失代偿期肝硬化腹水并发白发性细菌性腹膜炎52例临床分析

目的探讨失代偿肝硬化腹水并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的临床特点及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析52例肝硬化腹水并发SBP患者的临床资料。结果52例肝硬化腹水并发SBP患者中,腹水细菌培养阳性率为3．85％,致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,多数患者缺乏典型腹膜炎的症状及体征。结论及时准确的早期诊断和有效抗菌素治疗可明显提高SBP患者的治愈率。     

肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎临床分析

目的探讨肝硬化并发自发性腹膜炎的临床特点。方法回顾性统计分析73例失代偿期肝硬化临床资料。结果多数患者缺乏腹膜炎的症状、体征,腹水细菌培养阳性率14%。结论肝硬化并发SBP的诊断不能单纯依赖腹水中的细胞计数而PMN计数是诊断SBP的重要指标。     

肝硬化合并原发性腹膜炎111例诊断与治疗

目的提高治疗肝硬化合并原发性腹膜炎患者的疗效和改善预后。方法以肝硬化合并原发性腹膜炎患者为研究对象,详细记录患者的体温、腹部症状、体征、血象、腹水中多核细胞数和腹水培养情况。在输注血浆、白蛋白等对症治疗的基础上,根据药敏试验和临床经验使用适当的抗菌药物,观察患者的体温、腹部症状和体征的转归情况。结果近7年半收治各类肝硬化患者299例,确诊或疑诊为原发性腹膜炎患者共111例,伴有不同程度的腹胀、腹痛、腹部压痛、反跳痛和张力增高等症状和体征,感染发生率37.12%(111/299)。体温高于37.4℃75例;外周血WBC计数>10×109/L35例;中性粒细胞分类>804例;腹水中多核细胞计数>0.25×109/L33例。腹水培养结果仅1例患者细菌培养阳性。肝硬化合并原发性腹膜炎患者Child-pughB和C级人数明显多于Child-pughA级者。治愈、好转61例(55.0%),无效、恶化26例(23.4%),死亡24例(21.6%)。结论肝硬化患者合并原发性腹膜炎的症状和体征不够典型,腹水培养阳性率低。及时有效的使用合适的抗菌药物治疗,能提高疗效、改善预后。     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎的治疗经验

目的探讨肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）的抗生素治疗方法。方法 28例肝硬化并发SBP患者接受头孢噻肟或左氧氟沙星联合头孢他啶治疗7天,观察临床效果。结果 28例患者治疗后腹膜炎控制率为71.43%（20/28）,死亡2例。结论联合应用抗生素治疗肝硬化并发SBP患者有效。     

肝炎肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎治疗探讨

目的探讨肝炎肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的治疗。方法147例肝炎肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者行综合治疗:1积极支持治疗;2舒普深抗感染,每日4克,共3周;3每次放腹水后使用罗氏芬1克,腹腔注射。同期另118例肝炎肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者,接受积极支持治疗和舒普深抗感染,每日4克,共2周。结果与对照组比,抗感染3周疗程加放腹水组患者腹水消退快,总胆红素下降明显,腹腔感染控制较彻底,一年后自发性细菌性腹膜炎复发率显著降低(P<0.05)。结论肝炎肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的抗感染治疗疗程要长,适时放腹水可提高疗效。     

肝硬化失代偿期并发自发性腹膜炎的临床观察

自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)是肝硬化重要并发症之一,发病率占肝硬化住院病人的30％～50%。本文对肝硬化腹水病人并发SBP和未并发SBP的单纯肝硬化病人的症状、体征及实验室检查进行分析,为临床诊治提供依据。     

肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者21例临床分析

自发性细菌性腹膜炎（SBP）是指在腹腔及临近组织无感染源的情况下发生的急性腹膜炎,是肝硬化腹水患者常见的严重并发症。本文对21例肝硬化并发SBP患者的临床资料进行分析。现报告如下。     

肝硬化伴自发性细菌性腹膜炎68例临床分析

为探讨自发性细菌性腹膜炎(SBP)的临床诊断以及预后相关因素,减少漏诊,提高治愈率,判断病情预后,本文回顾性分析了68例肝硬化并发SBP患者.结果SBP临床表现不典型,诊断需要依靠腹水细胞计数和细菌培养,但腹水细菌培养阳性率低.血象白细胞升高和出凝血时间延长(＞ 20s),高总胆红素(＞ 60μmol/L)与预后相关.并发症越多,肝功能积分越高预后越差.提高对SBP的认识,早期诊断及积极治疗是提高SBP生存率的关键.     

