食管鳞状细胞癌的超微结构研究：对食管癌不同分化特征的探讨

根据30例食管癌超微结构的研究,认为鳞癌细胞的分化指标是1、癌细胞的多型性和核分裂象;2、桥粒、张力原纤维和角质物;3,线粒体、核糖体和粗面内质网。桥粒、张力原 纤维、角质物的增多是分化较好鳞癌的主要特征,而细胞多型性和线粒体、核糖体、粗面内质网,核分裂增多是分化差的特征。     

乙醇对胎鼠肝细胞超微结构的影响及体视学分析

BALB/c妊娠小鼠用20％乙醇作为饮水,平均每d每kg体重摄入乙醇15g。与对照组相比,乙醇组胎鼠肝细胞胞质溶解,部分线粒体肿胀,嵴排列紊乱、溶解破坏,外膜破裂。部分线粒体小、基质电子密度高。有些粗面内质网池扩张、脱颗粒。胞质溶解区域见较多脂肪空泡和溶酶体。毛细胆管普遍扩张,激绒毛短小。经体视学测量,乙醇组线粒体、粗面内质网体积密度与对照组相比有显著下降,具统计学意义。线粒体截面数密度和数密度均下降。结果表明乙醇能导致胎鼠肝细胞超微结构的损害。     

缺碘大鼠甲状腺上皮细胞超微结构观察及其体视学研究

本文动态观察缺碘大鼠动物模型甲状腺上皮细胞超微结构的变化, 同时应用现代体视学技术量化形态学指标, 进行统计学分析。电镜下可见缺碘大鼠甲状腺上皮细胞线粒体、内质网扩张, 随着缺碘时间的延长线粒体进一步肿胀, 出现嵴断裂、缺失、空泡变性, 内质网扩张、膜断裂、脱颗粒。体视学测量结果显示, 线粒体的珡V 及-S均显著高于对照组, 而Nv 和S/V 均显著降低, 表明缺碘使线粒体体积增大, 被高度扩张的内质网包围的线粒体数量减少, 其数密度(Nv) 显著降低, 因此线粒体虽有扩张, 但其Vv 、Sv 仍相对降低。甲状腺上皮细胞中内质网珡V、-S、Vv 和Sv 显著高于对照组、S/V 显著降低, 表明缺碘使内质网高度扩张、体积增大; 扩张的内质网形状不规则, 致使其-S明显增大; 单位体积内内质网的数量减少, Nv 明显降低。本文结果提示, 形态学与体视学相结合为组织形态学研究提供了有效可行的方法学基础     

中晚期乳腺单纯癌粗面内质网及核糖体的形态参数的逐步判别分析

目的:探讨乳腺单纯癌临床诊断的量化标准。方法:对20例中期和20例晚期乳腺单纯癌癌细胞粗面内质网、游离核糖体、多核糖体的7个形态参数进行体视学分析,用逐步判别分析法剔选各参数值,建立判别函数。结果:Vvr2、Svr2、SR与Sr2之间有显著性差异（P<0.01）,回代判别正确率达到85.7％。结论:本研究建立的乳腺单纯癌临床诊断量化标准对鉴别诊断乳腺癌及判断其恶性程度和预后具有重要意义。     

放射性碘致大鼠甲状腺损伤超微结构的形态计量学研究

本文应用透射电镜观察了在较低剂量１３１Ｉ作用大鼠甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞超微结构的变化特点，分析了线粒体的变异发生率，并应四川大学研制的ＭＩＡＳ－３００图像分析系统和用形态计量学方法，测定了胞质内粗面内质网的二维和三维形态计量学参数。结果表明：所测的各项参数都有随剂量增高而增大的趋势，并呈现较好的效应剂量依赖关系。由此计算的Ｄ２５值和Ｄ５０值，以粗面内质网体积密度的变化最为明显。提示，低剂量１３１Ｉ作用于滤泡上皮细胞，其早期应重视内质网的损伤效应，以及由此导致合成类固醇激素和外源性蛋白质的障碍     

