O-酰基-L-丝氨酸衍生物和S-酰基-L-半胱氨酸衍生物的合成研究

目的寻找能将氨基酸侧链的羟基、巯基与二元羧酸连接成酯的方法。方法分别以L 丝氨酸和L 半胱氨酸为起始物 ,采用叔丁氧羰基、苄酯或二苯甲酯形式保护 ,分别与丁二酸单苄酯、草酸单苄酯、丁二酸单叔丁酯缩合成酯 ,合成了 3个未见文献报道的化合物O (4 苄氧丁二酰基 ) N 叔丁氧羰基 L 丝氨酸苄酯 (4 )、O (2 苄氧草酰基 ) N 叔丁氧羰基 L 丝氨酸苄酯 (8)、S (4 叔丁氧丁二酰基 ) N 叔丁氧羰基 L 半胱氨酸二苯甲酯 (12 )。化合物 4经氢解合成未见文献报道的化合物O 丁二酰基 N 叔丁氧羰基 L 丝氨酸 (5 )。化合物 5经酸解得到O 丁二酰基 L 丝氨酸(6)。结果与结论目标化合物的结构经光谱确证。通过这种方法二元羧酸能与氨基酸的羟基、巯基缩合成酯     

新型乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂7H-噻唑并[3,2-b]-1,2,4-三嗪-7-酮类化合物的设计、合成与生物活性

目的 寻找作为乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂的具有新化学结构类型的化合物。方法 采用分子对接的方法寻找新型的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,设计并合成了10个7H-噻唑并[3,2-b]-1,2,4-三嗪-7-酮类化合物。通过Erlenmeyer-Plöchl反应及缩合反应生成目标化合物6-芳甲基-3-芳基-7H-噻唑并[3,2-b]-1,2,4-三嗪-7-酮类化合物,其结构采用红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振氢谱确证。采用Ellman方法进行体外抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测试。 结果 合成了10个7H-噻唑并[3,2-b]-1,2,4-三嗪-7-酮类化合物,体外抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性测试结果显示所有目标化合物均具有抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性,8个目标化合物在10 μmol.L-1浓度水平抑制活性均超过了50%。结论7H-噻唑并[3,2-b]-1,2,4-三嗪-7-酮类化合物是潜在的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,是一类具有新骨架结构的AChE抑制剂。     

抗辐射药物的研究:硫辛酸氨基酯的合成

本文报道35个硫辛酸氨基酯的合成和抗辐射作用。采刚四种不同方法进行酯的合成,对于一些中间体的合成方法也作了改进。硫辛酸氨基酯化合物中的环状双硫结构可能是其抗辐射作用的有效部分,而侧链则可以加以改变,在酯键的α-碳上引入β-肾上腺素能阻断剂或“双酯”结构后抗辐射作用非常显著,如化合物2,16,25,27等。化合物10对狗有明显升高外周血白细胞的作用。     

非氨酯的合成

目的:合成非氨酯.方法:以2-苯基-1,3-丙二酸二乙酯为起始原料,经硼氢化钠还原后得到2-苯基-1,3-丙二醇,再与氯甲酸苯酯、氨水反应得到目标化合物非氨酯.结果:目标化合物经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、质谱确证其化学结构.非氨酯总收率达38.1%.结论:该法合成操作简便,适合于工业化生产.     

9-芴甲氧羰基天冬氨酸苄基酯的合成工艺研究

目的 以天冬氨酸叔丁基酯为起始化合物,设计合成新的天冬氨酸衍生物,并研究其在环肽合成中的重要作用。方法 对天冬氨酸叔丁基酯进行Fmoc保护并在其4位碳上引入苄基结构,然后脱除1位碳上的叔丁基保护,从而合成所需的目标化合物,所得化合物结构均经MS、^1H-NMR等光谱确证。结果 合成得到了9-芴甲氧羰基天冬氨酸苄基酯,总收率为61．3％。结论 合成方法具有可行性,操作简便、总收率高,目标化合物适用于环肽的合成。     