肝硬化腹水并发结核性腹膜炎的预警指标分析

目的分析肝硬化腹水并发结核性腹膜炎预警指标。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年12月重庆医科大学附属第二医院62例肝硬化腹水患者的临床资料。其中肝硬化腹水并发结构性腹膜炎(TBP)患者27例(TBP组);肝硬化腹水未发生TBP患者35例(非TBP组),收集2组患者的临床情况和实验室检查结果。采用χ2检验和Mann-Whitney U检验进行单因素分析;Logistic回归多因素检验进行多因素分析。结果性别、原发性腹膜炎病史、血沉(ESR)、血清结核抗体、腹水淋巴细胞为主(≥50%)及凝血酶原活动度(PTA)等指标在2组的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。原发性腹膜炎病史、PTA、ESR、腹水淋巴细胞为主(≥50%)的肝硬化腹水患者发生结核性腹膜炎的OR分别为1.933、3.205、2.716、11.701;其工作特征曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC)分别是0.831、0.815、0.775、0.935,P值均0.05。结论既往有原发性腹膜炎病史、PTA、ESR、腹水淋巴细胞≥50%是肝硬化腹水患者发生结核性腹膜炎的预警指标;各预警指标的预测价值均较好,尤其腹水淋巴细胞为主(≥50%)预测价值最大。     

终末期肝病并发自发性腹膜炎患者血小板计数的变化及其临床意义

目的：探讨终末期肝病并发自发性腹膜炎患者血小板计数的变化及其临床意义。方法：对266例并发自发性腹膜炎的终末期肝病患者进行回顾性分析,研究对象分为失代偿期肝硬化组、慢性重型肝炎组。观察两组患者血小板计数在腹膜炎发作前、腹膜炎发生时、腹膜炎治愈后的变化,以同组中未并发自发性腹膜炎的患者为对照。结果：失代偿期肝硬化和慢性重型肝炎并发自发性腹膜炎患者血小板计数在腹膜炎发生时下降,腹膜炎治愈后回升（P均〈0.01）。结论：血小板计数变化可作为失代偿期肝硬化和慢性重型肝炎并发自发性腹膜炎诊断和治疗的一项辅助参考指标。     

Two cases of tuberculous peritonitis with liver cirrhosis complicated by refractory ascites

We present two cases of tuberculous peritonitis with liver cirrhosis complicated by refractory ascites. Case 1 was a 59-year-old female with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. She was admitted to our hospital because of diarrhea, anorexia and inflammatory reactions on a blood test. She had a high fever of 38°C or more and refractory ascites. Tubercle bacilli infection was suspected based on increased levels of serum CA125 and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in ascites. Laparoscopic examination showed white nodules on the peritoneum, and histologic study confirmed tuberculous nodules. The same bacteria were isolated from culture of ascites. Case 2 was a 55-year-old female with hepatitis C virus-infected liver cirrhosis. She was admitted because of high fever and abdominal fullness due to ascites. High levels of serum CA125 and ADA in ascites and ineffectiveness of treatment with antibiotics plus diuretics led us to start anti-tuberculous therapy before definitive diagnosis. Tuberculus bacillus was later isolated from culture of ascites. It is difficult to make early diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis in cirrhotic patients with ascites due to a lack of specific symptoms. However, determination of serum CA125 and ADA in ascites and the acid-fast bacterial culture of ascites are useful for early diagnosis.     

亚胺培南与头孢哌酮舒巴坦治疗肝硬化自发性腹膜炎的疗效比较

目的比较亚胺培南与头孢哌酮舒巴坦治疗肝硬化自发性腹膜炎的临床疗效。方法 70例肝硬化自发性腹膜炎患者分成亚胺培南组(A组,35例)和头孢哌酮舒巴坦组(B组,35例),A组采用腹腔穿刺引流及亚胺培南治疗,B组采用腹腔穿刺引流及头孢哌酮舒巴坦治疗,两组疗程均为10 d。治疗结束后观察两组疗效及临床症状变化情况。结果 A组治疗总有效率(82.9%)明显优于B组(68.6%)(P<0.05);A组发热、腹胀、腹痛、腹部压痛和反跳痛等临床症状缓解时间明显早于B组(P<0.05)。结论亚胺培南治疗肝硬化自发性腹膜炎疗效显著,不良反应少,可明显缓解临床症状,值得临床推广应用。     