人胎儿子宫细胞线粒体的发育

利用体视学原理，对３３例胎龄１４－３５周人胎儿子宫内层及肌层细胞线粒体的体积密度、表面积密度、数密度、平均体积及比表面进行测算，发现在胎儿发育过程中，子宫内层及肌层细胞线粒体的体积密度及表面积密度均随胎龄的增长而增大，至胎龄２６－２９周达高峰，３０周后略有下降。然而子宫内层及肌层细胞线粒体的形态变化则不同：子宫内层细胞随胎龄增长时线粒体的平均体积和比表面渐增大，但数密度无显著改变；肌层细胞的线粒体数密度随胎龄增长而增多，而线粒体平均体积和比表面则保持稳定。提示：子宫内层细胞线粒体的自我复制能力尚未发育完善。     

乳腺癌针吸细胞体视学定量与细胞形态学分型的探讨

 本文采用国内先进的MPIAS-500多媒体图像分析仪对50例乳腺癌的针吸细胞形态进行了多参数的体视学定量研究.并以细胞面积、核浆比值两项定量参数为分型标准、对50例乳腺癌进行了分型研究,共分四型、对各型之间细胞形态的体视学定量结果进行了对比分析,同时结合病理组织学分类进行对照分析.本文的研究结果建立了乳腺癌细胞形态体视学的量化指标及探讨了乳腺癌针吸细胞形态学的分型标准和方法,对鉴别诊断乳腺癌和判断乳腺癌的恶性程度以及指导临床观察乳腺癌的生物学特性、疗效及预后有重要意义.     

小鼠乳腺癌化疗放疗后顿抑癌细胞超微结构研究

目的：探讨小鼠乳腺癌化疗，放疗后存活顿抑癌细胞的超微结构特征。方法：TAⅡ乳腺癌小鼠36只，随机分为对照组，化疗组（环磷酰 ，5－氟脲嘧啶，氨甲喋呤）和放疗组（X射线），用电镜及电脑图像分析系统对治疗后残留的存活率细胞进行形态分析。结果：有效化疗和放疗后的癌组织绝大多数癌细胞已死亡，在坏死癌细胞中仍残留着形态完好的癌细胞。结构上分析这类细胞仍然存活，将其命名为顿抑癌细胞，并分为两类：Ⅰ型顿抑癌细胞和Ⅱ型顿抑癌细胞。顿抑癌细胞的平均体积明显小于对照组（P＜0．001），线粒体和粗面内质网的体密度也明显少于对照组（P＜0．001或P＜0．01），残留的顿抑癌细胞在对照组中也找到了同形的相应的副本对应细胞。结论：化疗，放疗后小鼠乳腺癌的顿抑癌细胞可能是癌局部复发的潜在危险因素。     

加温治癌光镜、电镜和组织化学观察

 本实验的目的旨在探讨加温治癌的机理。结果表明。1)加温治疗后。细胞器和细胞质的变化早于细胞核的变化。2)加温早期可观察到癌细胞表面微绒毛消失,线粒体的髓鞘样变和空泡化,可导致癌细胞的内呼吸抑制。3)加温早期可观察溶酶体活性增多活化和ACP反应增强。可以促进肿瘤细胞的破环。4)聚核糖体解聚和粗面内质网脱粒可阻止蛋白质的合成。RNA和DNA反应减弱和合成抑制,影响癌细胞繁殖和生长。5)加温后癌细胞的染色质均匀分布在整个核中,可凝结成网块,可能为DNA变性的形态。因此,加温治癌的光镜,电镜和组织化学观察为加温治癌的研究提供更多的病理学基础。     

大鼠肝细胞线粒体三维重建和体视学分析

为深入研究大鼠肝细胞线粒体的形态特征，本文以连续超薄切片追踪观察不同形态线粒体的三维结构，重建其三维模型，把线粒体划分为简单型、复杂型、特殊型三个形态类型，并对不同类型的线粒体进行体视学分析。结果显示：简单型线粒线（球形、盘球及杆形等）占线粒体总数的５３９％，其体密度为８９６％；复杂型线粒体（分枝型及各种不规则形等）占４２０１％，其体密度为８６７％；而特殊型线粒体（芽生状等）占４６０％，其体密度仅为０９７％。这表明在正常的肝细胞中复杂型线粒体的含量并不为少，线粒体形态的多样性与其自身的发育相对应。分析还显示不同类型线粒体嵴膜密度和基质颗粒数密度有所差异，表明线粒体嵴的生长并不与线粒体体积的增长同步增加，因此，三种类型线粒体的功能状态亦可能有所不同。     

