《黄帝内经》痿证经文类编集注述评(六)

[原文]心气热,则下脉厥而上,上则下脉虚,虚则生脉痿,枢折挈,胫纵而不任地也.——《素·痿论》.[集注]唐·杨上善:心主血脉,心藏气热,今下血脉厥逆而上.下脉血气上行则下脉虚,故生脉痿,枢折脚胫缓不能履地.     

《温病条辨》奇经八脉为病的治疗法则

奇经有八,即任、督、冲、带、阴跷、阳跷、阴维、阳维,合称奇经八脉。有关奇经八脉的记载,可见于《内经》和《难经》。《难经·二十七难》曰:“脉有奇经八脉者,不拘于十二经。何也,然,有阳维、有阴维、有阳跷、有阴跷、有冲有督、有任有带之脉,凡此八脉者,皆不拘于经,故曰奇经八脉也。”根据《内经》、《难经》的阐述,奇经八脉的主要功能是调节正经之气。奇经为病,虚者居多。治疗上可用针灸,可用药物。用药而治多用补法。经曰:“盛者泻之,虚者补之。”吴鞠通氏在治疗奇     

《内经》"阴虚”概念的含义初探

针对《黄帝经内》中“阴虚”一词有着不同涵义的状况,对散见于《内经》多个篇章中的“阴虚”概念进行了统计分析,结果发现,该词在《内经》中出现１１处,其涵 义有６种,即内伤致病,脏阴不足,五脏精亏、尺脉无力、气口脉虚及阴分气虚。     

《金匮·水气病篇》第八条试析

《金匮·水气病篇》第八条曰:"寸口脉浮而迟,浮脉则热,迟脉则潜,热潜相搏,名曰沉。趺阳脉浮而数,浮脉即热,数脉即止,热止相搏,名曰伏。沉伏相搏,名曰水。沉则脉络虚,伏则小便难,虚难相搏,水走皮肤,即为水矣。"     

《伤寒论》中“胃气”思想在病脉辨证中的运用

[目的]探析《伤寒论》中“胃气”思想在病脉辨证中的运用。[方法]逐条摘录《伤寒论》中与胃气相关的服药、饮食、大便、脉象等条文,归纳其胃气思想在疾病诊断、治疗、预后等方面的运用。[结果]《伤寒论》主张试验性地投用水谷和药物以测胃气之盛衰。药食后发热则胃气受损、疾病难愈,不发热则胃气尚存、疾病易愈;腹中转矢气则胃气实、可攻下,无矢气则胃气虚、不可攻下。能食代表中焦实热、胃气来复或中焦虚极;不能食者根据伴随症状又有寒、热、虚、实之分。通过观察大便的数量、颜色、形状、次数、气味,可推断疾病的寒、热、虚、实、瘀血。脉证相符提示胃气尚存、病重能愈;脉证不符提示胃气衰败、病轻难愈;趺阳脉（冲阳脉）浮、太溪脉小于趺阳脉均是有胃气的表现。[结论]《伤寒论》常通过试药食、问饮食、审大便、切脉博来判断胃气的盛衰和戾、推断疾病的性质和轻重。     

参麦注射液的临床应用进展

参麦注射液源于《症因脉治》中的参冬饮,主要成分为人参、麦冬,有益气固胶、养阴生津、生脉功效。临床广泛用于治疗气阴两虚型之休克、冠心病、病毒性心肌炎、慢性肺心病、粒细胞减少症等。     

临床几种常见虚证脉象概述

虚证,气血不足,无力鼓动脉气,脉常无力,临床中以弱、细、虚、代等最为多见。现将古代、现代对这几种脉象的论述及研究概述如下。１弱脉１．１历代医家对弱脉的认识体状：《素问·平人气象论》说：“长夏胃微软弱曰平,弱多胃少曰脾病”［１］。《玉机真藏论》又说：“...     

从《石山医案》浅论汪机临床治疗内科杂病的诊疗特色

[目的]学习新安医家汪机《石山医案》所载医案全篇,总结其临床治疗内科杂病的辨证用药特色,祈为现代中医学临床辨证论治提供新视角。[方法]以《石山医案》案例为本,结合《神农本草经》、《内经》、《脾胃论》、《脉决刊误集》等相关论述与汪机"营卫论"思想,剖析汪氏医案,仔细分析其病因病机,探究其临床治病辨证特色和用药经验。[结果]汪氏精钻诸家医学经典,取各家之长,并独成一脉。其临证辨治特点为:虚疟治脾,人参扶正祛邪;善于辨证,尤为重视脉诊;阴血亏虚,参芪益气养血;阴虚血热,滋肾水制妄火;阴血亏虚,亦可助阳生阴;药需对症,临床辨析明之等。[结论]《石山医案》为汪氏朝究暮绎、废寝忘食之作,蕴含汪氏多年行医治病经验,对现代临床学习有很好的指导作用。望后学者能勤读经典,深入挖掘相关医案,拓展中医辨病治病思维,更好服务临床。     

活用桂枝加龙骨牡蛎汤治疗小儿病举隅

桂枝加龙骨牡蛎汤出自张仲景的《金匮要略》。《金匮要略.血痹虚劳病脉证并治》载:“夫失精家少腹弦急,阴头寒,目眩,发落,脉极虚芤迟,为清谷,亡血,失精。脉得诸芤动微紧,男子失精,女子梦交,桂枝加龙骨牡蛎汤主之。桂枝加龙骨牡蛎汤方:桂枝、芍药、生姜各三两,甘草二两,大枣十二     

论《伤寒论》数脉主病

对《伤寒论》条文中涉及的单纯数脉主病、数脉相兼脉主病和数脉相类脉主病等内容进行整理与分析。《伤寒论》中的数脉所反映出来的病机纷繁复杂,脉义具有多重性。单纯数脉主要反映虚证、提示病情变化;数脉相兼脉主要反映虚证、里实热证、秘结的大便与宿食等有形之邪、正邪斗争的疾病态势、痈疡病等;数脉相类脉主要反映里实热证、虚证、正邪斗争胶着的疾病态势。根据数脉主病可辨明病势是整体向愈还是整体恶化;脉证合参更有利于病机的判别。数脉涉及病机的核心在于“热”与“阳”,可以是阴虚所导致的虚热,或是正虚所导致的阳不秘（阳之失调）,或是实邪导致的阳盛。探讨《伤寒论》中的脉法可为现代中医临床应用脉诊进行辨证提供参考。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.