Diagnosis and management of bacterial infections in decompensated cirrhosis

Bacterial infections are one of the most frequent complications in cirrhosis and result in high mortality rates.Patients with cirrhosis have altered and impaired immunity,which favours bacterial translocation.Episodes of infections are more frequent in patients with decompensated cirrhosis than those with compensated liver disease.The most common and life-threatening infection in cirrhosis is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis followed by urinary tract infections,pneumonia,endocarditis and skin and soft-tissue infections.Patients with decompensated cirrhosis have increased risk of developing sepsis,multiple organ failure and death.Risk factors associated with the development of infections are severe liver failure,variceal bleeding,low ascitic protein level and prior episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP).The prognosis of these patients is closely related to a prompt and accurate diagnosis.An appropriate treatment decreases the mortality rates.Preventive strategies are the mainstay of the management of these patients.Empirical antibiotics should be started immediately following the diagnosis of SBP and the first-line antibiotic treatment is third-generation cephalosporins.However,the efficacy of currently recommended empirical antibiotic therapy is very low in nosocomial infections including SBP,compared to community-acquired episodes.This may be associated with the emergence of infections caused by Enterococcus faecium and extended-spectrum β-lactamaseproducing Enterobacteriaceae,which are resistant to the first line antimicrobial agents used for treatment.The emergence of resistant bacteria,underlines the need to restrict the use of prophylactic antibiotics to patients with the greatest risk of infections.Nosocomial infections should be treated with wide spectrum antibiotics.Further studies of early diagnosis,prevention and treatment are needed to improve the outcomes in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.     

欠发达地区结核性腹膜炎40例

目的:总结结核性腹膜炎(tuberculous peritonitis,TBP)临床特点,进一步提高临床医生对TBP的认识水平.方法:收集40例TBP患者的病例资料,对其发病情况、临床表现、实验室和辅助检查、诊疗经过等方面进行回顾性分析并复习文献.结果:本组TBP患者年龄以20-40岁为高发(57.5%),仅22.5%的病例既往有结核病史或慢性疾病史.发病以慢性起病多见(85.0%),症状以腹胀(85.0%)、食欲减退(67.5%)、发热(52.5%)、腹痛(47.5%)常见.体征以腹水(67.5%)、腹痛(65.0%)多见,腹壁柔韧感少见(35.0%).血清学检查特异性低,腹水多呈渗出液的特点,但腹水ADA>33U/L,单核细胞占优势等有助于诊断TBP的特点较少见(16.0%-34.0%).腹水抗酸杆菌涂片和结核菌培养阳性率低(4.75%,0%).PPD实验和胸部X线的阳性率均为37.5%.CT和B超检查多数表现为腹水、腹膜增厚、粘连等(78%),女性患者子宫、附件受累常见(72.7%).本组TBP患者误诊5例,误诊率为12.5%,最常见是误诊为妇科肿瘤(n=3).仅4例患者(10%)获病原学或病理确诊,其余90%依靠试验性抗结核治疗获得诊断.结论:在欠发达地区,目前依靠腹腔镜、B超引导下活检等手段获得病理标本,确诊TBP的比例仍很低.绝大部分TBP病例诊断主要依靠试验性抗结核治疗及对疗效的动态观察.临床医生能够怀疑到TBP的可能并积极试验性抗结核治疗是TBP诊断的关键.对2wk试验性抗结核治疗效果不好的病例,要动员患者接受更积极的腹腔镜检查,以免贻误病情.     

红外热像图诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎的应用研究

目的 利用红外热像图协助乙型肝炎肝硬化合并自发性细菌性腹膜炎的诊断。方法对43例乙型肝炎硬化腹水合并自发性细胞性腹膜炎患者和35例单纯乙型肝炎肝硬化腹水患者的腹部红外热像图进行对照研究结果实验组与对照组病人腹部红外热像图相比有特征性改变，两组间腹部红外热像图温度存在显著差异。结论 红外热像图协助诊断自发性细菌性腹膜炎具有简单易行，无创、费用低廉等特点，自临床应用价值。     