肝细胞线粒体周围内质网的三维重建与体视学分析

目的　研究肝细胞线粒体与周围内质网的结构关系。方法　制作大鼠肝组织连续超薄切片 ,通过电镜观察线粒体与其周围内质网的结构关系 ,重建其三维模型并进行体视学分析。结果　连续切片和三维模型的观察显示 :大多数线粒体周围既有RER ,又有小囊泡状的SER ;少数线粒体则仅有小囊泡状的SER。这些内质网与线粒体紧密相贴 ,其间隙小于 30nm ,间隙内没有任何细胞器。体视学分析显示 :肝细胞内有 2 6%的RER和 32 %SER贴附在线粒体的周围。结论　肝细胞线粒体通常在内质网包绕下执行生理功能 ,二者是结构和功能紧密联系的整体。     

Ultrastructure of primary clear cell carcinoma of the liver

Surgical specimens of 175 cases of primary hepatocellular carcinoma were prepared by routine paraffin section and HE stain. The clear cell cancer specimens were stained with PAS. All the specimens were observed by light microscope. Ultrathin sections were made for 50 samples and studied by electron microscope. Under the light microscope, 79 (45.1%) showed varying amounts of clear cells. According to the proportion and distribution of these cells, clear cell carcinoma of the liver was divided into three types: scattered type (16 cases, 20.3%), localized (43, 54.4%) and diffuse types (20, 25.3%). The clear cancer cells could be found in hepatoma with various degrees of differentiation. Of these 79 cases, 4 (5.1%) were grade I, 53 (67%) and 22 (27.9%) were grades II and III. Positive PAS stain gives an evidence of glycogen in the clear cell cytoplasm. 7 diffuse type clear cell hepatomas were observed with electron microscope. The cytoplasm had only fewer organelles, leading to a void appearance. The amount of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosome and polyribosome was markedly decreased. So was mitochondria, usually showing swelling and abnormality. The residual rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were out of normal arrangement. They often aggregated on one side of the nucleus or near the cell membrane. Glycogen particles were increased in some cell cytoplasms. Some particles were even and fine, some were aggregated into masses or scattered. Nuclei showed abnormalities mild to moderate. The nature of the clear cells in liver cancer is the variance of glycogen or lipid in the cytoplasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Electron microscopic studies of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Tissue samples from 12 patients with pancreatic carcinoma were studied by light and electron microscopy. Ten were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma by light microscopy. However, three different electron microscopic findings were observed among these ten adenocarcinomas. One showed that the tumour cells had large nuclei with poorly developed intracellular organelles. Many mucinous granules, well developed cellular projections and intracellular microcysts were observed. In the second findings were different in that these cells had no granules. The intracellular organelles were developed poorly and abundant microvilli and cellular projections were observed. These observations suggest that the tumour cells may arise from pancreatic ductular cells. The third specimen showed a completely different appearance. There were pleomorphic nuclei with enlarged nucleoli and the cytoplasm contained swollen mitochondria, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and varying numbers of zymogen-like granules. Occasionally, the zymogen-like granules were absent. These characteristics resemble the de-differentiation of acinar cells which has been repeated in experimental pancreatic carcinoma. These results suggest that careful examination of human pancreatic carcinoma may show more cells of acinar origin.     

39. Ultrastructural Changes of Neurons Located at Anterior Horn of Lumbar Spinal cord in Ethylene Oxide Exposed Mice

Mice inhaled ethylene oxide at concentration of 360 mg/m3 for two hours a day, six days a week for 14 weeks. At the end of second and third month, the neurons located at anterior horn of lumbar spinal cord were observed under transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope with freeze etching. The results showed that the morphological changes in neuron cells became more obvious as the inhalation period prolonged. Following changes were observed : The distribution of integrating proteins in neuron membrane changed from normal stochastic into clustered one, the endoplasmic reticulum reduced in number and appeared as small vesicles, the ribosomes attached to the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum were also decreased in number, arranged irregularly, disintegrated or even degranulated. The numher of mitochondria was also decreased. Observed aiso were the swelling of the axons of myelinated nerve fibers and loss of stratification of their myelin sheaths. The above results indicated that the ethylene oxide can induce structural changes in neuron cells, and this inevitably may cause functional abnormality of nervous system and manifestation of neurotoxic symptoms in ethylene oxide exposed individuals.     