O—酰基—L—丝氨酸衍生物和S—酰基—L—半胱氨酸衍生物的合成研完

目的 寻找能将氨基酸侧链的羧基、巯基与二元羧酸连接成酯的方法。方法 分别以L—丝氨酸和L—半胱氨酸为起始物，采用叔丁氧羰基、苄酯或二苯甲酯形式保护，分别与丁二酸单苄酯、草酸单苄酯、丁二酸单叔丁酯缩合成酯，合成了3个未见文献报道的化合物0—(4—苄氧丁二酰基)—N—叔丁氧羰基—L—丝氨酸节酯(4)、0—(2—苄氧草酰基)—N—叔丁氧羰基—L—丝氨酸苄酯(8)、S—(4—叔丁氧丁二酰基)—N—叔丁氧羰基—L—半胱氨酸二苯甲酯(12)。化合物4经氢解合成未见文献报道的化合物0—丁二酰基—N—叔丁氧羰基—L—丝氨酸(5)。化合物5经酸解得到0—丁二酰基—L—丝氨酸(6)。结果与结论 目标化合物的结构经光谱确证。通过这种方法二元羧酸能与氨基酸的羧基、巯基缩合成酯。     

阿奇霉素4"-取代亚苄肼基甲酸酯衍生物的合成和抗菌活性

以阿奇霉素11,12-环硼酸酯为原料,设计并合成了18个阿奇霉素4'-取代亚苄肼基甲酸酯及4'-取代亚苄肼基甲酸酯-11,12-环碳酸酯衍生物。体外抗菌活性试验结果表明,所得化合物对受试革兰阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌和肺炎双球菌抗菌活性良好,部分化合物对丙型链球菌、革兰阴性菌如鲍氏志贺氏菌和普通变形杆菌也有较强的抗菌活性。     

抗辐射药物的研究:硫辛酸氨基酯的合成

本文报道35个硫辛酸氨基酯的合成和抗辐射作用。采刚四种不同方法进行酯的合成,对于一些中间体的合成方法也作了改进。硫辛酸氨基酯化合物中的环状双硫结构可能是其抗辐射作用的有效部分,而侧链则可以加以改变,在酯键的α-碳上引入β-肾上腺素能阻断剂或“双酯”结构后抗辐射作用非常显著,如化合物2,16,25,27等。化合物10对狗有明显升高外周血白细胞的作用。     

阿奇霉素衍生物的合成和抗菌活性研究.Ⅲ.4"-取代亚乙基肼基甲酸酯

以阿奇霉素11,12-环硼酸酯为原料,设计并合成了17个阿奇霉素4"-取代亚乙基肼基甲酸酯及4"-取代亚乙基肼基甲酸酯-11,12-环碳酸酯衍生物.体外抗菌活性试验结果表明,目标化合物对受试表皮葡萄球菌、白色葡萄球菌、肺炎双球菌和丙型链球菌等革兰阳性菌,以及福氏志贺菌等革兰阴性菌抗菌活性良好,部分化合物对革兰阳性金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌也有较强的抗菌活性.     

草麻黄根中一个新软木脂类化合物

采用硅胶柱色谱、薄层色谱和半制备液相等多种色谱学技术从草麻黄根中分离得到6个化合物。根据理化性质与波谱数据鉴定其结构,分别为(Z)-阿魏酸二十二酯(1)、(E)-阿魏酸二十二酯(2)、邻苯二甲酸-双(2′-乙基庚基)酯(3)、2,2′-氧代双(1,4-二叔丁苯)(4)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(5)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(6)。其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物2～4是首次从麻黄植物中分离得到。采用皮质酮诱导大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤(PC-12细胞)细胞损伤模型进行化合物活性筛选,结果表明,化合物1和5能显著改善皮质酮诱导的PC-12细胞损伤,并且显著升高细胞中5-HT7 (5-hydroxytryptamine 7)受体蛋白的表达,具有潜在的抗抑郁活性。     

Neuroscience and Hormesis: Overview and General Findings

This article provides a summary of an assessment of the occurrence and impact of hormesis in the neurosciences, including the areas of neuroprotection, neurite outgrowth, and drugs for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, pain, seizures, stroke, as well as in the areas of behavioral pharmacology, addictive drugs, stress biology including the Yerkes–Dodson law, and p-glycoprotein efflux activity. The findings indicate that the hormetic dose response has a common, if not dominant, presence in each of these diverse areas of neuroscience and further strengthens the conclusion that hormesis is highly generalizable, being independent of biological model, endpoint, and chemical class.     

