳腺癌患者开展了此项手术，现报道如下。     

早期乳腺癌36例行保乳手术治疗体会

目的 总结早期乳腺癌施行保留乳房的根治术的治疗效果。方法 分析2002年1月～2005年12月我科选择开展的保乳手术的36例乳腺癌Ⅰ、Ⅱa患者的近期治疗效果。结果 本组患者均行保留乳房的乳腺癌根治术，术后联合化疗、放疗、内分泌治疗均获得较满意的效果。结论 早期乳腺癌行保乳手术联合放、化疗可达到与传统根治手术相同的近期效果，并具有患者心理打击小、美容效果好的优点。     

规范化保乳手术在乳腺癌治疗中的应用

1924年,Keynes[1]首次采用乳腺肿块切除加镭针插植术而非传统的Halsted根治术治疗乳腺癌获得成功.20世纪70年代, Fisher等[2]提出,乳腺癌一开始就是一个全身性疾病,不同手术方式对生存率无根本影响,改变了人们对乳腺癌生物学行为的认识.随后,多个医疗机构的大样本前瞻性试验证实了保乳手术同传统根治术在长期生存率上无明显差异,从而使得乳腺癌的手术治疗模式由"可以耐受的最大治疗"转为 "最小而有效的治疗",保乳手术逐渐成为乳腺癌,特别是早期乳腺癌的治疗趋势.我国的保乳率较低,保乳手术仅占同期手术治疗乳腺癌的9%[3].现就乳腺癌保乳手术的疗效、适应证、手术方式、切缘、美容效果等几方面讨论如下.     

乳腺癌的保乳治疗

目前在我国大中城市乳腺癌已成为女性最常见的恶性肿瘤 ,且发病率仍有逐年上升趋势。近年来 ,乳腺癌的治疗模式也在发生根本性的变化。保乳手术 (Breast-conservingsurgery ,BCS)在西方发达国家已占全部乳腺癌手术的一半以上 ,而我国开展甚少。随着我国人民生活水平的提高 ,施行BCS的比例也将大幅度增加 ,如何规范这一术式并做好相应的辅助治疗是关系到BCS治疗成败的关键因素。一、BCS与传统乳房切除手术的疗效比较目前 ,共有 7项前瞻性随机试验比较BCS与乳房切除手术 (Mastectomy ,MT)对I期、II期和部分III期乳腺癌的治疗效果。…     

早期乳腺癌32例行保乳手术临床分析

目的总结早期乳腺癌施行保乳手术的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析32例早期乳腺癌患者实施保乳手术治疗、术后放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗的临床资料。结果随访12⁶0个月,32例患者无局部复发及远处转移.术后效果满意。结论早期乳腺癌适时实施保乳手术联合化疗、放疗和内分泌治疗,创伤小、外观恢复好、复发率低,疗效肯定。     

乳腺癌保乳手术治疗148例分析

目的研究乳腺癌保乳治疗方法的选择,探讨保乳手术适应证及疗效. 方法回顾分析1996年1月～2003年10月我院接受保乳治疗的148例乳腺癌临床资料.0期5例,Ⅰ期85例,Ⅱ期55例,Ⅲ期3例.手术方式为象限切除或肿块局部广泛切除联合腋窝淋巴结清扫.术后常规行辅助放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗. 结果手术标本石蜡病理检查各切缘均无癌浸润.经过54个月中位随访期(范围2～84个月),局部复发率为2.7%(4/148),其中乳腺3例,腋窝1例;远处转移率3.4%(5/148),手术至远处转移间期6～43个月,转移部位分别为肺、肝、脑膜和骨,其中3例死亡.对保乳综合治疗结束后满1年的108例患者进行乳房外形的评估,优32.4%(35/108),良49.1%(53/108),差18.5%(20/108). 结论对早期乳腺癌及部分经新辅助化疗降期后的局部进展期乳腺癌进行保乳手术治疗效果满意.规范化的切除和术后放疗、全身综合治疗是保乳治疗成功的关键.保乳手术后大部分患者乳房外形良好.     

Effect of intraoperative radiotherapy for early breast cancer on 10‐year recurrence rates and overall survival

The aim of this study was to evaluate 10‐year local control and overall survival of IORT for early breast cancer treatment. We analyzed 68 patients submitted to breast conservative surgery and IORT, in the accelerator room of the Radiotherapy Service in South Brazil. In the long‐term follow‐up, we had 17.6% of patients with ipsilateral breast cancer recurrence, 2.9% with regional recurrence, 2.9% with contralateral breast recurrence, and 5.9% with distant metastasis. The 10‐year overall survival was 82.8%. Our data show high local recurrence rates, however, good overall survival in early breast cancer patients treated with breast‐conserving surgery and intraoperative radiotherapy with electron beams in the long‐term follow‐up.     