中期和晚期乳腺单纯癌癌细胞形态参数的逐步判别分析

用体视学方法分别对20例中期和20例晚期乳腺单纯癌癌细胞、细胞核、核仁的17个形态参数进行了测定和分析,并用逐步判别分析法筛选出3个最佳参数,建立了判别函数.研究发现,与正常细胞比较,癌细胞比表面明显减小,晚期癌最小(即细胞体积最大),同时癌细胞核体积和周长明显增大,晚期癌最大,这表明癌细胞及癌细胞核的体积越大,癌细胞核周长越长,癌细胞恶化程度越高.     

体外培养的食管癌细胞光动力疗法的电镜观察

背景与目的： 研究光动力疗法对食管癌细胞超微结构的影响。 材料与方法： 培养的食管癌细胞分别与光敏剂作用6、12和24 h后,再经紫外线(Ultraviolet B,UVB)照射0.5 h。 通过透射电镜观察各实验组和对照组食管癌细胞的超微结构。 结果： 电镜下可见实验组食管癌细胞出现线粒体固缩,粗面内质网减少,滑面内质网扩张,核膜断裂,核仁固缩。上述膜性结构的损伤随着光敏剂作用时间延长而加重。 结论： 光动力疗法可导致食管癌细胞超微结构,尤其是膜性结构损伤,因而可能具有治疗食管肿瘤的效应。     

Immunoelectron Microscopic Localization of Gelatinase A in Human Gastrointestinal and Skin Carcinomas: Difference between Cancer Cells and Fibroblasts

Previous reports revealed a discrepancy in gelatinase A localization in human cancers; i.e., protein localization in cancer cells and mRNA localization in stromal fibroblastic cells. To clarify this, we conducted immunoelectron microscopic study of gelatinase A in cancer and strmal cells in human gastrointestinal and skin carcinomas. Although both carcinoma cells and fibroblasts were positive for gelatinase A, the subcellular localizations were different. On immunoelectron microscopy, fibroblasts showed immunoreactivity in the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) or in the cytosol on the surface of rER, demonstrating synthesis of the protein. Carcinoma cells showed diffuse deposition of gelatinase A in the cytosol, suggesting the accumulation of the antigen both in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Immunoreactivity along the cell membrane was demonstrated in one case of skin carcinoma. Macrophages showed also diffuse deposition of gelatinase A in the cytosol. In conclusion, we found a qualitative difference of gelatinase A localization between carcinoma cells and fibroblasts, and concluded that carcinoma cells may not be important in the secretion of gelatinase A.     

鼠实验性肝癌超微结构和ras p21免疫电镜观察

目的：动态观察二乙基亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝细胞肝癌过程超微结构和ｒａｓｐ２１免疫电镜改变。方法：对６０只二乙基亚硝胺诱癌的大鼠分期处死,进行电镜及ｒａｓｐ２１免疫电镜观察。结果：早期即见肝细胞内线粒体、粗面内质网、滑面内质网和核、核仁等显示一系列损伤性变化,小肝细胞灶性增生,并向嗜碱细胞和异常肝细胞转化,到诱癌中期以至诱癌晚期,异型肝细胞逐渐向癌细胞转化,并逐渐形成了癌细胞的超微结构特点。ｒａｓｐ２１免疫电镜观察发现,ｐ２１阳性颗粒除沿细胞膜分布外,还可见到内质网上有免疫反应物沉积,甚至在核膜上也观察到略弱的ｐ２１免疫复合物沉积。结论：随诱癌时间的延长,肝细胞逐渐向癌细胞转化,ｒａｓｐ２１阳性颗粒可在癌变细胞内多处分布。     

Ultrastructure of elastosis in scirrhous carcinoma of the breast.

The stroma of scirrhous breast carcinoma frequently contains an abundance of material with the histologic staining properties of elastic tissue referred to as elastosis. In the present study, this lesion was found to correspond at the ultrastructural level to elastic fibers of various sizes and random orientation. These fibers displayed the two characteristic components, consisting of an amorphous core with a peripheral mantle of microfibrils. Interspersed among the elastic fibers were modified fibroblasts. These cells exhibited an irregular contour with numerous cytoplasmic processes and indentations. Their cytoplasm contained abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi complexes, and bundles of filaments. In the extracellular space, elastic fibers were often closely apposed to the plasma membrane of the fibroblasts. Carcinoma cells were also observed in the elastic tissue. It is postulated that fibroblasts, probably under an inductive influence from cancer cells, are the cells responsible for elastic production.