Self-injection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines in baboons

Self-injection of three barbiturates, six benzodiazepines, and chlorpromazine was examined in baboons. Intravenous injections of drug were dependent upon completion of 160 lever presses (a 160-response fixed-ratio schedule). A 3-h time-out period followed each injection, permitting a maximum of eight injections per day. Prior to testing each dose of drug, self-injection performance was established with cocaine. Subsequently, a test dose was substituted for cocaine. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, and secobarbital maintained the highest levels of self-injection, which were similar to those maintained by cocaine. Clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, medazepam, and midazolam maintained relatively modest levels of self-injection, while chlorpromazine maintained only low levels, which were in the range of vehicle control. Of the six benzodiazepines, midazolam produced the highest levels of self-injection. At the highest self-injected doses, the barbiturates produced anesthesia in contrast to the benzodiazepines, which produced only sedation. None of the drugs affected food intake except for chlorpromazine, which produced dose-related decreases. The differences among the drug classes (i.e., barbiturate, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine) with respect to the maintenance of self-injection correspond well with the results of previous animal and human drug self-administration studies.     

基于HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因CNVs的甘草道地性机制研究

本文利用real-time PCR方法对不同产地甘草的3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶 (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, HMGR)、鲨稀合成酶1 (squalene synthetase 1, SQS1)、β-香树脂醇合成酶 (β-amyrin synthase, β-AS) 基因的拷贝数进行了研究, 发现不同产地的HMGR基因存在1～3个拷贝数变异, SQS1基因存在1～2个拷贝数变异, 未发现β-AS基因拷贝数变异。甘草HMGR、SQS1、β-AS基因拷贝数存在5种自然组合类型: A型 (2+1+1)、B型 (1+1+1)、C型 (3+2+1)、D型 (2+2+1) 和E型 (3+1+1), 其中内蒙古杭锦旗甘草存在A、B两种类型, A与B的比例为1∶1.3; 内蒙古赤峰甘草也存在A、B两种类型, 但A与B比例为3∶1; 宁夏盐池甘草存在A、B、C、D 4种类型, A/B/C/D比例为1∶5.1∶1∶2, A/B比例为1∶5.1; 甘肃民勤甘草存在A、B、E 3种类型, A/B/E比例为4.1∶2.1∶1, A/B比例为2∶1。本研究证明中药功能基因基因组拷贝数变异 (copy number variations, CNVs) 与产地具有相关性, 可能是道地药材形成的机制之一。     

Planning Future Strategies for Domestic and International NeuroAIDS Research, July 24–25, 2008