血清-腹水白蛋白梯度和腹水ADA、CA125在结核性腹膜炎诊治中的临床价值

[目的]探讨血清-腹水白蛋白梯度(SAAG)和腹水腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)、CA125对结核性腹膜炎的临床诊断价值。[方法]选取132例腹水患者进行回顾性分析,并将其分为4组:单纯性结核性腹膜炎组(A组)75例,肝硬化合并结核性腹膜炎组(B组)14例,肝硬化组(C组)17例,其他原因腹水组(D组)26例。对所有患者同一天的血清白蛋白及腹水白蛋白浓度进行检测,计算出SAAG;并测定腹水中的ADA、CA125浓度。[结果]以SAAG11g/L为临界值,诊断结核性腹膜炎的敏感度为96.6%(86/89)、特异性为74.4%(32/43)、准确率为89.4%(118/132),A、B组SAAG浓度显著低于C、D组(P0.05),A、B组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);以ADA40U/L为临界值,诊断结核性腹膜炎的敏感性为92.1%(82/89)、特异性为97.7%(42/43)、准确率为93.9%(124/132),A、B组腹水ADA浓度与C、D组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),A、B组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),A、B组抗结核治疗前后腹水ADA浓度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);以CA12535U/ml为临界值,诊断结核性腹膜炎的敏感性为100%(89/89)、特异性为34.9%(15/43)、准确性为78.8%(104/132),各组腹水CA125浓度比较均差异无统计学意义(P0.05),A、B组抗结核治疗前后腹水CA125浓度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]腹水ADA诊断结核性腹膜炎的敏感性、特异性、准确性均较高,并可作为判断结核性腹膜炎抗结核治疗疗效的观察指标;SAAG诊断结核性腹膜炎的敏感性较高,但特异性较低;腹水CA125对结核性腹膜炎无诊断价值,但可作为治疗疗效追踪的观察指标。     

血浆降钙素原测定在肝硬化伴自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者中的临床应用

目的　探讨血浆降钙素原 (procalcitonin ,PCT)对肝硬化伴自发性细菌性腹膜炎 (spontaneousbacterialperitonitis ,SBP)的诊断价值及与临床病程和预后的关系。方法　采用金标层析法测定 112例肝硬化腹水患者 (单纯腹水 5 1例 ,合并SBP 6 1例 )血浆PCT水平。结果　肝硬化腹水患者血浆PCT水平均显著高于正常 ,以 10ng/mL为阳性判断值时 ,SBP组阳性检出率显著高于无SBP组(P <0 0 0 1) ,且与培养是否阳性无关。最初三天血浆PCT水平变化与临床结局密切相关。结论　血浆PCT测定对肝硬化伴SBP的早期快速诊断及预后判断等有重要价值。     

腹膜活检对结核性腹膜炎的诊断价值

目的评价经皮腹腔穿刺腹膜活检对结核性腹膜炎的诊断价值。方法使用自动弹簧活检针对34例临床上考虑为结核性腹膜炎患者进行腹膜活检,并进行病理诊断。结果34例患者均经一次穿刺取出腹膜壁层组织,经病理证实结核性腹膜炎26例、转移性腺癌3例、恶性淋巴瘤1例和大致正常腹膜组织4例,一次穿刺活检成功率为100％,经活检明确腹水病因的诊断率为88．2％。结论腹膜活检对结核性腹膜炎诊断及鉴别诊断,有重要的临床诊断价值。     

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and extraperitoneal infections in patients with cirrhosis

Infections are a frequent complication and a major cause of death among patients with cirrhosis. The important impact of infections in general and especially spontaneous bacterial peritonitis on the course of disease and prognosis of patients with cirrhosis has been recognized for many years. Nevertheless, such importance has recently increased due to the comprehension of infection as one of the most prominent risk factors for patients to develop acute-on-chronic liver failure. Furthermore, the issue of infections in cirrhosis is a focus of increasing attention because of the spreading of multidrug resistant bacteria, which is an emerging concern among physicians assisting patients with cirrhosis. In the present paper, we will review the current epidemiology of infections in patients with cirrhosis and particularly that of infections caused by resistant bacteria, demonstrating the relevance of the subject. Besides, we will discuss the current recommendations on diagnosis and treatment of different kinds of infections, including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and we will highlight the importance of knowing local microbiological profiles and choosing empirical antibiotic therapy wisely. Finally, we will debate the existing evidences regarding the role of volume expansion with albumin in patients with cirrhosis and extraperitoneal infections, and that of antibiotic prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.     

自发性细菌性腹膜炎实验诊断研究进展

自发性细菌性腹膜炎是肝硬化腹水患者常见且可致命的并发症,住院患者具有较高的病死率。延迟诊断和未能及时采用有效的抗生素治疗,可明显增加患者的死亡风险。因此,合理使用腹水分析,血清腹水检测以及腹水病原学检测等技术对实现该病早期诊断具有重要的临床意义。本文对自发性细菌性腹膜炎的实验室诊断进展进行综述。