Selective use of whole breast radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery for invasive breast cancer and DCIS

BackgroundRadiotherapy following breast conservation is routine in the treatment of invasive breast cancer and is commonly used in ductal carcinoma in situ to decrease local recurrence. However, adjuvant breast radiotherapy has significant short and longer-term side effects and consumes substantial health care resources. We aimed to review the randomised controlled trials and attempted to identify clinico-pathological factors and molecular markers associated with the risk of local recurrence.MethodsA literature search using the Medline and Ovid databases between 1965 and 2011 was conducted using the terms ‘breast conservation’ and radiotherapy, and radiotherapy and DCIS. Only papers with randomised clinical trials published in English in adult were included. Only Level 2 evidence and above was included.ResultsThree meta-analyses and 17 randomised controlled trials have been published in invasive disease and one meta-analysis and four randomised controlled trials for DCIS. Overall, adjuvant radiotherapy provides a 15.7% decrease in local recurrence and 3.8% decrease in 15-year risk of breast cancer death. The key clinico-pathological factors, which enable stratification into high, intermediate or low risk groups include age, oestrogen receptor positivity, use of tamoxifen and extent of surgery. Absolute reductions in 15-year risk of breast cancer death in these three prediction categories are 7.8%, 1·1%, and 0·1% respectively Adjuvant radiotherapy provides a 60% risk reduction in local recurrence in DCIS with no impact on distal metastases or overall survival. Size, pathological subtype and margins are major risk factors for local recurrence in DCIS.ConclusionsAdjuvant radiotherapy consistently decreases local recurrence across all subtypes of invasive and in-situ disease. While it has a survival advantage in those with invasive disease, this is not seen with DCIS and is minimal in invasive disease where the risk of local recurrence is low. This group includes women over 70 with node negative, ER positive tumours<2 cm.     

乳腺癌保乳手术的体会

目的　总结和探讨乳腺癌保乳手术保持乳房良好外形 ,在术前、术中和术后应注意的问题。方法　 3 7例患者接受了乳腺癌保乳手术。术后从乳头外观、双乳头水平差距、双乳头距同侧腋前线垂直距离之差距和瘢痕对乳房外形影响等四个方面的量化标准 ,评估保留乳房的外形美观效果。四项指标积分≥ 2 1分为优 ,13～ 2 0分为良 ,<13分为差。结果　术后保留乳房外形优良者 3 0例 ( 81.1% ) ,乳房外形较差者 7例 ( 18.9% )。常见问题是因切口瘢痕致乳房变形、乳头歪斜、乳头不自然挺立 ,以及与对侧乳头水平高度差距明显。结论　术前认真设计手术切口、术中注意术区皮瓣和保留乳腺组织的彻底游离以及切除、缝合技巧 ,术后切口包扎时注意避免压迫乳头等 ,将有助于保持保留乳房的外形美观效果     

乳腺癌保乳手术切缘问题

尽管外科医生普遍认为保乳手术切缘应该是没有肿瘤细胞的干净切缘,而肿瘤残留将可能增加局部复发概率,甚至增加病死率;但是由于保乳手术在各个国家地区的做法不同及切缘评估方法的差异,至今无保乳手术中有关安全切缘宽度的共识或指南。保乳手术应该保证切缘无瘤,否则肿瘤的残留将使得一个根治性的手术人为转变成为姑息手术及活检手术;将随后的辅助治疗人为转变成为解救治疗。     

Surgery and radiation therapy of triple-negative breast cancers: From biology to clinics

Triple negative breast cancer refers to tumours lacking the expression of the three most used tumour markers, namely oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). These cancers are known to carry a more dismal prognosis than the other molecular subtypes. Whether a more aggressive local-regional treatment is warranted or not in patients with triple-negative breast cancer is still a matter of debate. Indeed there remain a number of grey zones with respect to the optimization of the extent and the timing of surgery and radiation therapy (RT) in this patient population, also in consideration of the significant heterogeneity in biological behaviour and response to treatment identified for these tumours. The objective of this review is to provide an insight into the biological and clinical behaviour of triple-negative breast cancers and revisit the most recent advances in their management, focussing on local-regional treatments.     

Supraclavicular nodal failure in patients with one to three positive axillary lymph nodes treated with breast conserving surgery and breast irradiation, without supraclavicular node radiation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with supraclavicular nodal failure (SCF) in patients with one to three positive axillary nodes treated with breast conserving surgery and axillary dissection without supraclavicular node radiation (S/C RT) to aid in the selection of patients for S/C RT. Two hundred two breast conservation patients with one to three positive axillary nodes on axillary dissection treated with breast irradiation without S/C RT and 20 patients with S/C RT between August 1985 and May 2002 were identified and retrospectively evaluated. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine SCF-free and overall survival curves. Risk factors for SCF were examined. The median follow-up from surgery was 72 months (range: 4-195). Nine of 202 patients (4%) failed in the ipsilateral breast, 4 (2%) in the ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph nodes, 4 (2%) in the ipsilateral axillary and/or internal mammary nodes and 30 (15%) distantly. The 5- and 10-year SCF-free survival was 97.92%. The overall survival at 5, 10, and 15 years was 91.35%, 75.58%, and 67.18%, respectively. SCFs were associated with high grade or ER negative cancers, but not with number of positive nodes. Two of the four SCFs were associated with distant metastases, and two with local failures. One patient with a SCF was salvaged and is disease-free at 134 months. The overall low incidence of SCF in patients with one to three positive nodes treated with breast radiation alone after breast conserving surgery and adequate axillary dissection suggests that additional S/C RT is unnecessary in this cohort. When it occurs, supraclavicular nodal failure is often associated with distant metastases.     

早期乳腺癌的保乳综合治疗疗效分析

目的　评价早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法　保乳组 92例 ,行保留乳房的肿瘤切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术 ;对照组 60例 ,行乳癌改良根治术。术后给予放疗、全身化疗和 /或内分泌治疗。结果　平均随访 5 7个月 ,保乳组中无局部复发病例 ,3年生存率为 97.2 % ,5年生存率为 89.3 % ,远隔脏器转移率为 6.5 % ;对照组局部复发 2例 ,3年生存率为 97.5 % ,5年生存率为90 .1% ,远隔脏器转移率为 5 .0 % ,两组各指标对比无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　早期乳腺癌采用保乳综合疗法 ,可以达到与根治术相似的治疗效果 ,可作为首选方法