The National Institute of Mental Health in cooperation with the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke organized a meeting on July 24–25, 2008 to develop novel research directions for neuroAIDS research. The deliberations of this meeting are outlined in this brief report. Several critical research areas in neuroAIDS were identified as areas of emphasis. Opportunities for collaborations between large NIH-funded projects were also discussed. NeuroAIDS Research Participants. Cristian Achim, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; Sunil Ahuja, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX; James Becker, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA; Bruce Brew, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Janice Clements, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Ronald Ellis, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; Leon Epstein, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Lynda Erinoff, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Dana Gabuzda, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA; Harris Gelbard, University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine, Rochester, NY; Benjamin Gelman, University of Texas Galveston, TX; David Goldstein, Duke University, Durham, NC; Colin Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Rohan Hazra, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Robert Heaton, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; Robin Huebner, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD; Kamel Khalili, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA; Dennis Kolson, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA; Diane Lawrence, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Scott Letendre, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; Thomas Marcotte, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; Michael McGrath, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Susan Morgello, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY; Avindra Nath, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Vinayaka Prasad, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY; Richard Price, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Lynn Pulliam, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Dianne Rausch, HIV Pathogenesis, Neuropsychiatry and Treatment Branch, Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD; Kevin Robertson, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Ned Sacktor, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Gerald Sharp Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Elyse Singer, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Stephen Spector, University of California, San Diego, LaJolla, CA; Beth Stevens, Harvard Medical School, Children’s Hospital, Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston, MA; Mario Stevenson, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA; Ellen Stover, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Ronald Swanstrom, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill-Chapel Hill, NC; Victor Valcour, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; David Volsky, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Brian Wigdahl, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; May Wong, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Constantin Yiannoutsos, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN; Christine Zink, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD     

［~3H］二氢埃托啡在大鼠脑分布的定量放射自显影

本文用体外定量受体放射自显影分析法观察了［３Ｈ］二氢埃托啡（ＤＨＥ）在大鼠脑中定位分布和结合特点。结果表明，［３Ｈ］ＤＨＥ特异结合较高的部位主要为纹状体，伏隔核，大脑皮质Ⅰ层和Ⅲ层，丘脑，缰核，杏仁核。脚间核和蓝斑，ＤＨＥ主要作用于ｕ－阿片受体．     

Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberacae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurvedic and Tibb-Unani herbal medicines all over the world, since antiquity, for a wide array of unrelated ailments that include arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, sore throats, cramps, constipation, indigestion, vomiting, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases and helminthiasis. Currently, there is a renewed interest in ginger, and several scientific investigations aimed at isolation and identification of active constituents of ginger, scientific verification of its pharmacological actions and of its constituents, and verification of the basis of the use of ginger in some of several diseases and conditions. This article aims at reviewing the most salient recent reports on these investigations. The main pharmacological actions of ginger and compounds isolated therefrom include immuno-modulatory, anti-tumorigenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-lipidemic and anti-emetic actions. Ginger is a strong anti-oxidant substance and may either mitigate or prevent generation of free radicals. It is considered a safe herbal medicine with only few and insignificant adverse/side effects. More studies are required in animals and humans on the kinetics of ginger and its constituents and on the effects of their consumption over a long period of time.     

Effects of methylphenidate on multiple components of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Rationale Methylphenidate (MPH) has been shown to be effective in the treatment of attention deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although a variety of studies have been performed, there is little available information as to which components of attentional functioning are disturbed in ADHD.Objectives The aim of the present study was to monitor the effect of MPH on various measures of attention in children with ADHD.Methods In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, the attentional functioning of 58 children diagnosed with ADHD without psychiatric comorbidity was examined. Assessment of attention was performed on their usual MPH treatment and following withdrawal of the drug. Furthermore, the attentional performance of 58 healthy children was assessed. The test battery consisted of reaction time tasks, including measures of alertness, vigilance, divided attention, flexibility, and aspects of selective attention such as focused attention, inhibition, and integration of sensory information.Results In comparison to the test performance of healthy children, children with ADHD displayed impairments of vigilance, divided attention, flexibility, and aspects of selective attention including focused attention, inhibition, and integration of sensory information. Statistical comparison of attentional functioning of children with ADHD on and off MPH treatment revealed that the medication resulted in an improved task accuracy regarding vigilance, divided attention, inhibition, focused attention, integration of sensory information, and flexibility. Conclusion The present findings indicate that various aspects of attention are markedly impaired in children with ADHD. Treatment with MPH was accompanied by improvements in attention functions of small to moderate sizes. Although MPH-induced improvements were observed in a broad range of attention measures, children with ADHD who were on MPH treatment nevertheless displayed serious deficits in a number of components of attention.     

Chemotherapy for major food-borne trematodes: a review

Food-borne trematode infections, caused by liver flukes (Clonorchis, Fasciola, Opisthorchis), lung flukes (Paragonimus) and intestinal flukes (Echinostoma, Fasciolopsis, heterophyids), are significant public health problems, most notably in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Globally, it is estimated that > 40 million people are infected among the 750 million people who live in endemic areas. The epidemiology of food-borne trematodiasis has changed over the past few decades, and now presents a dual picture. On the one hand, increasing numbers of infections are reported from non-endemic areas, and endemic areas are expanding due to larger areas utilised for aquaculture, domestic migration, declining socioeconomic conditions, lack of improved sanitation, and increasing availability of aquatic foods through wider distribution networks often without proper food inspections. On the other hand, social and economic advances in many Asian countries, going hand-in-hand with urbanisation, use of chemical fertilisers and, above all, the administration of safe, efficacious and inexpensive drugs, have significantly reduced the prevalence of food-borne trematode infections. In this review, the taxonomy, life cycle, and geographical distribution of the major food-borne trematodes, including issues of diagnosis and clinical disease manifestations, is summarised. The discovery, chemistry, pharmacological properties, safety, therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects of the current drugs of choice, namely praziquantel and triclabendazole, is then discussed. Recent advances on other drugs and contemporary investigations on novel compounds that might become important players in chemotherapy are highlighted. Finally, the need for research and development of new trematocidal drugs that – employed in concert with health education, improved sanitation and enhanced food safety – are key factors for sustainable control of food-borne trematodiasis, is highlighted.     

抗心律失常药物对蟾酥致小鼠心律失常的影响

比较苯妥英钠、利多卡因(钠通道阻滞药)、普萘洛尔(β肾上腺素受体拮抗药)、胺碘酮(延长动作电位时程药)和维拉帕米(钙通道阻滞药)对蟾酥诱导小鼠心律失常的抑制作用及对离体小鼠心脏的蟾酥致死量的影响。采用动态心电图记录蟾酥诱导小鼠心律失常。观察模型组和各给药组心电图的P-R间期、QRS时程、Q-T间期、T波幅度和HR的变化,统计各心律失常发生率、存活率及心律失常评分。采用离体小鼠心脏灌流,记录心脏的蟾酥致死量。与模型组相比,苯妥英钠组的QRS时程缩短且心率减慢;室性心律失常的发生率降低,存活率增高;显著增加离体小鼠心脏的蟾酥累积致死量。利多卡因组与模型组相比,P-R间期和QRS时程缩短;室性心律失常发生率降低;显著增加离体小鼠心脏的蟾酥累积致死量。普萘洛尔组与模型组相比,P-R间期、QRS时程和Q-T间期缩短;室上性及室性心律失常的发生率降低。胺碘酮显著减慢模型小鼠的心率并且降低模型小鼠室性心律失常的发生率。维拉帕米显著延长模型小鼠P-R间期,抑制Q-T间期延长;减少室上性及室性心律失常的发生;显著减少离体小鼠心脏的蟾酥累积致死量。整体动物实验中,苯妥英钠对蟾酥诱导小鼠的心律失常最有效,其次是利多卡因和普萘洛尔,...     

Cell wall active antifungal agents

The recent American approval of Cancidas^?, a semi-synthetic echinocandin, for salvage treatment of aspergillosis has demonstrated that the cell wall is a clinically viable target for treating fungal infections. Recently, a variety of new, sulfated members of the echinocandin lipopeptide family have been reported, which, like other echinocandins, are glucan synthesis inhibitors. In addition, two new classes of lipopeptide glucan synthesis inhibitors, the aerothricin lipopeptidolactones and the Sankyo lipopeptides, have been identified, as well as a novel member of the papulacandin family of liposaccharide glucan synthesis inhibitors. The first new structural class of glucan synthesis inhibitors discovered in over 20 years, the so-called sterol glycosides, is reviewed. Five different structural types within this class have been characterised. Finally, several novel compounds with cell wall antifungal activity based on inhibition of chitin synthase are reviewed.